APUSH Vocabulary #1 (Exploration and Discovery)

Iroquois

an alliance of five peoples living in present-day New York and Pennsylvania- the Mohawk, Oneido, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga- which formed a Great League of Peace

Christian liberty

an idea common in europe that freedom would come from abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of christ

native american view on freedom

freedom had no meaning in indian societies, they had their own ideas, very determined, saw nothing wrong with their ways of life

new france

french canada was ruled by this, it had no representative assembly, but then later there was an established company, granted land along river in seigneuries, in 1700 had 19,000 white inhabitants, thought world undermined france as european power

engagés

french indentured servants

huguenots

french protestant colonists in america

huguenots

french protestants

peter stuyvesant

governor, sent to whip new york into shape, ordered jews to leave new amsterdam but was overruled by company, banned sunday drinkings, fines for missing church, public outlaw, was very strict, did NOT like diversity in colony

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

has a awful view on the indians, belittles them, a spaniard who studied in cradle of renaissance, became theologian, philospher, historian, and astronomer

bartolomé de Las casas

has much better view on indians than sepúlveda, was a dominican friar, sailed with one of first spanish expeditions to west indies in 1502, recognized as Protector of the Indians

black legend

idea that the spanish new world empire was more oppressive toward the indians than other european empires; was used as a justification for english imperial expansion

vasco de gama

in 1498, he sailed around africa to india and that is when portugal started establishing trading empires with bases in china, india, and indonesia

hernán cortés

in 1519 in tenochitlán, encountered american civilization, conquered aztec city

ferdinand magellan

in 1519-1523, led expedition around world, was killed in philippines but fleet continued journey, credited with first voyage around world

st. augustine

in 1565 pedro menéndez de avilés lead colonizing expedition to floria and destroyed outpost of french huguenots and established fort at ________

santa fe

in 1610 was established by spain as capital of new mexico, was the first european settlement in the southwest

iroquois confederacy

in new york and pennsylvania, 5 iroquois (mohawk, oneida, cayuga, seneca, onondaga) formed great league of peace, also known as ______________, wanted to bring stability to area

native american land

indian village leaders assigned land to families for seasons or more, specifics for hunting, unclaimed land was free for all, people owned right to use land but didn't actually "own" it, land was economic basis of hunting/farming, no market of real estate

east

indians of the ____ of north america lived off of corn, squash, and beans, had trade routes that crossed this part of continent, tribes warred to obtain goods from one another, seize captives, take revenge, conducted diplomacy and made peace

choctaw, cherokee, and chickasaw

indians of the southeast region who united in alliances

marco polo

inspired the age of discovery as travels and accounts of asia spurred explorers like columbus to see trade routes to exotic lands that culminated in the "discover" of the americas

christopher columbus

is known in history to have been first to discover america but actually didn't, knew earth was round but underestimated it's size, thought he could get to asia by sailing west, wanted to negotiate trade with other nations, was sponsored by king ferdinand and isabella

reforming the spanish empire

justification converting indians to christianity, 1550 spain abolished encomienda system, repartimiento system, residents of indian villages were free

hacienda

land owned by spanish landlord

seigneuries

lands were arranged in long narrow strips

reconquista

the reconquest of spain from the moors by kind ferdinand and queen isabelle

l'anseaux meadows

the settlement in newfoundlands made by the vikings in 1000

development of african slavery

slaves tended to be criminals, not uncommon for them to acquire freedom, slavery started as one form of labor (not the basis of economy until the new world), started enhancing with coming of portugese, sent to europe and caribbean in 15th century

wilmington delaware

smaller outpost established in 1678 by dutch merchants, called now settlement New Sweden

spanish empire

spanish brought back gold and silver from new world, this area was present day mexico and caribbean, into florida, EXCEEDED roman empire of ancient world, mexico city was center, "empire of towns", had a system of colonial government, catholic church played significant role in administration of colonies, authority of king flowed through main body in spain for colonial administration

