APUSH unit 7B

What happened regarding Roosevelt's proposal, what was the significance, and what eventually happened concerning the Supreme Court?:

ROOSVELT'S PLAN WAS DEFEATED AND IT CREATED LASTING POLITICAL DAMAGE TO ROOSEVELT AND CAUSED MORE OPPOSITION TO HIS NEW DEAL PROGRAMS. HOWEVER, EVENTAULLY THERE WAS A SUCCESSION OF DEATHS AND RETIREMENTS AND ROOSEVELT WAS ABLE TO APPOINT JUSTICES IN FAVOR OF HIS NEW DEAL PROGRAMS.

Hoover embraced the traditional American belief in rugged individualism. What was this?:

RUGGED INDIVIDUALISM WAS THE BELIEF THAT WHEN TIMES GOT HARD, AMERICANS PICK THEMSELVES UP BY THEIR OWN BOOTSTRAPS RATHER THAN GETTING A HANDOUT FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. THE VALUES OF INDUSTRY, THRIFT, AND SELF-RELIANCE MADE AMERICA GREAT! (ANY GOVERNMENT HANDOUTS WOULD WEAKEN, EVEN DESTROY THE NATIONAL FIBER.)

CAUSE #3: THE VICIOUS CYCLE: DECREASED PURCHASING POWER: As a result of the "ripple effect", the economy went downhill. As the layoffs increased, it led to a vicious cycle, where unemployment kept increasing. Why did layoffs in general lead to a vicious cycle of increasing unemployment?:

WHEN PEOPLE LOSE THEIR JOBS, THEY HAVE LESS PURCHASING POWER BECAUSE THEY ARE NO LONGER EARNING MONEY. (PEOPLE STOP BUYING EVEN MORE THINGS!) THIS LEADS TO MORE OVERPRODUCTION WHICH CAUSES EVEN MORE LAYOFFS- AND THE VICIOUS CYCLE CONTINUES.

As it turns out, the New Deal did not "end" the Great Depression, with unemployment never dipping below 14% throughout the 1930s. What event ended the Depression and restored full health to the American economy and why?:

WORLD WAR II DID BECAUSE OF ALL OF THE JOBS IT CREATED

What were the two major ways in which the government paid for World War II?:

(1): BY INCOME TAX- THE INCOME TAX WAS GREATLY EXPANDED (TO LOWER INCOME BRACKETS) IN 1939, ONLY 4 MILLION AMERICANS PAID INCOME TAX, BY 1945, 43 MILLION AMERICANS PAID INCOME TAX (WITHHOLDING TAXES FROM PEOPLE'S CHECKS WAS STARTED.) (2): BY BORROWING THE MONEY- PRIMARILY THROUGH THE SALE OF WAR BONDS

Despite its failure to end the Depression, what were three major ways in which the New Deal impacted U.S. History?:

(1): EXTENSION OF THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE PRESIDENT (IT CONTINUED PROGRESSIVISM IN THIS SENSE.) (2): THE IDEA OF THE U.S. AS THE WELFARE STATE- THE VIEW THAT THE STATE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ITS PEOPLE. (3): RENEWAL OF FAITH IN DEMOCRACY (THE U.S. DIDN'T FALL TO COMMUNISM OR A DICTATORSHIP AS HAPPENED IN GERMANY.)

Tokyo sent another envoy to Washington with new peace proposals in order to conceal its war preparations. Secretary of State Cordell Hull refused to grant Japan any concessions unless Japanese troops withdrew from what two places?:

(1): INDOCHINA (2): CHINA

The major gain for Native Americans during the 1930s was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which was passed with the help of John Collier, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. What three major things did this act do?:

(1): IT HALTED THE ALLOTMENT OF LAND (under the Dawes Act) TO INDIVIDUALS AND REESTABLISHED TRIBAL OWNERSHIP OF SOME OF THIS LAND. (INDIAN LANDHOLDINGS INCREASED BY SOME 4 MILLION ACRES!!! (2): IT PROVIDED FOR LOCAL TRIBAL SELF-GOVERNMENT (3): IT TRIED TO REVERSE THE ASSIMILATION POLICY BY ENCOURAGING TRIBES TO PRACTICE THEIR OWN CULTURE. (ELDERS WERE URGED TO CELEBRATE FESTIVALS, ARTISTS TO WORK IN NATIVE STYLES, AND CHILDREN TO LEARN THE OLD LANGUAGES.)

There was also a great deal of fear about rising prices, or inflation, during World War II because of the increased incomes and the decreased supply of consumer products. In 1942, Congress responded by creating the Office of Price Administration. What two major things did the OPA do?:

(1): IT SET PRICE CEILINGS TO PREVENT TOO MUCH INFLATION. (2): IT SET UP A RATIONING PROGRAM, WITH COUPONS DOLED OUT FOR SUGAR, COFFEE, GASOLINE, MEATS, AND OTHER ITEMS. (THIS WAS TO CONSERVE SCARCE MATERIALS AND THUS PREVENT INFLATION.)

The significance of the election is that the Democratic Party had put together a new coalition of voters that would enable the party to dominate American politics until the late 1960s. (A coalition is a temporary alliance of distinct groups for joint action). What were the five major groups in this new Democratic coalition?:

(1): MIDWESTERN FARMERS WHO WERE TRADITIONALLY REPUBLICAN (2): URBAN IMMIGRANTS (3): UNION WORKERS (4): WOMEN (5): NORTHERN BLACKS WHO HAD HERETOFORE VOTED REPUBLICAN

The U.S. had already banned the sale of aviation fuel and scrap metal to Japan. In response to the Tripartite Pact, President Roosevelt also cut off the sale of iron and steel as well. In July 1941, Japanese troops took over all of French Indochina, which includes present-day Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. What two major things did the U.S. do in response?:

(1): THE U.S. (EVENTUALLY) CUT-OFF ALL TRADE WITH JAPAN (A TOTAL EMBARGO), INCLUDING OIL. JAPAN RELIED ON THE U.S. FOR MORE THAN 80% OF ITS OIL. (2): THE U.S. SEIZED ALL JAPANESE MONEY AND PROPERTY IN THE U.S..

