AR 228

Artemisia Gentileschi， Italy

daughter of well-known Roman artist Orazio Gentileschi (1563-1693) One of the first women artists to achieve recognition in the male-dominated world of post-Renaissance art. In an era when female artists were limited to portrait painting and imitative poses, she was the first woman to paint major historical and religious scenarios. # Woman artist who achieved recognition in the male-dominated world of post-Renaissance art 女艺术家 Born in Rome in 1593, she received her early training from her father, but after art academies rejected her, she continued study under a friend of her father, Agostino Tassi In 1612, her father brought suit 起诉 against Tassi for raping Artmisia. There followed a highly publicized seven-month trial 被强奸 The trauma 创伤 of the rape and trial impacted on Artemisia's painting. Her graphic depictions were cathartic 宣泄性的(provided psychological relief through open expression of strong emotion) and symbolic attempts to deal with the physical and psychic pain. (her past was the catalyst 催化剂 for her subject matter) 他受的创伤对他的画产生了巨大的影响 The heroines 女英雄 of her art, especially Judith, are powerful women exacting revenge on such male evildoers 坏人 as the Assyrian general Holofernes. Her style was heavily influenced by dramatic realism and marked chiaroscuro. Best known subjects are biblical heroines such as Bathsheba, the tragic 悲剧的；不幸的 object of King David, and Judith. Orazio Gentileschi 她爸爸 trained in one of his uncle' studios in Rome. His own career, however, was slow in starting and he was almost 40 before it really got underway. This work is considered his master piece. A most gifted follower of Caravaggio. He was one of the few friends of the master.

The denial of St. Peter

Rembrandt, Netherlands Van Rijn, Denial of Peter

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicalaes Tulp

Rembrandt, Netherlands is a oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in the Hague, the Netherlands. Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to medical professionals 手臂肌肉组织 First large group painting, well received 第一幅大型组画

Obelisk and Fountains

Bernini， Italy It took 900 men and a reported 75-140 horses and even though the ropes were on the verge of breaking, 在断裂的边缘 Fontana succeeded on September 10, 1586 after an operation that lasted five months.

Blessed Ludovica Albertoni

Bernini， Italy Marble, over life-size, the figure of Ludovica Ablbertoni is present on a mattress at the moment of mystical communion with God. 超过真人大小，在与上帝神秘交流的时刻

baroque

A style in art and architecture developed in Europe during the 17th century, emphasizing classicism (古典主义), sensuality(身体享受，感官享受,) dramatic often strained effect and typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate (精心制作的) ornamentation (装饰物), and overall balance of different parts. This style originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation. (反宗教改革) The term 'Baroque' (often written without the initial capital) is applied to art of any time or place that shows the qualities of vigorous movement and emotional intensity associated with Baroque art in its primary meaning. Much Hellenistic sculpture could therefore be described as 'baroque'. (Laocoon)

Baldacchino, St. Peter's

Bernini， Italy The columns are gilded and divided into three spiraling 旋转的sections. The spirals were designed to emulate the original Solomonic Columns used in the ancient basilica's canopy and to carry the eye upward to the canopy. The divisions were to avoid the monotony 单调的 that would be caused by 66ft tall smooth columns. The smaller baldacchino that this replaced (designed by Carlo Maderno 10 years before) also had twisted columns.

Piazza of St. Peter Vatican

Bernini， Italy Bernini and his assistants sculpted the 140 statues of saints that grace the balustrades on the colonnades.廊柱

David

Bernini， Italy Galleria Borghese, Rome Life-size Transitory moment The diagonal line immediately suggests movement and energy and drama -- very different from the immobility of the Pyramid shape! 对角线立即暗示着运动、能量和戏剧性--与金字塔形状的不动声色截然不同！这也是为什么我们在设计时要考虑到这一点。

St. Peter's Solomonic Column

Bernini， Italy In the medieval period, this was known as the "Holy Column" because it was said to have been leaned against by Jesus when it stood in the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. It is actually 2nd century Greek marble and was brought to Rome from Greece by Emperor Constantine as part of the group of 12 columns which he donated to the first Basilica of St. Peter.