francisco vasquez de coronado

spanish conquistador who visited new mexico and now what is southwest america, hoped to conquer seven cities of gold

mestizos

spanish word for person of mixed native american and european ancestry

served as middlemen in slave trade

the 18th century rulers of the kingdoms along africa's slave coast:

tenochtitlán

the capital city of the Aztec empire, in present-day mexico

chaco canyon

the location of the largest structure, pueblo bonita, in western indian nations, 5 stories high, 600 rooms

mound builders

the people 3500 years ago, native americans made community of giant mounds on bluff overlook in present Louisiana, these people were __________

columbian exchange

the transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with columbus's voyages

middle ground

this was in the upper great lakes region, indians and white encountered each other for years on relative equality

different indian groups changed lifestyles to environment settled

what best explains the emergence of cultural differences between native american groups in the new world?

pacific group

what group of indians lived by fishing, hunting, sea mammals, plants and nut?

great plains

what group of indians lived with herds of buffalo, and hunted primarily?

gain access of wealth

what was the PRIMARY motive for the 15th/16th century european voyages of exploration/discovery?

better climate to farm

why did most native american groups typically go south as in mexico?

margaret hardenbroeck

widow of new amsterdam merchant, expanded husband's business (became town's richest resident)

zheng he

a chinese admiral who led seven large naval expeditions in the indian ocean, wanted to impress others with china's might

cahokia

a city near present-day st. louis that was a fortified community created by "mound builders" which had a population between 10,000 and 30,000 in the year 1200, stood as largest settled community until new york and philly in 1800

maize (CORN)

a crop that formed the basis of agriculture in the western hemisphere

land bridge

a piece of land that is connecting two or more areas, how the indians got to america, the bering strait land bridge (migration from asia) 33,000-10,500 BCE (theory is that they crossed chasing after game)

popé

a pueblo indian who became the main organizer of an uprising that aimed to drive the spanish from their colony and restore the indians' traditional autonomy

caravel

a ship capable of long distance travel (Portuguese)

encomienda system

a spanish system under which the first settlers had been granted authority over conquered indian lands with the right to extract forced labor from the native inhabitants

wampum

a strong of beads used by indians in religious rituals and as currency

hernando de soto

crosses mississippi in quest for gold (1539-1542), spanish navigator

dutch relations with indian

determined to treat indians humanely, many dutch identified indians as victims of spanish oppression, problems on coast of new netherlands with indians

pope alexander VI

divided souther america between portugal and spain, wanted to promote a peaceful solution to competing claims between rival nations over newly discovered lands

dutch role in slave trade

dominated slave trate, they had a "half freedom" used, you would pay fee to company and work when you were asked, but you were given land, slaves had rights in new netherlands

native american gender relations

engaged in premarital sexual relations/divorcing husbands, differed from Europe, most societies matrilineal (centered on groups where children became members of mother's family, identity traced through mom's last name), women important in ceremonies, tribal leaders were just men, elder women were decision makers, women owned dwellings/tools and had responsibility to household and agriculture, women were independent of men

vasco nuñez balboa

first european to see pacific ocean 1513, spanish explorer

samuel de champlain

found quebec in 1608, was french

quebec

founded by samuel de champlain in 1608, first french colony

factories

portugese fortified trading posts on the western coast of africa

John cabot

reached newfoundland in 1497, an italian navigator

mansa músa

ruler of mali, 1324 provided so much gold to mecca became wealthy

amerigo vespucci

said that columbus had discovered a new continent, new world America named after him (around 1500), PORTUGESE

northwest passage

searoute that connects atlantic to pacific (a shortcut to asia)

patroons

shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor

patroons

shareholders who transported tenants for agricultural labor

portugese exploration

1434 brought rosemary from africa, came farther down coast of africa and established trading posts on western coast, colonized madeira, azores, canary and cape verde islands, established plantations on atlantic islands replacing native populations with slaves from africa, center of sugar production shifts to western hemisphere