The U.S. government had a very feeble response to the Holocaust. American officials had aerial photographs of the death camp at Auschwitz, but Allied planes didn't even bomb the railway lines leading to the camp. What are two major reasons why the U.S. had such a feeble response to the Holocaust?:

(1): THE U.S. JUST WANTED TO CONCENTRATE ON WINNING THE WAR AS FAST AS POSSIBLE. (2): THERE WERE PUBLIC FEARS OF AN INFLUX OF DESTITUTE JEWS INTO THE UNITED STATES.

During World War II, women took over jobs traditionally held by men, including jobs such as being welders, crane operators, and auto mechanics. Unlike World War I, many of these women were mothers!!! The female labor force swelled by about 5 million, during the war, and a common nickname for women in the workplace became Rosie the Riveter. Other than the lack of child care, what two other problems did women in these jobs face?:

(1): THE WOMEN WERE PAID MUCH LESS THAN MEN, EVEN IF THEIR JOBS WERE THE SAME. (2): WOMEN WERE TOLD TO THINK OF THEIR JOB ONLY AS A TEMPORARY NECESSITY.

As part of the move towards isolationism, the U.S. Congress passed, and President Roosevelt signed, a series of Neutrality Acts from 1935-1937. Summarize the two major things these acts did.

(1): THESE ACTS BANNED THE SALE OF ARMS OR LOANS TO NATIONS AT WAR. (2): NO AMERICAN COULD LEGALLY SAIL ON A BELLIGERENT SHIP (A SHIP OF A NATION AT WAR)

Meanwhile, many Mexicans moved to large cities during World War II in order to work in the defense industry. Some of these Mexicans wore zoot suits, a fashion that emphasized long, broad shouldered jackets and pleated trousers tightly pegged at the ankles. What happened in the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943 and why did some consider wearing zoot suits unpatriotic?:

***AMERICAN SERVICEMEN (SAILORS AND SOLDIERS) IN LOS ANGELES STRIPPED MEXICAN AMERICANS WEARING ZOOT SUITS, CUT THEIR LONG HAIR, AND BEAT THEM (The city council actually made the wearing of a zoot suit a misdemeanor.) ***THEY WERE CONSIDERED UNPATRIOTIC BECAUSE THEY USED TOO MUCH EXCESS CLOTH THAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN DEVOTED TO THE WAR EFFORT. (THE U.S. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD STATED IT THAT THE ZOOT SUIT WASTED MATERIALS.)

How would Huey Long's Share-Our-Wealth Program be funded?:

***ANNUAL INCOME WOULD BE LIMITED TO ONE MILLION DOLLARS EACH (ANYTHING THAT ONCE MADE OVER $1 MILLION WOULD GO TO THE GOVERNMENT.) (= $12 million today) ***PERSONAL FORTUNES WOULD BE CAPPED AT $50 MILLION (= $600 million today). THIS WAS LATER CHANGED TO $5-8 MILLION (=$60-$96 million today) ***INHERITANCES WOULD BE LIMITED TO $5 MILLION EACH (-$60 million today) LONG'S PLAN WAS LIKE ROBINHOOD- TAKE FROM THE RICH, GIVE TO THE POOR.

After the stock market crash, the country dovetailed into its greatest depression ever. THE GREAT DEPRESSION lasted from 1929 until 1941. By 1932, unemployment had swelled to 25% of the work force. The two major characteristics of the Depression were:

***HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT ***LOW PRICES (Prices were so low that businesses could not make enough money to survive!)

Why did President Truman make the decision to drop the atomic bomb and what additional reason for dropping the bomb has been proposed by historians?:

***PRESIDENT TRUMAN DECIDED TO DROP THE ATOMIC BOMB TO SAVE THE LIVES OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS (WHO WOULD BE KILLED IN A LAND INVASION OF JAPAN) AND TO SHORTEN THE WAR. ***HISTORIANS HAVE PROPOSED THAT THE U.S. ALSO DROPPED THE BOMB TO INTIMIDATE THE SOVIET UNION, WHO WOULD BE THE MAJOR ENEMY OF THE U.S. AFTER THE WAR.

During the 1930s under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the United States pursued "The Good Neighbor Policy" in Latin America. What was the policy , what previous policy did this reverse, and what was one reason why Roosevelt made it?:

***THE U.S. WOULD AVOID DIRECT INTERVENTION IN LATIN AMERICA AND ACT LIKE A GOOD NEIGHBOR BY RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF LATIN AMERICANS. ***THIS POLICY REVERSED THE ROOSEVELT CORROLARY OF PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT. *** ROOSEVELT MADE THIS POLICY IN PART TO LINE UP LATIN AMERICANS ON THE SIDE OF THE U.S. GIVEN THE RISE OF THREATENING DICTATORSHIPS OVERSEAS!

CAUSE #6: THE FARMING CRISIS: Farmers had been suffering greatly since the 1920s. In a sense, the depression for the farmers started in the 1920s, before it hit the rest of the country. What was the major problem that farmers were suffering from in the 1920s and 1930s and what were farmers unable to do because of this?:

***THEY WERE SUFFERING FROM OVERPRODUCDTION RESULTING IN LOW CROP PRICES, JUST AS THEY HAD BEEN IN THE LATE 1800S. ***THEREFORE, MANY FARMERS WERE UNABLE TO PAY THEIR MORTGAGES. THOUSANDS OF FARMERS WERE FORECLOSED FOR DEBT AND SOLD AT AUCTION.

THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT (1938) What does this program do? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program?

