APUSH Unit 6

Populist Party/Movement

state Alliances grew stronger and more impatient, so they began to field independent slates, leading to the People's (Populist) Party in 1892

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909): founded by Mary White Ovington and sympathetic white progressives demanded equal rights, helped beat back the Wilson administration's effort at segregating the federal vicil service

Bland-Allison Act

(1878): required the U.S. Treasury to purchase and coin between $2-4 million worth of silver each month

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

(1890): an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion was to be purchased monthly, to serve as the basis for new issues of U.S. Treasury notes

Williams v. Mississippi

(1898): Supreme Court validated the disfranchising devices of the southern states on the grounds that, if race was not a specified criterion for disenfranchisement, the rights of blacks to vote under the Fifteenth Amendment were not being violated

Muller v. Oregon

(1908): upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday of women to ten hours

National Urban League

(1911): social welfare, interracial, united many agencies serving black migrants arriving in northern cities

Plessy v. Ferguson

-(1896): Court ruled that segregation wasn't discriminatory [didn't violate 14th Amendment] provided that blacks received equal accommodations -Hispanics and Asian were segregated -"separate but equal" doctrine ignored the realities of southern life, segregated facilities were rarely if ever "equal" in any material sense, and segregation was itself intended to underscore the inferiority of blacks

Referendum

A political reform that allowed citizens to veto legislation

Coxey's Army

Democrats bore the brunt of responsibility for economic crisis; When jobless marchers who arrived in Washington in 1894 to demand federal relief, Cleveland dispersed them forcibly and arrested their leader (Jacob S. Coxey)

"Cross of Gold" Speech

Democrats now a party for free silver; meant that the money question would be a national crusade where no one could be neutral

Free Silver

Farmers turned to silver because they hoped an increase in money supply would raise farm prices and the party's slim resources would be fattened by hefty contributions from silver-mining interests; triggered a debate for the soul of the Populist Party

Election of 1896

McKinley v. Bryan; Republicans beat a strategic retreat from the politics of morality, persuaded nation that they were the party of prosperity and convinced many traditionally Democratic urban voters that they were sympathetic to ethnic diversity; electoral politics regained its place as an arena for national debate, setting the stage for the reform politics of the Progressive era

Initiative

One of the political reforms which allowed people the chance to choose legislation to put on the ballot

Muckrakers

Roosevelt thought writers went too far, comparing them to "Pilgrim's Progress" story; journalists who exposed underside of American life, calling the people to arms

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's issue of human welfare vs. property rights; property had to be controlled "to whatever degree the public welfare may require it" and the government would become "the steward of the public welfare"

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Taft fires Pinchot for accusing Ballinger of plotting to transfer resource-rich Alaskan land to a private business group; marked Taft among progressives as a friend of the "interests," bent on plundering the nation's resources

Recall

The reform that gave voters the opportunity to choose if they wanted to remove someone from office if they SUCKED

New Freedom

Wilson's response to New Nationalism; would preserve political and economic liberty

Ida B. Wells

a muckraker who attacked the Standard Oil monopoly

Booker T. Washington

black pride to narrowly middle-class and utilitarian; banked on black economic progress

Niagara Movement

called by Trotter and Du Bois on Canadian side because U.S. side wouldn't admit blacks to hotels; encouragement of black pride, uncompromising demand for full political and civil equality, the resolute denial "that the Negro-American assents to inferiority, is submissive under oppression and apologetic before insults"

W.E.B. DuBois

celebrated the special genius of blacks, instilled black pride

Social Darwinism

championed by William Graham Summer; competition a law of nature that "can no more be done away with than gravitation"; the fittest are "the millionaires...they may be fairly regarded as the naturally selected agents of society"

Pendleton Act of 1883

established a non-partisan Civil Service Commission authorized to fill federal jobs by examination; original list only covered 10% of jobs

Omaha Platform

government ownership of railroads, 8 hour day, direct election of senators, graduated income tax, postal savings banks, and free silver

William Jennings Bryan

leader of the Democrats in the Chicago convention of 1896 who was a supporter of free silver and won his audiences with biblical fervor; jobless workers and bankrupt farmers resulted in Bryan's assault on the gold standard striking fear in many hearts

Roscoe Conkling

leader of the Stalwarts, didn't hesitate to take on Hayes over the latter's lenient policy toward the South; Republican senator from NY

Stalwarts

led by Blaine, a group equally imperious in dealing with Chester Arthur's administration

Half-Breeds

on the congressional side, party leaders considered themselves coequal with the president; Conkling didn't hesitate to take on Hayes over the latter's lenient policy toward the South

Garfield's Assassination

patronage and spoils system: government appointments were treated as rewards for those who served winning party--reform of this became urgent after Garfield shot and killed in 1881

Mugwumps

pompous or self-important persons; group of reform Republicans who hated James G. Blaine and supported Grover Cleveland; more adept at molding public opinion than at running government, defined terms of political debate, denying the machine system legitimacy and injecting an elitist bias into political opinion

Square Deal

program of Roosevelt's from 1904 election; target was the business economy-when companies abused their powers, the government would intercede to assure ordinary Americans a "square deal"

Civil Service Reform

reformers blamed the poisonous atmosphere of a spoils system that left many disappointed in the scramble for office

"The Crime of '73"

silver officially dropped as medium of exchange, resulting in silver mining in the West surging and the price of silver falling; DEFLATION

Jim Crow laws

the color line which provided a precedent for the legal separation of the races; the enforcing legislation soon applied to every type of public facility; in 1890s, South became a fully segregated region by law for the first time

Robert La Follette

tireless advocate of political reform who wanted to restore America to its democratic ideals