Judith and her Maidservant

Artemisia Gentileschi Artemisia's best work, this scene is tense with imminent 迫在眉睫的；即将来临的；迫近的 danger as Judith and Abra prepare to flee Holofernes's tent with his severed head.

Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1620 (Uffizi version)

Artemisia Gentileschi， Italy

Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting

Artemisia Gentileschi， Italy 1638-1639, Oil on canvas Invited to London in 1638 by Charles I, and probably produced this sophisticated 复杂的and accomplished self-portrait in England. She holds a brush in one hand and a palette in the other, identifying herself as the female personification 化身 of painting. Artemisia follows the standard emblematic 象征性 handbook of the period, the Iconologies of Cesare Pipa, where Painting is described as 'a beautiful woman, with full black hair, disheveled, and twisted in various ways, with arched eyebrows that show imaginative thought, the mouth covered with a loth tied behind her ears, with a chain of gold at her throat from which hangs a mask, and has written in front 'imitation". Artemisia captures the essentials of this description, leaving out the inscription on the mask and the gagged mouth, intended to symbolize that Painting is dumb.

Judith Slaying Holofernes

Artemisia Gentileschi， Italy The owner, Grand Duchess Maria Luisa de' Medici, hid the painting from view as she considered too horrifying to behold. In 2002, it received its first public display at the Uffizi Gallery. The story describes the Assyrian 亚述 army laying siege围攻 to the Jewish city of Bethulia. When the inhabitants were on the point of capitulating 投降, Judith, a rich and beautiful widow, devised 想出，设计a scheme 计划；策划 to save them. She adorned herself 'so as to catch the eye of any man who might see her' (10:5), and set off with her maid into the Assyrian lines. By the pretence 幌子 of having deserted 背叛 her people she gained access to the enemy commander 指挥官，司令, Holofernes, and proposed to him a fictitious 虚构的 scheme for overcoming the Jews. After she had been several days in the camp Holodernes became enamoured 迷住 of her and planned a banquet 宴饮 to which she was invited. When it was over and they were alone together he had meant to seduce色诱 her, but he was by then overcome with liquor. This was Judith's opportunity. She quickly seized 抓住 his sword and with two swift blows 打击severed his head. Her maid was ready with a sack 口袋 into which they put the head. They then made their way through the camp and back to Bethulia before the deed 作为 was discovered. The news threw the Assyrians into disarray 混乱 and they fled, pursued by the Israelites. The owner, Grand Duchess Maria Luisa de' Medici, hid the painting from view as she considered too horrifying to behold. In 2002, it received its first public display at the Uffizi Gallery. The second Judith scenario is almost identical to the (Naples version) 1612. Blood realistic, legs, protruding 突出 from disheveled 凌乱的 bedclothes, Judith now wears a gown of "Artemisia Gold" more jewelry and wields a larger sword. Characters seem to exert greater effort and experience nervous tension more in keeping with the artist's skill and maturity.成熟度

Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1612

Artemisia Gentileschi， Italy The second Judith scenario is almost identical to the (Naples version) 1612 Characters seem to exert greater effort and experience nervous tension more keeping with the artist's skill and maturity.

The Adoration of the Magi

Artemisia Gentileschi， Italy This is one of three paintings that Artemisia provided for the renovation 翻新，修缮 of a cathedral at Pozzuoli. The scene is a relatively solemn庄重，肃然, subdued 低调的 work for Artemisia, but quite appropriate for a liturgical 礼仪 painting. The male figures seem disproportionally large compared with the dignified Madonna and child dwarfed 矮小的 at left. 与左手边端庄的圣母和被矮化的孩子相比，男性人物显得过于庞大。

Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes

Artemisia Gentileschi， Italy detail of the intense chiaroscuro from the single candle lighting the scene is a technique often employed by the Northern followers if Caravaggio. Artemisia's realism is in keeping with Caravaggio the originator of intense contrast between light and dark.