-IT BANNED CHILD LABOR, ESTABLISHED A MINIMUM WAGE, AND A MAXIMUM WORKWEEK. -REFORM

THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (TVA) What does this program do? What problem did the program aim to solve? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program?

-IT BUILT A SERIES OF DAMS AND PROVIDED CHEAP ELECTRIC POWER, A FLOOD-CONTROL SYSTEM, AND SOIL-CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR THE TENNESSEE RIVER VALLEY- THE PROGRAM ALSO EMPLOYED THOUSANDS. (IT WAS PERHAPS THE MOST "SOCIALIST" OF THE NEW DEAL PROGRAMS!!! -IT HELPED SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF THE WIDESPREAD POVERTY IN THE TENNESSEE RIVER VALLEY (2.5 MILLION OF THE MOST POVERTY-STRICKEN AMERICANS!!!) -IT WAS BOTH A RELIEF AND RECOVERY PROGRAM. (IT GAVE THE UNEMPLOYED JOBS, BUT ALSO HELPED LIFT THIS AREA OUT OF POVERTY, HELPING THE ECONOMY TO RECOVER.)

THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT/ THE NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION (NRA) What does this program do? What problem did the program aim to solve? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program? What was used to promote the NRA and get businesses to follow the codes since the program was voluntary?:

-IT DRAFTED VOLUNTARY CODES OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR INDUSTRIES, INCLUDING PRODUCTION LIMITS, MINIMUM WAGES AND PRICES, AND MAXIMUM HOURS (THE IDEA WAS TO SPREAD EMPLOYMENT OVER MORE PEOPLE!!!) - IT HOPED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF CUTTHROAT COMPETITION THAT FORCED PRICES DOWN AND LED TO WAGES BEING CUT AND PEOPLE BEING LAID OFF. (IT WAS GENERALLY UNSUCCESSFUL IN THIS GOAL AND WAS DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL IN 1935.) -RECOVERY (BUT BUSINESSES OFTEN DIDN'T FOLLOW THE CODES.) -THOSE BUSINESSES THAT AGREED TO THE CODES PUT A BLUE EAGLE IN THEIR WINDOWS WITH THE SLOGAN "WE DO OUR PART".

THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT OF 1935 (SSA) What does this program do? What problem did the program aim to solve? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program?

-IT ESTABLISHED A FEDERAL-STATE SYSTEM OF OLD-AGE PENSIONS FOR WORKERS, , UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, FEDERAL AID TO PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES, AND AID TO DEPENDENT CHILDREN. -THIS SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF POVERTY AMONG THE ELDERLY, THE HANDICAPPED, AND THOSE PEOPLE WITH BAD LUCK OR FAMILY TRAGEDY -REFORM

THE AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (AAA) What does this program do? What problem did the program aim to solve? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program? What farmers ended up being hurt by this act and why?

-IT PAID FARMERS TO CUT PRODUCTION, FUNDING THE PROPOSAL WITH A TAX ON FOOD PROCESSORS -IT SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF LOW FARM PRICES CAUSED BY OVERPRODUCTION, BUT WAS DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL IN 1936. -RECOVERY -SHARECROPPERS ENDED-UP BEING HURT BECAUSE COTTON GROWERS EVICTED THEM IN ORDER TO CUT PRODUCTION AND RECEIVE THE GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY CHECK.

THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC) What does this program do? What problem did the program aim to solve? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program?

-IT WAS A FIVE-MEMBER COMMISSION APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT TO OVERSEE THE STOCK MARKET (INSURE THAT CORPORATIONS PROVIDED PROPER INFORMATION TO INVESTORS.) -IT WOULD PREVENT FUTURE STOCK MARKET CRASHES -RELIEF

THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (WPA) What does this program do? What problem did the program aim to solve? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program?

-IT WAS A PROGRAM THAT EMPLOYED MORE THAN 8 MILLION JOBLESS AMERICANS IN LARGE NUMBERS OF PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS, INCLUDING WORK FOR WRITERS, PERFORMERS, AND ARTISTS. - IT WOULD HELP FIGHT THE UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM -RELIEF

THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT or THE WAGNER ACT What does this program do? What problem did the program aim to solve? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program?

-KNOWN AS THE WAGNER ACT- IT GUARANTEED COLLECTIVE-BARGAINING RIGHTS, PERMITTED CLOSED SHOPS, AND OUTLAWED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES LIKE SPYING ON UNIONS AND BLACKLISTING. (A NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD- NLRB- WOULD ENFORCE THIS ACT!!!) -IT TRIED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF THE LACK OF WORKER'S RIGHTS AND THE PROBLEM OF WEAK LABOR UNIONS -REFORM

THE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC). What does this program do? What problem did the program aim to solve? Was this primarily a relief, recovery, or reform program?

-THE FDIC INSURED FEDERAL BANK DEPOSITS UP TO $5,000 -IT PREVENTED THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FAILED BANK SYSTEM -REFORM

The Allies set November 1, 1945 (X-Day) as the starting date for a land invasion against Japan. However, Truman was told by some of his advisers that if the U.S. invaded Japan, how many Allied soldiers, might die?:

500,000- 1,000,000 SOLDIERS

Farmers suffered a great deal during the Depression because of overproduction and low crop prices that they had experienced since the 1920s. In parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado, farmers had to deal with the Dust Bowl. What was the Dust Bowl and what did it force farmers in this region to do?:

AFTER FARMERS HAD OVERPRODUCED AND EXHAUSTED THE SOIL, WIND SCATTERED THE TOPSOIL, AND WINDSTORMS CARRIED THE DUST FOR HUNDERED OF MILES. THOUSANDS OF FARMERS AND SHARECROPPERS WERE FORCED TO LEAVE THEIR LAND BEHIND AND MANY HEADED WEST ALONG ROUTE 66. (THE MIGRANTS BECAME KNOWN AS "OKIES" SINCE MANY WERE FROM OKLAHOMA.) (John Steinbeck's book The Grapes of Wrath describes the experience of these Okies.)

