APUSH- Unit 5 Study Guide

13th Amendment

Freed the slaves in all states except the Border States. Required former Confederate states to draft new constitutions without slavery.

General Sherman

Full name William Tecumseh Sherman- conquered Georgia, burnt down Atlanta, and left a path of destruction a mile wide through the South.

15th Amendment

Gave black persons the right to vote. However, it left the door open for states to have voter qualifications, (poll tax, literacy test, etc.)

14th Amendment

Gave citizenship to all black persons. Any state that denied citizenship to black persons would have their representatives lowered in the Electoral College. Former Confederates could not take Federal or State office, and the Federal debt was guaranteed, while the Confederate debt was erased.

Andrew Johnson's Impeachment

Republicans pass Tenure of Office Act to keep Edwin M. Stanton in the Senate, but Johnson dismisses him, so radicals try him for impeachment. Johnson is found not guilty and radicals are infuriated.

End of Congressional Reconstruction (1877)

The Compromise of 1877 put Hayes in the white house (Republican), and removed Federal troops from the South, giving them their state governments back.

Most threatening for the Union (1861-1863)

The trouble of finding competent military leadership

Strategic Objectives of the North

"Anaconda Plan"- Oceanic blockade, free slaves, take the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half, march through Georgia and the Carolinas, capture Richmond, and expel Confederates from Border States.

Impending Crisis of the South

Book written by Hinton R. Helper. Tried to prove by an array of statistics that non slave owning whites were hurt most by slavery, (naturally, the book was banned in the South)

Dred Scott vs. Stanford

Case approved by the Missouri Courts but denied by Supreme Court. Ruling states that all blacks are not citizens and do not have the right to petition the courts. In addition, slaves are property so the plaintiff's case about being on free soil is moot because property can be taken anywhere. Also ruled the Missou Compromise unconstitutional.

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction

Certain Confederates were disenfranchised, Confederate department was repudiated, and states were forced to ratify the 13th Amendment

Appomattox

Court house- Virginia. Here lies the place where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, ending the Civil War.

"Carpetbaggers"

Derogatory term given to Northerners that moved South during Reconstruction. Given the name because they tended to carry bags/suitcases made of carpet

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House, in exchange for taking Federal troops out of the Southern states.

Reconstruction Era

Era following the Civil War dedicated to restoring the Union. Ended with the Compromise of 1877. Lincoln was shot and never got to see this era through.

Mason Dixon Line

Illustrates cultural boundary between North and South. Demarcation line for legality of slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

Influential abolitionist writer- (pacifist and gradualist). Wrote the Liberator; was attacked by angry mobs but managed to escape.

The Liberator

Newspaper of William Lloyd Garrison- most influential periodical of the pre Civil War era. Boosted his reputation as an abolitionist and changed minds of many Northern people.

The Tenure of Office Act 1867

Proposed and passed by Radical Republicans to keep Republican spy Edwin M. Stanton in the Senate. Required the president to secure consent from senate before dismissing appointees

Kansas Nebraska Act

Proposed by Stephen Douglas- left Kansas and Nebraska up to popular sovereignty. Repealed the Missou Compromise, (North hates it, South loves it)

Wade Davis Bill

Proposed by radical Republicans in response to 10% Plan. Required 50% of voters to pledge allegiance to the Union and stronger safeguards on emancipation. Pocket vetoed by Lincoln.

Seward's Folly

Secretary of State William H Seward's decision to purchase Alaska from Russia, (later, gold and oil was found there and people went berserk... who's folly again? I forgot.)

10% Plan

Southern States were to be reintegrated when 10% of voters pledged allegiance to the union and recognized the emancipation of slaves

Direct impact of Civil War on Economy

Southern economy was destroyed, (crops destroyed, land burned, slaves freed). Union actually comes out more prosperous than when it went in.

"Redemption" in a political sense/Reconstruction

Southern political coalition, conservative pro-business Democrats. Sought to oust the Republican coalitions of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags.

Steps to regain admission into the Union

Southern states must have 10% of their population pledge allegiance to the Union and recognize the emancipation of slaves.

"Scalawags"

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

Speech given by Lincoln on January 1st, 1863, following Antietam, (turning point in the war). Freed slaves in all states except border states. 10 copies were made and then sold with Lincoln's signature on it to help raise funds for sick and wounded soldiers.

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas's speech during the second Lincoln Douglas debate. Defended popular sovereignty principal, (considered it a compromise between pro slavery and non slavery supporters).

Key Event in Lincoln's Re-election 1864

The campaign through Georgia capped off by capture of Atlanta by Sherman and Mobile by Faragut.

Popular Sovereignty

The idea originated by Lewis Cass, that issues were decided by the people, (specifically used for slavery).

Ku Klux Klan (Purpose)

To reissue the statement of white supremacy through terrorization of African Americans, and to stop them from being able to vote.

Underlying reason for ending Reconstruction

To return the White House to Republican control and give government in the South back to Southern whites.

Antietam

Turning point in the war. McClellan and company find Lee's plans written on cigar wrappers and cut him off at Antietam Creek in a bloody victory, (first battle on Union soil).

Crittendon Compromise

Unsuccessful proposal by John J. Crittendon. He proposed that the resolution to the sectional crisis is to let the South secede.

Election of 1860 (5 W's)

Who?- Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglas, John C. Breckenridge, and John Bell What?- Presidential Election When?- 1860 Where?- United States Why?- Lincoln wins with 40% of the vote which sparks Southern secession.

Black Codes (5 W's)

Who?- Blacks in the South What?- Segregation Laws When?- Reconstruction Era Where?- South Why?- Putting blacks at the bottom of social status meant most became sharecroppers, which helped bolster the loss of slavery for the economy. Also, blacks were still looked at as inferior.

John Brown (5 W's)

Who?- John Brown, the abolitionist What?- Pottowamie Creek Massacre & Harper's Ferry Raid When?- 1860's Where?- Kansas and Virginia Why?- To enforce the idea of abolitionism through violence, (he was obviously and immediatist). His war against slavery was meant to be supported by blacks all around him to form an army, except at Harper's Ferry... nobody did.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe- depicted slavery from the point of view of Uncle Tom (a slave). Said the worst thing to do to a slave family was to separate them. South called a foul depiction. Helped keep Britain out of the war because the didn't want to condone slavery by supporting the South.

Lecompton Constitution

Written by pro slavery whites in government of Kansas. Would only allow for people to vote on the constitution whether to have slavery, or no slavery, (either way, slave holder would be protected so it was almost pointless).