St. Andrew

Bernini， Italy

St. Helen

Bernini， Italy

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

Bernini， Italy "The pain was so sharp that it made me utter 出声 several moans;呻吟 and so excessive caused me by this intense pain that one can never wish it to cease, nor will one's soul be content 满足 with anything less than God." Bernini, St. Teresa and the Angel, c. 1645-52 Dedicated to the Spanish St. Teresa, a nun 僧尼；修女 of the 16th century who described her mystic 神秘 visions in a book. She tells of a moment of heavenly rapture when an angel of the Lord pierced 刺穿 her heart with a golden flaming arrow filling her with pain and yet with immeasurable bliss. 天堂的狂喜时刻，一位主的天使用一支金色的火焰箭刺穿了她的心脏，使她充满了痛苦，但又无比的幸福。

St. Peter's Square

Bernini， Italy As soon as Alexander VII was elected as the new pope in April 1655, he commissioned sculptor and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini to create a new square in front of the St. Peter's Basilica. Following Alexander's detailed instructions, Bernini came up with an elliptical shaped square. 椭圆形的 Construction of the square started in 1656 and was completed twelve years later, in 1667

St. Longinus

Bernini， Italy was the Roman centurion 百夫长 who pierced the side of Christ with s lance. 长矛 He is said to have converted to Christianity after experiencing the darkness after Christ's death. St. Luke tells us that the centurion "gave praise to God", and exclaimed, "truly this was the Son of man." (Luke 23:47) located at the crossing (nave中殿 and transept 耳堂) in St Peter's basilica 1. Designed in four separate pieces of marble, a. The raised arm. b. Bulk of body. c. Cascading 层叠的 drapery 布料；帷帐on right side. d. Cloak 斗篷 further back. 2. Located under dome of St. Peter. This large statue made several separate pieces of marble. Like Bernini's earlier David, who seems to occupy space beyond the actual form of the sculpture, Bernini's solder saint dynamically occupies extended arms were unprecedented 空前的 in sculptured in sculpture and of course difficult if using only one marble block.

The Conversion on the Road to Damascus

Caravaggio Oil on canvas, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome Scene- described in Acts of the Apostles (9:3-9)-Saul a persecutor of Christians was converted on the road to Damascus.

The Inspiration of Saint Matthew

Caravaggio, Italy 1602 oil on canvas Contarelli Chapel

The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew

Caravaggio， Italy

the calling of mattew

Caravaggio，Italy Contarelli Chapel, Rome, Oil on canvas,

Diego Velazquez，Spain

Court painter for King Philip IV 腓力四世的宫廷画师 1. Use of hidden light makes an unrealistic effect. 不真实 2. He tried to portray a supernatural event.超自然 3. Cascading drapery. 层层叠叠的窗帘 使用隐秘光线，超自然， Directly influenced by Caravaggio Continues to challenge the viewer, like Caravaggio's Supper at Emma's; which draws the viewer directly into its action Velasquez used (Ala Prima) A style of painting where very little painting done and is a wet on wet technique A minimum of index drawing, building up his form with layers of loosely applied paint and finishing off the surfaces with dashing highlights into white, lemon yellow, and pale orange Influenced, McNeill Whistler, Thomas Eakins, Mary Cassatt, John Singer Sargent, Salvador Dali and Francis Bacon. Edouard Manet, the pioneering French Impressionist, described Velazquez as "the painter of painters" Verisimilitude, verisimilitude Part of magic in looking at Velazquez - and it is magic- is the astonishing level of verisimilitude (true real) that he achieves, combined with a general befuddlement as to how he achieves it," says Philippe de Montebello, the former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Water-Seller of Seville, Velazquez