How did Hoover's philosophy change as the Depression dragged on and what is one example of this?:

AS THE DEPRESSION DRAGGED ON, HOOVER DID START TO BELIEVE THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT NEEDED TO DO MORE TO HELP THE PEOPLE. HE EVENTUALLY AGREED TO FEDERAL PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS (ROADS, BUILDINGS, DAMS) TO PROVIDE JOBS AND STIMULATE THE ECONOMY.

CAUSE #5: THE FAILURE OF THE BANKING SYSTEM: What problem did banks of the early 1930s have and why, and what were "runs on the bank"?:

BANKS WERE RUNNING OUT OF MONEY, SINCE THEY WEREN'T HAVING THEIR LOANS PAID BACK AND BECAUSE PEOPLE DESPERATELY NEEDED CASH. OFTEN, THERE WERE "RUNS ON THE BANK" WHEN PEOPLE PANICKED, THINKING THAT IF THEY DIDN'T TAKE THEIR MONEY OUT OF THE BANK, THE BANK WOULD RUN OUT OF MONEY.

In June 1941, German forces blitzed through Soviet defenses in a surprise attack against the Soviet Union which broke the Nonaggression Pact signed in 1939. Germany was now fighting a two-front war. Acting on the principle that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend", what did both Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill do?:

BOTH ROOSEVELT AND CHURCHILL OFFERED STALIN SUPPLIES. AFTER PEARL HARBOR, THE U.S. AND GREAT BRITAIN WOULD ALLY WITH THE SOVIET UNION.

What were braceros?:

BRACEROS WERE TEMPORARY WORKERS IMPORTED FROM MEXICO (AFTER JULY 1942) TO RELIEVE LABOR SHORTAGES IN AGRICULTURE (caused by conscription and the movement of rural workers to city factories)

In the 1930s, the Jewish people in Germany faced a great deal of persecution from Hitler's dictatorship. Thousands of Jews fled Germany, many coming to the United States. However, what did Congress fail to do?:

CONGRESS FAILED TO INCREASE THE QUOTA (FROM THE IMMIGRATION LAW) TO ALLOW MORE OF THE JEWS INTO THE COUNTRY. (HOWEVER, THE U.S. DID ADMIT A LOT OF JEWS WITHIN THE QUOTA GUIDELINES. BETWEEN 1933 AND 1941, 35% OF ALL IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA UNDER QUOTA GUIDELINES WERE JEWISH.)

CAUSE #1: OVERPRODUCTION: As the 1920's progressed, overproduction occurred since companies could no longer sell all of the products they were producing. What did overproduction force employers to do?:

CUT PRODUCTION, LAY OFF WORKERS, OR REDUCE THE WAGES OF WORKERS

In April 1945, shortly before Germany's defeat, delegates from almost 50 nations met in San Francisco and drafted a charter for the United Nations. The major decision making body of the United Nations would be the Security Council, made up of 5 permanent members (The United States, Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China) and 10 nonpermanent members. Each of the five permanent members of the Security Council has what important power?:

EACH HAS VETO POWER, WHICH MEANS THAT ANY ONE OF THESE FIVE CAN BLOCK ANY ACTION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL IN ANY IMPORTANT MATTER (The Soviet Union cast more than 150 vetoes in its history.)

What three events ended World War II in August 1945?:

EVENT #1: AUGUST 6TH, 1945: AN ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED ON HIROSHIMA, INSTANTLY KILLING OVER 70,000 PEOPLE, AND MANY MORE WITH TIME. EVENT #2: AUGUST 8TH, 1945: THE SOVIET UNION, (TRUE TO THEIR PROMISE AT YALTA) INVADED JAPANESE POSSESSIONS (MANCHURIA AND KOREA). EVENT #3: AUGUST 9TH, 1945: AN ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED ON NAGASAKI, IMMEDIATELY KILLING AROUND 35,0O0 PEOPLE, AND MANY MORE IN TIME.

Liberals, on the other hand, said that the New Deal was too pro-business and did not go far enough in helping the poor. One of these liberals was Huey Long, who, in 1934, announced his Share-Our-Wealth Program. Under this program, every American would be guaranteed what?:

EVERY AMERICAN WOULD BE GUARANTEED $2,000 ANNUAL INCOME (Which was one-third of the national average at the time), FREE COLLEGE EDUCATION OR VOCATIONAL TRAINING, OLD-AGE PENSIONS, AND A GUARANTEED 4-WEEK VACATION.

How did this "relocation" hurt Japanese Americans?

FAMILIES BEING RELOCATED WERE NOT ALLOWED TO TAKE ANY OF THEIR MAJOR POSSESSIONS WITH THEM, AND MANY LOST THEIR HOMES AND BUSINESSES. ALSO, THERE WAS LITTLE PRIVACY IN THE CAMPS, AS WHOLE FAMILIES WERE MADE TO LIVE IN SINGLE ROOMS.

On Sunday, March 12th, 1933, Roosevelt delivered the first of his fireside chats. What were fireside chats and what did Roosevelt tell Americans to do in his first fireside chat?:

FIRESIDE CHATS WERE RADIO TALKS IN WHICH PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT COMMUNICATED DIRECTLY TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AS A FATHER WOULD DO TO HIS FAMILY. IN HIS FIRST FIRESIDE CHAT, PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT CONVINCED AMERICANS THAT IT WAS SAFE TO PUT THEIR MONEY IN THE BANKS.