reconquista

1492, spain gained back country from the moors (african muslims), king and queen started ordering muslims/jews to convert to catholicism

religion in new netherlands

18 different languages were spoke in new amsterdam, very diverse, had residents dutch, african, english, french, irish, religious tolerations extended to protestants and catholics and jews, governor peter stuyvesant wanted jews out

adam smith

author of wealth of nations, said that by columbus discovering human history, changes occurred soon after this discovery, said discovery of america had benefits and misfortunes

dutch views on religion

believed in religious toleration in the 17th century, amsterdam became haven for protestants all over europe, nation attracted migrants from europe

métis

children of marriages between indian women and french traders or officials

metís

children of mixed marriages between indians and french

francisco pizarro

conquered inca kingdom in peru and captured inca kings and killed them

juan pence de león

conquered puerto rico and came to find slaves, discovers FLORIDA

Three-sister farming

corn, squash, beans

pueblo indians

lived in small villages when found by the spanish, had perfected techniques of farming, water, and agriculture when they moved from the west to the east and more south

native american religion

lives contained ceremonies, believed in spiritual power and sacred spirits from in all living/inanimate things, sought to engage power of nature, people with special abilities had the post respect, had medicine men, shamans, etc, no distinction between natural/supernatural, or secular/religious, not that different from europeans (held single creator that stood atop of a spiritual hierarchy)

aztecs

native americans settled in mexico who lived in the capital tenochtitlán

incas

native americans settled in peru when europeans first arrived

noble savage

one view europeans had on native americans, saw them as gentle, friendly,and in some ways superior

south

originally, the most complex native american civilizations (mayas, aztecs, and incas) were to the ______ of us today

henry hudson

part of dutch empire, in 1609 searched for northwest passage, river named after him in new york, found fur-breaing animals, claimed NYC area for netherlands

criollos

persons born in colonies of european ancestry

peninsulares

persons born of european birth, stood atop social hierarchy, never constituted more than tiny proportion of spanish america

peninsulares

persons of european birth living in the colonies

european view on freedom

thought that the indians were too free and were lacking discipline, had many ideas of freedom, thought freedom meant abandoning life of sin to embrace christ, thought freedom meant obedience to law and had inequality built into every relationship, didn't believe in gender equality, thought they were spreading freedom for everyone, said liberty came from knowing one's social place and fulfilling duties appropriate to one's ranking in society

columbian exchange

transatlantic flow of goods and people, plants/animals/cultures came together, many products came from europe to america and america to europe, diseases came and many people came

hopi and zuni

two groups of western indians, where now is present-day arizona, they engaged in village for greater than 2,000 years, and built great towns with large family dwellings in canyons, dams and canals for water, and trade with groups as far as central mexico and mississippi

pueblo revolt

uprising in 1680 in which pueblo indians temporarily drove spanish colonists out of modern-day new mexico

european view on indians

viewed them as either noble savage or uncivilized and brutal savages, thought they lacked religion and worshipped the devil, thought they had false gods (superstition and witch doctors), described as nomads with no communities, thought men were weak and that women were mistreated, said men should have greater authority and men only housework, thought they were wringing freedom, of true religion, private property, liberation

new france and indians

wanted more human policy than rivals, worked out series of alliances with the indians, thought there should be some religious toleration and denied indian inferiority, allowed indians independence, had BEST relationship with indians out of all empires

new netherlands

was the colonial province of the dutch empire on the east part of north america, settled slow at first, had second best relationship with indians, after france but better than spain, the colony established by the dutch

pueblo revolt

was the most complete victory for indians over europeans, the main organizer was popé, when the pueblos killed colonists and surrounded santa fe, drove the colonists out of colony for now (spain reconquered new mexico in 1692)

king ferdinand and queen isabelle

were the sponsors of columbus' voyage, king and queen of spain during reconquista