Diego Velazquez， Spain Welling Museum, London 1. Painting shows virtuosity 精湛的技艺 in rendering volumes and textures. 2. Worked for the elevation of painting to Liberal Arts status. It was considered a craft to this point be- cause the artist used his hands. 3. Bodegones The most important influence on Velazquez was Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio Caravaggio's use of dramatic light sources to illuminate stages scenes with the rawness of real life is directly emulated in The Water-Seller-in particular the boy's face, lit up and youthful. Aged aguador, dressed in coarse, 粗糙的 monk-like robes, stands in profile at right in the company of two of his patrons.赞助者 The man behind, shown full face and drinking from a lifted jar, has faded into darkness, while at left a boy, whose downcast, three-quarter glance is highlighted by a stream of light, hesitantly grasps the proffered goblet. Leo Steinberg characterized the solemn exchange between the venerable old peasant and the uncertain, fresh-faced youth as sacramental圣事 in character, and the work itself an enactment of the gift of life between the three ages of man. 人的三个年龄段之间生命礼物的演绎

Las Meninas(The Maids of Honor)

Diego Velazquez， Spain (Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid) Desired to challenge viewer, like Caravaggio's Supper at Emmaus; It draws the viewer directly into its action, for the viewer is standing, apparently, in the space occupied by King Philip and his queen whose reflections can be seen in the large mirror on the back wall. (video) Note; Magarita visual focus of painting, costumes, dwarfs, maids, dog, show off brushstrokes, maid in doorway highlighted. 1. Red cross on tunic 束腰外衣 emblem 象征 of Knight Order of San- tiago1659 believed to have been added to painting after painting was finished. 2. Painting is a statement of artist concerning different dimensions of visual reality. The main subject matter is not in the composition except for the reflection in the mirror. 3. King and Queen reflection seen in mirror in background are subject of painting. 镜子的反射 4. Scene takes place in artists studio.

Old Woman Frying Eggs

Diego Velazquez， Spain He was 18 or 19 It clearly demonstrates his flair for painting people and everyday objects directly from life. His fascination with contrasting 对比materials and texture and the play of light and shadow on opaque 不透明的 and reflective surfaces resulted in brilliant passages of painting, especially the eggs cooking in hot oil and the varied domestic utensils. At the start of his career Velazquez of these kitchen or tavern scenes, called "bodegones' in Spanish The term bodega in Spanish can mean "pantry", "tavern", or "wine cellar". The derivative term bodegon is an augmentative that refers to a large bodega, usually in a derogatory fashion. In Spanish art, a bodegon is a still life painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals食品, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but with significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. It also refers to low-life or everyday objects, which can be painted with flowers, fruits, or other objects to display the painter's mastery. 通常以厨房或酒馆为背景。也指低矮的生活用品或日常用品，可 以画上花草、水果等，以显示画家的高超技艺。

Portrait of Man

Diego Velazquez， Spain In the metropolitan museum of art conservation department Oil on canvas This arresting portrait was long thought to be a self-portrait of Velazquez's famous Surrender of Breda in the Prada, Madrid; that bystander, too, was long identified as a self-portrait, bur the matter is not clear. The surrender of Breda was painted in 1634-35 and this portrait, which is an informal study rather than a highly finished work, must have been painted by Velazquez about the same time. 一个非正式的学习而不是高度完成的作品

Surrender of Brenda

Diego Velazquez， Spain Painting shows the two parties, the Dutch (L) and Spanish （R）, each under their respective generals, Nassau of the Netherlands and Spinola for Spain.

Portrait of Juan Pareja

Diego Velazquez， Spain Velázquez's slave of Moorish descent血统, who served as an assistant in his workshop. His reputation did not precede him upon his arrival at Rome. Painted in Rome, it was displayed publicly beneath the portico of the Pantheon in March 1650. Velázquez clearly intended to impress his Italian colleagues with his unique artistry. Indeed we are told that the picture "gained universal applause that in the opinion of all the painters this one was "truth". 真理 Became a painter in his own right and was freed by Velazquez in 1654