The women's movement made few gains during the Great Depression. Women were often the first fired. Women's wages were lower, and working wives were looked down upon. However, President Roosevelt did appoint the first female Cabinet member ever. Who was this and what position was she appointed to?:

FRANCES PERKINS- SECRETARY OF LABOR

In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nonaggression Pact. What did this pact do and what was the significance?:

GERMANY AND THE SOVIET UNION AGREED NOT AT ATTACK EACH OTHER, AND THEY SIGNED A SECRET AGREEMENT TO DIVIDE-UP POLAND BETWEEN THEM. THE SIGNIFICANCE WAS THAT GERMANY COULD NOW MAKE WAR ON POLAND AND THE WESTERN DEMOCRACIES WITHOUT HAVING TO FIGHT A WAR WITH THE SOVIET UNION.

In the 1930s, lynchings continued, and in 1934, Roosevelt refused to support an anti-lynching bill. Still, Roosevelt did accomplish what concerning blacks in government?:

HE APPOINTED MORE BLACKS IN FEDERAL POSITIONS THAN ANY PRESIDENT BEFORE HIM- BY 1936, THESE ADVISERS WERE BEING CALLED THE BLACK CABINET.

Roosevelt most immediate challenge was the banking crisis, since the nation's entire banking system was near collapse. What, therefore, was President Roosevelt's first official act?:

HE DECLARED A HOLIDAY FOR EVERY BANK IN THE NATION. ONLY THOSE BANKS THAT HAD BEEN EXAMINED AND FOUND SOLVENT WOULD BE ALLOWED TO REOPEN.

Herbert Hoover worked as many as eighteen hours per day searching for solutions to the Depression, but he came across as very impersonal, communicating to the public through impersonal press releases. In the election of 1932, who were the candidates, what were their parties, and who won and why?:

HERBERT HOOVER WAS THE REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE. FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT WAS THE DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE. ROOSEVELT WON THE ELECTION BY A LANDSLIDE. HOOVER ONLY CARRIED SIX STATES. ROOSEVELT WON MAINLY BECAUSE HOOVER WAS BLAMED FOR THE DEPRESSION- AND HIS HANDLING OF THE BONUS ARMY INCIDENT ONLY MADE HIM MORE UNPOPULAR!!!

At the Munich Conference in September 1938, what agreement did British prime minister Neville Chamberlain, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and German dictator Adolf Hitler make, and explain the policy that Great Britain and France were following:

HITLER WOULD BE ALLOWED TO TAKE THE SUDETENLAND IN RETURN FOR THE PROMISE THAT HE WOULD NOT DEMAND OR TAKE-OVER ANY MORE TERRITORY IN EUROPE. GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE FOLLOWING A POLICY OF APPEASEMENT, WHICH MEANS GIVING-IN TO THE ENEMY IN ORDER TO KEEP THE PEACE.

In March 1939, what did Hitler's army do and what was the significance of this action?:

HITLER'S ARMY TOOK OVER ALL OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS ACTION WAS THAT HITLER HAD BROKEN THE AGREEMENT HE MADE AT MUNICH- APPEASEMENT HAD NOT WORKED!!!!!

To help the millions of unemployed Americans who were in need for food and clothing, what was Hoover's philosophy?:

HOOVER BELIEVED THAT PRIVATE CHARITIES , LOCAL, AND STATE GOVERNMENTS SHOULD HELP THESE PEOPLE, BUT NOT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. HOOVER OPPOSED DIRECT FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RELIEF FOR MILLIONS OF UNEMPLOYED AMERICANS.

Concerning Japanese Americans, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which started the Japanese Internment. What was this?

IN FEBRUARY 1942, PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT ORDERED THE ARMY TO ROUND UP ABOUT 110,000 JAPANESE AMERICANS ON THE WEST COAST (THE MAJORITY OF THEM JAPANESE-AMERICAN U.S. CITIZENS) AND PUT THEM IN RELOCATION CENTERS (IN EFFECT, CONCENTRATION CAMPS)

Roosevelt publicly said that he wanted to reduce the heavy workload of the aging justices and bring in younger men who had more experiences concerning how average men had to live and work. What was Roosevelt's real reason for making the proposal?:

IN ORDER TO GET A PRO NEW DEAL MAJORITY ON THE COURT (BEFORE THIS, THE SUPREME COURT HAD BEEN RULING KEY PARTS OF THE NEW DEAL UNCONSTITUTIONAL- LIKE THE NRA AND THE AAA)

In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. True to their promises, France and Great Britain declared war on Germany. World War II had begun. In November 1939, with Roosevelt's insistence, the U.S. Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939, revising the neutrality policy. What did this act do?:

IT ALLOWED NATIONS AT WAR TO BUY WEAPONS FROM THE UNITED STATES ON A CASH AND CARRY BASIS. (THEY HAD TO PAY FOR THE WEAPONS IN CASH AND CARRY THEM AWAY ON THEIR OWN SHIPS.). THIS ALLOWED FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN TO GET NEEDED WEAPONS IN THEIR WAR AGAINST GERMANY.

The United States had loaned the Allies (especially Great Britain and France) about $7 billion during World War I and about $3.25 billion in the postwar period, and insisted that the European countries fully pay these debts. However, Germany had been unable to pay its war reparations to the Allies after going bankrupt in 1923, making it more difficult for the Allies to repay the United States. What major thing did the Dawes Plan do to solve this problem?:

IT CALLED ON AMERICAN BANKS TO LEND GERMANY MONEY TO HELP PAY ITS REPARATIONS PAYMENTS AND REBUILD ITS ECONOMY. (IN THIS WAY, GERMANY COULD PAY FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN BACK, AND FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN COULD PAY THE UNITED STATES BACK.)

A popular slogan during World War II was "V for Victory". It not only appeared on posters, but people often greeted one another with a two fingered V salute. African Americans called for a Double V. What did they mean by a Double V?:

IT MEANT A VICTORY AGAINST THE AXIS POWERS (GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN) OVERSEAS AND A VICTORY AGAINST RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AT HOME

In 1942, President Roosevelt created the War Production Board. What did this board do?:

IT ORGANIZED THE SHIFT OF THE ECONOMY TO WARTIME PRODUCTION-IT DECIDED WHAT TO MAKE, WHO WOULD MAKE IT, AND HOW CERTAIN SCARCE PRODUCTS SHOULD BE DISTRIBUTED. (Factories that made nylon hose had to make nylon parachutes. Manufacturers of cars had to make tanks and airplanes.)

