Archaeology Midterm

Walter taylor

Broader Anthroplogical approach

Sir William Flinders Petrie:

First to accurately survey the Great Pyramids of Giza. Created a typological analysis of artifacts from across the world.Antiquarian. However considered a 'father of archaeology'

Gertrude Caton Thompson:

In 1928, the British Academy invited her to investigate the origins of ruins in southeastern Zimbabwe near Lake Mutirikwe.English archaeologist who distinguished two prehistoric culturesin the Al-Fayyūm depression of Upper Egypt, the older dating to about 5000 bc and the younger to about 4500 bc.

Ephraim Squier:

The work was a landmark in American scientific research, the study of the prehistoric Mound Builders of North America, and the early development of archaeology as a scientific discipline

Arch bishop Jamer Ussher

Theologiest was promoting the earth was young

William Stukeley:

Was an English Antiquary and one of the founders of field archaeology who pioneered the investigation of Stonehenge.Was one of the first to demonstrate that these stones were not built by mythological creatures, but by man

Thomas Jefferson:

excavated a mound and from the artifacts and burial practices, noted similarities between mound-builder funeral practices and those of Native Americans in his time. He looked at the data in a scientific perspective and concluded that Indians had in fact constructed the mounds.1784, he dug out a small, twelve-foot high mound in Virginia. He uncovered several layers of burials and concluded that the mound had been the work of the present Indians' ancestors.

Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora:

recognized as first archaeological excavation in the New World (1675) excavated the pyramid of the moon

Ian Hodder (1980's- 1900)

A British Archaeologist and pioneer of Postprocessual theory in archaeology. He and others publish criticisms of processual archaeology, calling for less concern with scientific method and more emphasis on the interpretation of symbolic, cognitive, and unique aspects of the human experience. Post-processual archaeology: In which archaeological interpretations became narrative, stories told by archaeologist about the past

Charles Darwin:

A devote Christian who was extremely conflicted, because he was on his way to become a minister. Conflicted with his beliefs and evolution and religion. When he went on aboard to the voyage of the Beagle. He first identified himself as a Natural Theologian, (believed the idea fixity of species.) After his voyage, he had a lot of questions and went against his original world views, and spent the rest of his life answering his new questions. Identify the idea of Natural selection of plants and animals. Natural section: mechanism that drives Natural selection Implications for concept of "prehistory"

Jacques Boucher de Perthes

Discovered stone axes near fossilized animal bones. concluded human made used axes

Christian J. Thomsen(1788- 1865)

Established 3 major periods of prehistoric past in Europe.Was changing the notion that history existed before metal. Stone age, Bronze age, and the Iron age. Later....modern times his work is still believed and practiced except that dates are further back

Lewis Binford:

His efforts gave rise to the "New Archaeology" (later called "processual archaeology"), and in the ensuing decade it dominated discussions of archaeological theory and method. This idea implied that the goals of archaeology were, in fact, the goals of anthropology, which were to answer questions about humans and human society. That was a critique of the former period in archaeology, the Culture-Historical phase in which archaeologists thought that any information that artifacts contained about past people and past ways of life was lost once the items became included in the archaeological record. All they felt could be done was to catalogue, describe, and create timelines based on the artifacts.

Willard Libby

Introduces carbon Dating :is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon a radioactive isotope of carbon.

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

Known as the "Father of Geology" Promoted the idea rooted from James Hutton: Uniformitarianism: Earths features result of long term processes operated in present as in past. Example mountains go through a constant change in uplift, Glaciers were slowly carved over a very long period and it is always changing. Additions from James Huttons ideasStarted to Identify slow, ongoing, forces producing geologic landscape.Therefore, he introduced "deep time" Earth had to be old... for slow forces to produce geologic landscape

1900: Arthur Evans:

The British archaeologist who discovered Knossos, The legendary palace of King Minos, and Minoan civilization on the Island of Crete.

1922: Leonard Woolley:

The British archaeologist who excavates the biblical city of Ur in Mesopotamia.

1922: Howard Carter:

The archaeologist who discovered King Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922

Alfred Kidder

Through his research in the Mira region and in American Southwest, He helped shift archaeology toward more anthropological purposes. He maintained that archaeology should be viewed as "that branch of an anthropology which deals with prehistoric peoples" and that archaeologist were merely " a mouldier variety of anthropologist."

General Augustus Pitt-Rivers:

is important to archaeology because he was influenced greatly by the new Theory of Evolution being put forward by scientists like Charles Darwin. This influence was reflected on his collection of artifacts. He believed that the tools used by humans would show their evolution over time. He was interested in the development over time of human technology. He arranged his museum collection in a typological fashion with every piece placed with others of its type, and arranged them in the way that he thought they "evolved". He and Flinders Developed the scientific method of Typology for classifying artifacts and cross dating

Nabonidus:

is most revered and is known as the first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun god, the warrior goddess Anunitu, (both located in Sippar), and the sanctuary of Naram-Sin, the moon god, located in Harran, but he also had them restored to their former glory. He was also the first to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it.] Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology at the time.[8

John Lubbock

technological simplicity equals intellectual simplicity "the savage"

Edward Tylor

tylor was considered the Father of "cultural Anthropology" he defined the context of the scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories. He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal. He maintained that all societies passed through three basic stages of development: from savagery, through barbarism to civilization. A Theory later known as Unilinear cultural evolution (UCE)

Lewis Henry Morgan

was a pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist who worked as a railroad lawyer. He is best known for his work on kinship and social structure, his theories of social evolution, and his ethnography of the Iroquois. Interested in what holds societies together, he proposed the concept that the earliest human domestic institution was the matrilineal clan, not the patriarchal family.

Edwin Hamilton Davis:

was an American archaeologist and physician who completed pioneering investigations of the mound builders in the Mississippi Valley. gathered the largest collection of prehistoric Indian collections in the United States

Cyrus Thomas

was an archaeologist who took part in researching the moundbuilder "myth." He contributed to the question of the origin of the moundbuilders by conducting the bone-skull experiment (measuring mustard seeds in various skulls found during excavation) .... Found that there was a direct correlation between an earlier culture of Native Americans and this other lineage of indians that were of a higher class or more "advanced" race... This lineage were the mound builders.

Jean- Francois Champllion:

was known " The father of Egyptology" credited with deciphering hieroglyphics from the Rosetta Stone and thus giving scholars the key to understanding hieroglyphics. For this effort, along, he is frequently referred to as the Father of Egyptology, for he provided the foundation that scholars would need in order to truly understand the ancient Egyptians.