The Urinary System
Which of the following would most likely present with a clinical finding of hematuria? a. hemorrhagic renal cyst b. milk of calcium cyst c. simple renal cyst d. angiomyolipoma
a
You are performing a follow up study on a patient with a renal transplant. which of the following changes normally occurs in renal transplants compared to the immediate postoperative study? a. hypertrophy b. increased echogenicity c. hydronephrosis d. shrinkage e. calcified pyramids
a
A sudden decrease in renal function
acute renal failure
Autosomal dominant affects ______ whereas autosomal recessive affects _______.
adults; infants/children
a common benign tumor that consists of a network of blood vessels, muscle, and fat
angiomyolipoma
The renal artery is compared to what artery for a renal artery stenosis ratio?
aorta
type of infection that begins in the bladder and refluxes up through the ureters and into the kidney
ascending
a common cause of renal artery stenosis is
atherosclerosis
An excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood
azotemia
The most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract is: a. horseshoe kidney b. duplicated collecting system c. renal agenesis d. renal hypoplasia
b
Which of the following Is NOT considered an intrinsic cause of hydronephrosis? a. ureterocele b. urethritis c. urolithiasis d. ureteropelvic junction obstruction
b
Which of the following is usually diagnosed in early childhood or in utero? a. adpkd b. mcdk c. acquired cystic kidney disease d. parapelvic cysts e. a and b
b
Which of the following tumors is more common? a. tcc b. rcc c. oncocytoma d. primary renal lymphoma e. angiomyolipoma
b
presence of bacteria in the urine
bacteruria
Sonographically, patients with autosomal recessive PCKD will have ________________ _____________ & ________________ kidneys.
bilateral enlarged; echogenic
Outpouching of the urinary bladder wall
bladder diverticulum
the renal cortex contains _________ & __________.
bowmans capsule; convoluted tubules
labs associated with renal function
bun and creatinine
The inherited disorder associated with the development of tumors of the central nervous system and orbits, renal cysts, and adrenal tumors is: a. tuberous sclerosis b. tuberculosis c. von hippel Lindau syndrome d. mcdk
c
The protective capsule of the kidney is referred to as: a. glisson capsule b. perirenal capsule c. renal capsule d. renal cortex
c
You are scanning a patient with suspected lymphoma of the kidney. Which ultrasound appearance is associated with lymphoma? a. small, echogenic kidneys with hyper dense pyramids b. cystic masses of varying sizes throughout both kidneys c. multiple, bilateral, hypo echoic masses in enlarged kidneys d. single, large, hyper echoic mass e. unilateral wedge shaped hypoecohic mass
c
most common cause of fungal UTI is
candida albicans
a chronic inflammation of the kidney(s)
chronic pyelonephritis
Gradual decrease in renal function over time
chronic renal failure
enlargement of the unaffected contralateral kidney that occurs with unilateral agenesis or compromised renal function
compensatory hypertrophy
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystitis
A patient has been referred for Doppler interrogation of the kidney. Which view provides the best color Doppler evaluation of the infrarenal vasculature? a. patient supine, anterior view through the liver b. supine, coronal view through the liver c. prone, oblique view through the liver d. posterior oblique, coronal view through posterior axillary line e. upright, anterior view through the liver
d
All of the following are clinical findings of acute renal failure except: a. hematuria b. hypertension c. oliguria d. decreased BUN and creatinine
d
Clinical findings of glomerulonephritis include all of the following except: a. proteinuria b. throat infection c. azotemia d. hypercalcemia
d
Clinical findings of nephrocalcinosis include all of the following except: a. uti's b. urinary calculus c. hyperparathyroidism d. weight loss
d
You detect irregular thickening of the bladder wall in a 53 year old male with hydronephrosis and a dilated ureter. Which of the following would you expect? a. rcc b. ureterocele c. bladder outlet obstruction d. tcc e. endometriosis
d
clinical symptoms associated with inflammatory renal masses include all of the following except: a. fever b. chills c. flank pain d. hypoglycemia
d
muscle that controls emptying of the urinary bladder
detrusor muscle
the most common cause of chronic renal failure is
diabetes
bulge on the lateral border of the kidney
dromedary hump
Painful/difficulty urinating
dysuria
rare, life threatening complication of pyelonephritis
emphysematous pyelonephritis
Something that is growing outward is termed
exophytic
What artery in a renal transplant is the renal artery normally anastomosed to?