A. Phillip Randolph, an African American leader during World War II, planned a giant march on Washington for July 1941 to protest discrimination in the defense industries and to demand the right of blacks to fight in combat positions in the military. In response, Roosevelt agreed to Executive Order 8802, and the march was canceled. What did Executive Order 8802 do?:

IT PROHIBITED DISCRIMINATION IN THE WAR INDUSTRIES. (BUT IT DID NOT PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION IN THE ARMED FORCES.)

CAUSE #4: THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS: In 1930, the U.S. Congress made a big mistake by passing the Smoot-Hawley Tariff. What did this tariff do and why was it such a big mistake?:

IT SET TARIFFS AT AN ALL-TIME HIGH IN ORDER TO STIMULATE A RECOVERY BY PROMOTING AMERICAN INDUSTRY. EUROPEAN COUNTRIES RETALIATED BY RAISING THEIR OWN TARIFFS, AND UNITED STATES EXPORTS TO EUROPE PLUMMETED.- INTERNATIONAL TRADE WAS GROUND TO A STANDSTILL.

In October 1939, President Roosevelt had received a letter from scientist Albert Einstein. What did the letter say?:

IT WARNED OF THE POTENTIAL TO BUILD AN ATOMIC BOMB OF ENORMOUS DESTRUCTION USING NUCLEAR FISSION AND POINTED OUT THAT THE GERMANS MIGHT BE BUILDING ONE. (In fact, in 1939, the uranium atom had been split in Berlin.)

What was the D-Day Invasion, which was code-named Operation Overlord?

IT WAS A MASSIVE ALLIED INVASION OF GERMAN CONTROLLED FRANCE ON THE BEACHES OF NORMANDY. (Primarily consisting of U.S. and British troops.) . IT WAS THE LARGEST SEABORNE INVASION IN WORLD HISTORY- AND DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER WAS THE COMMANDER IN CHARGE. (FINALLY- THE SECOND FRONT WAS OPEN TO RELIEVE THE PRESSURE ON THE SOVIETS- BUT MUCH TOO LATE IN STALIN'S EYES.)

In September 1940, Japan, Italy, and Germany signed the Tripartite Pact. What was this, who was it aimed at, and why did these countries sign it?:

IT WAS A PACT IN WHICH THESE THREE COUNTRIES AGREED TO FORM AN ALLIANCE IF A NATION THAT WAS NOT YET IN THE WAR ATTACKED ANY ONE OF THEM. IT WAS AIMED AT THE NEUTRAL UNITED STATES IN ORDER TO GET THE U.S. TO "THINK TWICE" BEFORE ENTERING THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE ALLIES. (AFTER PEARL HARBOR, THESE THREE NATIONS BECAME THE AXIS POWERS.)

After most of the First New Deal was enacted, President Roosevelt faced critics from conservatives on the right and from liberals on the left. Conservatives said that the New Deal was too socialist and a threat to the capitalistic system. In 1934, conservatives formed the American Liberty League. What was the goal of the American Liberty League?:

IT WAS AN ANTI-NEW DEAL ORGANIZATION THAT WANTED TO END THE NEW DEAL AND RESTORE THE CAPITLIST SYSTEM!!!

From this warning came the Manhattan Project, a project that would eventually cost $2 billion. What was the Manhattan Project?:

IT WAS THE TOP-SECRET PROJECT TO BUILD THE ATOMIC BOMB- SO SECRET THAT EVEN THE VICE-PRESIDENT DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT IT, AND MANY PEOPLE WORKING ON THE PROJECT DIDN'T KNOW EXACTLY WHAT THEY WERE WORKING ON.

However, the Japanese were willing to fight to the death. They had shown this during the Battle of Okinawa with their kamikazes. What were kamikazes?:

KAMIKAZES WERE SUICIDE PILOTS WHO INTENTIONALLY CRASHED THEIR PLANES INTO AMERICAN SHIPS. (During the final year of the war, kamikaze attacks sank or severely damaged more than 300 U.S. ships and killed 15,000 American servicemen.)

In one detailed sentence, SUMMARIZE the MAIN IDEA(S) of this document:

LINDBERGH SAYS THAT AMERICA CAN DEFEND ITSELF BECAUSE OF HOW DIFFICULT IT WOULD BE FOR A EUROPEAN COUNTRY TO FIGHT A WAR THREE THOUSAND MILES AWAY. HE SAYS THAT NO FOREIGN POWER IS IN POSITION TO INVADE THE U.S.

What did MacArthur do concerning the Bonus Army?:

MACARTHUR AND U.S. TROOPS CLEANED THE BONUS ARMY OUT OF THEIR CAMPS USING EXCESSIVE FORCE. USING BAYONETS AND TEAR GAS, THEY INJURED A NUMBER OF VETERANS, AND AT LEAST ONE BABY ("BONUS BABY") DIED OF TEAR-GAS INHALATION. THEY ALSO SET FIRE TO THEIR CAMPS. (ROOSEVELT'S COMMENT ABOUT HOOVER: "THERE IS NOTHING INSIDE THE MAN BUT JELLY")

During World War II, blacks in the south moved both to the north and the west, especially for work in the war industries. As a result of blacks moving into the cities, what happened and why?:

NUMEROUS RACE RIOTS BROKE OUT, MAINLY BECAUSE BLACKS COMPETED FOR JOBS WITH WHITES AND FACED DISCRIMINATION AND RACISM. (THE WORST RACE RIOT WAS IN DETROIT IN JUNE 1943, WHICH LEFT 34 PEOPLE DEAD.)