Peter Paul Rubens Netherlands

Flemish Baroque Painter Emphasized movement, color, brawny 壮汉 figures and sensuality.感性的 He is well known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portrait landscapes, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. His figure reflect Michelangelo's influence in several of Rubens' original works Like Michelangelo Rubens shows muscular figures, their bodies straining to support the cross. The faces on his figures are full of emotion, anguish, and show the intensity of the situation. 受米开朗基罗影响，肌肉发达，面部情绪 Best known example of an artist who emphasized color over line 注重色彩 Uses diagonal lines to direct viewers attention to center of interest 对角线引导观众注意力 Poussinistes （line） VS Bubenistis （color） The debate between Poussinistes Vs. Rubenistes Began in the French Academy. The debate was between the artistic ideas of Poussin and Ruben The Poussinistes thought that drawing and the use of lines were more important than color because it appeals to the mind the most. The Rubenistes believed that color was the most important factor in paintings over line because it is more true to nature They believed that color appeals to everyone as opposed to line which appeals to only a selected few 线条的运用更能吸引人的心灵，色彩更能真实反映自然

Frans Hals' Jester with a Lute, 1620 --1625 Musee du Louvre, Pairs

Frans Hals Netherlands The character's identity is uncertain. Is he simply a musician on tour? 巡回演出 Dose he play a buffoon 活宝，小丑as his very jolly appearance might have us believe? Or is he theatrical figure as indicated by his fantasy costume, which is both elegant and archaic.古老；过时的

Malle Babbe

Frans Hals Netherlands The owl 猫头鹰represents the ancient folklore 民俗 of witchcraft 巫术 and drunkenness, as it comes to symbolize being active in the night just as Malle Babbe's crude character was. In the day time the bird is slow and inefficient, just as Malle Babbe's persona as she was definitely a creature of the night. The owl also denotes erotic behavior as it is a symbol of the night and represents darkness, a time when daytime formalities are broken and people are more relaxed. This work shows Hals' spontaneity through his suggestive brush work. He looks to separate the concept of the picture and reality by inserting blurry yet strong strokes and blatant daubing to evoke emotion.

Singing Boy with Flute

Frans Hals Netherlands This head-and -shoulders portrait shows a boy holding a flute 笛子in his right hand. His head is inclined slightly to the side, and he seems to be listening to the sound of his music ---the raised left hand reinforces this intention. The spontaneous, flatly applied brush line is typical of Hals, who frequently painted cheerful children, often making music. 奔放而平实的笔触线条是哈尔斯的典型特征，他经常画一些欢快的孩子，而且经常在做音乐

Frans Hals Netherlands

Further pioneered the alla prime oil painting technique Most oil painters used under-paintings 底漆for a consistent look. Since then direct painting has become a popular technique among many modern painters. The impressionist movement made extensive use of this oil painting technique and is responsibility for much of its popularity He chose not only to paint what was in front of him but also what he felt about it 直观和感官结合 Methods and brush techniques would convey his thought essential to the subject and what aspects would best capture their inner selves.

St. George and the Dragon

Peter Paul Rubens Netherlands This work was made in Ruben's youth, during his trip to Italy and is a perfect example of the monumentality of his paintings from that period with strong, forceful figures Also characteristic of his work from that time are the use of directed light and very dynamic compositions, as can be seen here in the strong diagonal placement of the horse, which practically divides the canvas into two parts. 人物形象强壮有力，使用定向光和非常动态的构图，把画布分成两部分

Bernini Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

Living, moving, yielding flesh Creates a dramatic (staging) effect. Considered viewers vantage point. Figures in the midst of action (transitory movement)处于动作中的人物, 过度性动作 Designed plaza of St. Peter. Italian artist Bernini created the Baroque style of sculpture and developed it to such an extend that other artists are of lonely minor importance in a discussion of that style. 创造了巴洛克式的雕塑风格 Many of his sculptures depict a transitory moment in time as if the figure is has been paused or frozen. 仿佛人是暂停和冻住的

Self-portrait dating from 1669

Rembrandt, Netherlands Said to be his last before he died, shows no indication of an enlarged temple artery (Temporal arteritis) on his right side.