external iliac artery
If bilateral, MCDK is __________
fatal
fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds kidneys and adrenal glands
gerota fascia
+_______________ can be caused by a distant infection such as a throat infection or auto immune reaction
glomerulonephritis
acquired renal cystic disease is typically the result of chronic __________________.
hemodialysis
the kidneys are organs vital for maintaining
homeostasis
general term defined as the dilation of renal collecting system secondary to obstruction of normal flow
hydronephrosis
dissension of the ureter with fluid due to obstruction
hydroureter
renal cell carcinoma is aka
hypernephroma
decreased blood volume is termed
hypovolemia
dromedary hump more commonly affects which kidney?
left
The left renal artery is normally located immediately posterior to
left renal vein
benign fatty tumor
lipoma
The left renal vein is (longer/shorter) than the right renal vein.
longer
When a horseshoe kidney is present, at which poles are the two kidneys fused most commonly?
lower
collection of lymphatic fluid
lymphocele
accumulation of calcium within the medulla of the renal parenchyma
medullary nephrocalcinosis
Urinary jets should occur at least once every ___________
minute
most common solid malignant abdominal mass in pediatrics
nephroblastoma
term meaning kidney stones
nephrolithiasis
functional unit of the kidney
nephron
bladder that is functioning poorly secondary to a neurological disorder is termed
neurogenic
In a kidney with MCDK, there is typically ___________ functioning renal tissue
no
frequent urination at night
nocturia
MCDK is thought to be caused by an early 1st TM _____________ of the ureter.
obstruction
Renal mass which may demostrate a central scar
oncocytoma
benign renal tumor that is often found in men in their 60's
oncocytoma
the most common location for an ectopic kidney
pelvis
lymphocele can be seen________
post transplant
The right renal artery travels __________ to the IVC.
posterior
Protein within the urine
proteinuria
Dilation of the urinary tract will occur ____________ to the level of obstruction
proximal
pus within the urine
pyuria
narrowing of the renal artery
renal artery stenosis
benign renal mass. (solid)
renal cell adenoma
carcinoma of the kidney
renal cell carcinoma
an angiolipoma may also be referred to as a
renal hamartoma
TCC in the kidney is often found in the area of the
renal pelvis
The medulla contains
renal pyramids
the kidneys are _________ peritoneal in location
retro
Which vessel is the most helpful as a landmark for the location of the renal arteries?
sma
The LRV courses between the ___________ & _________.
sma; aorta
large urinary stone that completely fills and takes shape of the renal pelvis
staghorn calculi
the urinary bladder is located __________- to the prostate
superior
the most common malignant tumor of the bladder is
tcc
tcc stands for
transitional cell carcinoma
The most common cause of acute renal failure is
tuberous sclerosis
symptoms of this condition includes epilepsy and skin lesions of the face
tuberous sclerosis
systemic disorder that leads to the development of tumors in various organs
tuberous sclerosis
abnormality in which the distal ureter projects into the urinary bladder
ureterocele
The most common cause of congenital hydronephrosis in infants and children is:
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
the most common location for. stone to become obstructed in the urinary system is
ureterovesical junction
localized collection of urine
urinoma
_______________ is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter
vesicoureteral reflux
nephroblastoma is aka
wilms tumor
pediatric patients with beckwith-wiedemann syndrome have a tendency of developing
wilms tumors
The renal cortex should measure more than ____cm in thickness.
1
renal artery stenosis is present when the renal/aorta ratio is greater than ________.
3.5
There are ____ layers present covering the kidney
4
the bladder wall consists of ______ layers
4
when a bladder wall is thickened, its diameter will exceed _____mmin a distended state
4
About ____% of people over age 50 will have renal cysts.
50