As the Great Depression deepened, Herbert Hoover increasingly became a target of scorn and ridicule. For example, what were Hoovervilles?:

SHANTYTOWNS PATCHED TOGETHER OF OLD CRATES AND CARTONS WHERE HOMELESS PEOPLE LIVED.

In addition, the first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt gained a good deal of prominence during the Great Depression. How did she help the President?:

SHE WENT ON FACT-FINDING MISSIONS ALL OVER THE COUNTRY AND GAVE SPEECHES IN SUPPORT OF THE NEW DEAL- SHE BECAME MORE OF A PUBLIC FIGURE THAN ANY PREVIOUS FIRST LADY. SHE HAD HER OWN STAFF, HELD HER OWN PRESS CONFERENCES, ETC.

In 1941, England was running out of the money necessary to purchase weapons needed to continue fighting Germany. Roosevelt then took a bold step. After Roosevelt proposed the idea, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in March 1941. What did this act authorize the president to do?:

THE ACT ALLOWED THE PRESIDENT TO SELL, LEND, OR LEASE WAR MATERIALS TO ANY NATION WHOSE DEFENSE HE THOUGHT VITAL TO AMERICAN SECURITY. (THUS, ENGLAND COULD GET THE WAR MATERIALS IT DESPEARATELY NEEDED FROM THE U.S. WITHOUT THE U.S. HAVING TO GO TO WAR.)

Then came the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928. Signed by 15 nations in 1928, and eventually by 62 nations, what did this pact do?:

THE ACT CONDEMNED WAR AND OUTLAWED WAR AS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY, EXCEPT IN CASES OF SELF-DEFENSE.

Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact ineffective?:

THE ACT INCLUDED NO ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM, AND COUNTRIES COULD USE THE "SELF-DEFENSE" EXCEPTION TO THEIR ADVANTAGE.

Meanwhile, the U.S. Congress approved of a large increase in defense spending, from $1.8 billion in 1940 to $6 billion in 1941. Also, with Roosevelt's insistence, Congress passed the Selective Service and Training Act of 1940. What did this act do?:

THE ACT INSTITUTED THE FIRST PEACETIME DRAFT IN U.S. HISTORY. IN JUST ONE YEAR, THE SIZE OF THE ARMY TRIPLED!!!

In one detailed sentence, SUMMARIZE the MAIN IDEA(S) of this document:

THE BIGGEST PROBLEM IN AMERICA IS THAT A FEW RICH PEOPLE HAVE MOST OF THE MONEY AND POWER. LONG CLAIMS THAT FOUR MEN IN AMERICA HAVE GOT MORE CONTROL OVER THINGS THAN ALL THE 130 MILLION PEOPLE TOGETHER!!!

In 1937, FDR drafted a Judicial Reorganization bill. Known as Roosevelt's "court-packing" scheme, what did this proposal do?

THE BILL ALLOWED THE PRESIDENT TO APPOINT AN ADDITIONAL SUPREME COURT JUSTICE FOR EACH JUSTICE OVER THE AGE OF 70, UP TO A TOTAL OF SIX

What was the major difference between the CIO and the AFL which explains why the CIO broke away from the AFL?:

THE CIO WAS MADE UP OF INDUSTRIAL UNIONS- UNIONS THAT INCLUDED BOTH SKILLED AND UNSKILLED WORKERS. THE AFL WAS STILL PRIMARILY MADE UP OF CRAFT UNIONS- THE SKILLED WORKERS OF THE AFL DID NOT TO ASSOCIATE WITH THE UNSKILLED WORKERS WITHIN THE CIO SINCE UNSKILLED WORKERS HAVE NO BARGAINING POWER.

Meanwhile, many Americans began to believe that U.S. involvement in World War I was a mistake. Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota headed a special Senate committee that spent two years investigating the connection between U.S. involvement in World War I and munitions corporations of the U.S., such as Du Pont. What did the Nye Committee conclude?:

THE COMMITTEE CONCLUDED THAT AMERICAN BANKS AND CORPORATIONS (MUNITION MAKERS) EARNED ENORMOUS PROFITS FROM WORLD WAR I AND THAT BANKS AND CORPORATIONS HAD LOBBIED TO GET THE U.S. INTO THE WAR IN THE FIRST PLACE. (MANY AMERICANS CAME AWAY WITH THE IMPRESSION THAT BANKS AND CORPORATIONS GOT THE U.S. INTO THE WAR JUST TO MAKE MONEY- IT WAS THE "MERCHANTS OF DEATH" THESIS.)

What did the Supreme Court rule concerning the Japanese Internment in its 1944 Korematsu decision?:

THE COURT UPHELD THE JAPANESE EVACUATION AND INTERNMENT AS CONSTITUTIONAL ON THE GROUNDS THAT THE GOVERNMENT CLAIMED IT WAS A MILITARY NECESSITY, AND THEY WOULD NOT QUESTION THE GOVERNMENT'S DECISION DURING WARTIME.

CAUSE #2: THE "RIPPLE" OR "DOMINO" EFFECT: This action by employers, in industries such as the automobile industry, led to what is known as the "ripple effect". What was this?:

THE LOSS OF JOBS IN ONE INDUSTRY LED TO THE LOSS OF JOBS IN OTHER, RELATED INDUSTRIES. (A loss of jobs in the automobile industry leads to the loss of jobs in the rubber, steel, glass, and petroleum industries.)

Roosevelt had no detailed specifics regarding what he wanted to do to end the Depression. However, he and his administration tried a number of things that eventually became part of his program. What was The New Deal and what is meant by "The Hundred Days"?:

THE NEW DEAL WAS THE NAME GIVEN TO ROOSEVELT'S PROGRAM TO END THE DEPRESSION. THE TERM "THE HUNDRED DAYS" REFERS TO THE FIRST 100 DAYS OF ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION WHEN MANY NEW DEAL PROGRAMS WERE PASSED.