The Martyrdom of St. Lieven

Musees Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels The Baroque art of Flanders and the Southern Netherlands was closely tied to the traditions of Catholic Europe and dominated by the art of Peter Paul Rubens. The viewer is spared not a single detail, neither the blood-spattered 血迹斑斑 knife in the torturer's拷问者 mouth who in the left foreground grins at the saint in his bishops' garments with his mitre and staff, nor his companion who has grabbed Livinus' beard, nor his comrade-in-arms 战友 holding the saint's torn-out tongue 咬破的舌头 in a pair of tongs above an avidly yapping 狂吠的 dog. The strong gestures, the rhythm of the paint strokes, the shimmering lighting and the masterly color composition carry the sense of movement to climax. From heaven comes the reward for martyr and the justified retribution for his executioners' misdeed, in the figures of two putti, who reach Livinus the martyr's palm, and the angles who, with their thunderbolts,霹雳 cause the soldier to disperse 分散in fear and their horses to bolt 迅速逃跑；螺栓；门闩.

Elevation of the Cross

Peter Paul Rubens Netherlands This work was made in Ruben´s youth, during his trip to Italy and is a perfect example of the monumentality of his paintings from that period, with strong, forceful figures. Also characteristic of his work from that time are the use of directed light and very dynamic compositions, as can be seen here in the strong diagonal placement of the horse, which practically divides the canvas into two parts. The dramatic action is witnessed from the left by St John, the Virgin Mary and weeping women and children. The right, a Roman officer watches on horseback while soldiers in the background are crucifying two thieves. Subject is spread across three panels. Now located in transept of the Cathedral in Antwerp, though originally intended for the main altar of Saint Walburga --a church which no longer exists. The dramatic action is witnessed from the left by St. John, the Virgin Mary and weeping women and children. The right, a Roman officer watches on horseback while soldiers in the background are crucifying钉死 two thieves. Subject is spread across three panels.

Three Trees

Rembrandt, Netherlands This atmospheric print is widely regarded as Rembrandt's greatest as well as his most elaborate landscape etching. 勃朗特最伟大的作品 The three tree dominate the design, but they are buffered by gusts of wind and rise in a burst of sunlight against a sky of rapidly moving clouds.

Supper at Emmaus

Rembrandt, Netherlands This is the most famous of his works on Emmaus. He had painted the supper at Emmaus before, in 1628. The atmosphere is solemn. Again, the servant does not yet realize what is going on. Use of chiaroscuro technique, and golden glow.

Baroque- Line vs Color

Quarrel over authority Line-defenders of the "ancients", tradition Line is more abstract, more artificial Color-primary concept in the visual arts, which excites the eye. Color is more concrete more natural 更具体更自然 More generally the debate was more about freeing oneself from imposed "authority"

Rembrandt, Netherlands

Rembrandt's 90 self-portraits, around 40 of them were painted Rembrandt produced etching for most of his career, from 1626 to 1660, when he was forced to sell his printing-press and virtually abandoned etching. 蚀刻画 Favorite artist of N.C.Wyeth Lived beyond his means even though he was highly successful Artist of Holland's "Golden Age" Did several "Group Portraits" Two wives, Saskia and Hendrickje, one son Titus and one daughter Cornelia

Self-portrait (52) The Frick Collection

Rembrandt, Netherlands

The Sampling Officials of the Drapers' Guild

Rembrandt, Netherlands

Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), portrait of a Man (Man With a Quilted Sleeve)

Rembrandt, Netherlands

Self-portrait with two circle Kenwood House

Rembrandt, Netherlands Dating from 1661, after wrenching ups and downs in his personal and financial life and only 8 years before his death at 63, it's a near companion of the 1658 self-portrait at the Frick Circle could be nothing more than to show skill and ability to produce perfect ones. 为了展示技巧 Later artist depict themselves in and out of the studio setting, as the definition of "great artist" came to be understanding of the world around him. So these later portraits often have blank, nonspecific backgrounds, and focus on the artist's expression, not on pointing out his skill. 所以这些后来的肖像画往往有空白的、不具体的背景，重点在于艺术家的表达，而不是指出他的技巧。

The Blinging of Samson

Rembrandt, Netherlands Frankfurt am Main, Germany Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt

The Holy Family By Night

Rembrandt, Netherlands In this room sit Mary and her mother Ann next to the Christ Child lying fast asleep in his wicker cradle Anne, who has doesd off, still has the rope with which she has been rocking the cradle in her hand while Mary reads intently. Difficult to see is Joseph who sits crouched under the staircase where he is engaged in tapping some liquid from a barrel. He is the only one who is engaged in any action that may produce sound, but this does not disturb the peaceful scene.

Rembrandt Self Portrait (age 34)

Rembrandt, Netherlands National Gallery London At the height of his success

Supper at Emmaus

Rembrandt, Netherlands Rembrandt's first Supper at Emmaus. One of the disciples falls on his knees, another recoils. 伦勃朗在以马忤斯的第一个晚餐。其中一个门徒跪在地上，另一个门徒退缩。

The Shooting Company of Frans Banning Cocq The Night Watch

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Painting of militia guards features chiaroscuro 1. The Night Watch is misnamed because of a very dark varnish that covered it until the 1940's. It should be titled The Company of Captain Frans Cocq. It is a group portrait of a company of civil guards under the command of Cocq and his lieutenant, Willem van Ruytenburch (in light garb). This painting was successful. The fact that some members of the company are partially obscured 掩盖 by the action did not cause the work to be condemned 问罪, as has been suggested. In this painting Rembrandt solved the problem of the group portrait in such a dynamic way that few after him could ever again sit or stand their subjects in a static line or static grouping. Rembrandt shows Cocq and his men in motion: their lances are askew, their muskets are out of order, and they all project a sense of the vitality of their mission. The canvas is gigantic and was originally even larger. In this group portrait Rembrandt captures the personality of the entire company.Quoted as saying in regards to finished work "when the master has achieved his intention by it".

Lion Hunt

Rubens was commissioned by many his wealthy connections to depict描绘 the wild and exotic奇异的 creatures they hunted and owned as they conquered lands and colonies in Africa and the East. 殖民时期 Painted other hunt scenes, Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1616), Tiger and Lion Hunt (1618)

Caravaggio

Tenebrism (黑暗主义,) from Italian tenebroso ("dark, gloomy, mysterious"), also occasionally called dramatic illumination. One art historian famously said that "Caravaggio put the 'oscuro' in chiaroscuro" His painting are almost always recognizable for the dramatic contrast between an intensely dark and somber background and an interest in playing with effects of light 光暗的对比,悲惨的背景和对光有趣的应用 Painting combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting Had a formative 格式化的 (profound lasting influence) on the Baroque school of painting. 对人的观察 身体情感 戏剧灯光运用 对巴洛克画派持久的影响力 In response to the Mannerism(later Michelangelo works) and academic trends in Rome. Caravaggio injected 注入，注射 his paintings with theatrical戏剧性的，夸张的 lighting presenting strong chiaroscuro 明暗对比法 on his figure that were rendered with the finest naturalism the art world had ever seen right down to the dirt 污垢 under the nails of his common street models. 戏剧性的光，人物身上呈现强烈的奇幻色彩，最好的自然主义 We know about his life from police records We learn that he had a bad temper and could be violent, and that he was frequently arrested and imprisoned for assault 动武，攻击，袭击，殴打 脾气不好，暴力倾向 Co-extensive space延伸空间: Caravaggio had a remarkable talent for extending the action of his composition beyond the picture plane and into the viewer's space. In the Supper at Emmaus, for example, the viewer is almost like a fifth actor in the scene; the arms of the apostle on the right stretches into our space, while the teetering basket of fruit could almost fall to the viewer's feet. 能将构图行动延伸到画面之外 No frescoes: Most artists working during the Baroque period made a large portion of their incomes from important fresco commissions in churches or other public places. Caravaggio, on the other hand, refused to paint in fresco and only painted oil on canvas for his entire career. It is unknown whether Caravaggio actually lacked the skills to paint fresco, or if this was merely another personal idiosyncrasy. (不画壁画 只在画布上画画) The reason he was not more popular is because some of his work was considered too vulgar 庸俗 by the more conservative 保守的 (Catholic) church authorities, and rejected. 不受欢迎是因为天主教会觉得他太庸俗

Orazio Gentileschi, The Annunciation, 1623

This work is considered his master piece. A most gifted follower of Caravaggio. He was one of the few friends of the master.