Roosevelt's theme song was "Happy Days Are Here Again." Roosevelt had pledged himself to a "New Deal" for the American people, although he hadn't worked out the details as to what his program was going to be. In his First Inaugural Address on March 4th, 1933, what famous thing did Roosevelt say?:

THE ONLY THING WE HAVE TO FEAR IS FEAR ITSELF.

What overall war strategy did the Allies decide upon early in the war, and what promise did President Roosevelt make to the Soviets early in 1942 that was broken, leaving Stalin embittered?:

THE OVERALL WAR STRATEGY WAS TO CONCENTRATE ON WINNING THE WAR IN EUROPE FIRST- THEN TO FOCUS ON DEFEATING JAPAN IN THE PACIFIC. ROOSEVELT PROMISED TO OPEN UP A SECOND FRONT ON THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT BY THE END OF 1942- A PROMISE HE DID NOT KEEP (MUCH TO STALIN'S OUTRAGE AS SOVIET TROOPS WERE GETTING SLAUGHTERED AS THEY BATTLED THE GERMANS IN THE EAST)

As the Depression deepened in 1932, Hoover began to accept at least some federal government involvement in the economy. In 1932, with Hoover's support, Congress set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) . What did the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) do and what was the philosophy behind it?:

THE RFC WAS AUTHORIZED TO LEND $2 BILLION TO BANKS, INSURANCE COMPANIES, RAILROADS, AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS, AND OTHER BUSINESSES. THE PHILOSOPHY WAS THAT BY SAVING BANKS AND OTHER BUSINESSES FROM FAILURE, THE BENEFITS WOULD "TRICKLE DOWN" TO THE POOREST OF AMERICANS.

The New Deal stressed the three Rs- what were they and what did they mean?:

THE THREE Rs WERE: RELIEF PROGRAMS TO GIVE DIRECT HELP TO THE POOR AND NEEDY. RECOVERY PROGRAMS TO GET THE ECONOMY OUT OF THE DEPRESSION (TO GET THE ECONOMY WORKING AGAIN!!!) REFORM PROGRAMS TO PREVENT FUTURE DEPRESSIONS.

To a moderate extent, the 1920s and 1930s were a time of isolationism concerning U.S. foreign policy. What is meant by the term isolationism?:

THE U.S. TURNED INWARD, AND TRIED TO SAY OUT OF MILITARY CONFLICTS OVERSEAS.

During the Great Depression that were large numbers of hobos. Who were hobos and what is the significance?:

THESE WERE UNEMPLOYED, OFTEN HOMELESS MEN WHO RODE THE RAILS LOOKING FOR AGRICULTURAL OR INDUSTRIAL WORK. (IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT THERE WERE OVER 2,000,000 HOBOS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION. (AND AS MANY 8,000 FEMALE HOBOS!). THE HOBOS ARE SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE WERE MIGRATING WITHIN THE U.S. DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION.

What argument did the American First Committee make and who was one of its famous members?:

THEY ARGUED THAT A NAZI VICTORY POSED NO THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY AND THAT AMERICA SHOULD CONCENTRATE ON DEFENDING ITS OWN SHORES ("FORTRESS AMERICA") RATHER THAN HELPING ENGLAND OUT.. AVIATOR CHARLES LINDBERGH WAS A FAMOUS MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE.

To support the policies of Roosevelt's administration, moderate New Dealers and liberal Republicans joined forces to form the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. What did they call for and why?

THEY CALLED FOR UNLIMITED ASSISTANCE TO ENGLAND SHORT OF WAR BECAUSE THEY SAID THAT HITLER'S GERMANY WAS A THREAT TO U.S. SECURITY, AND THAT HITLER HAD TO BE STOPPED IN HIS TRACKS!!!

After the victory in Europe, the Allies- primarily the U.S.- turned to the "Pacific theater" in order to defeat Japan. The U.S. had won two very bloody battles, the BATTLE OF IWO JIMA (February 1945-over 4,000 American soldiers killed) and the BATTLE OF OKINAWA (April 1945-about 12,000 American soldiers killed.) During the late spring and early summer of 1945, U.S. pilots did what in Japan?:

THEY SYSTEMATICALLY FIREBOMBED -USING NAPALM AND MAGNESIUM BOMBS- MAJOR JAPANESE CITIES- INCLUDING TOKYO. (IN 1 FIREBOMB RAID OVER TOKYO, SOME 80,000 JAPANESE CIVILIANS WERE KILLED AND 16 SQUARE MILES OF THE CITY WERE BURNED DOWN.)

In 1932, Walter Waters led a march of some 15,000-20,000 WWI veterans to Washington D.C. What was this group of WWI veterans known as and what was their demand?:

THEY WERE KNOWN AS THE BONUS ARMY. THEY WANTED TO BE PAID THE REMAINING ONE-HALF OF THEIR BONUS IMMEDIATELY.

The internment was justified on the grounds that the Japanese Americans were a "threat" to national security. How were they a threat?:

THEY WERE VIEWED AS POTENTIAL SPIES AND SABOTEURS, ALTHOUGH THERE WAS LITTLE EVIDENCE TO BACK SUCH BELIEFS. THEY WERE ALSO VIEWED AS A SECURITY RISK IN THE EVENT OF A JAPANESE INVASION OF THE WEST COAST. (THIS ACTION WAS BASED ON A LONG TRADITION OF RACISM AGAINST PEOPLE OF ASIAN ANCESTRY.)

In the 1930s, there were a million Mexican Americans in the United States. As the economy worsened and competition for jobs arose, the outcry against Mexican Americans became so great that the United States and Mexico agreed on a program to do what?:

TO HELP RETURN MEXICAN AMERICANS TO MEXICO- SOME 500,000 MEXICANS RETURNED TO THEIR NATIVE LAND IN THE 1930S.