ARE 5.0: PDD - All

Thick Tall Building

- Dark Core - Unidirectional Ext Lighting -Heating and Cooling challenging (heat gain at perimeter) -Core need mech cooling

Thick Short Building

- Daylighting from skylights -Passive heating limited; unbalanced -Passive cooling is costly, footprint too wide

Thin Combo Building

-Can capture complete sidelighting with proper orientation

Thin Tall or Short Building

-Efficient -Complete sidelighting possible -Mitigate heat load with passive heating -easier to achieve natural vent due to shallow profile

Air Barrier Types

-Mechanically Applied (e.g. Tyvek) -Self-adhered (vapor resistant too_ -Fluid Applied (heavy paiotns and coatings) -Boardstock (plywood or polystyrene) -Closed Cell (sprayed on foam)

Structural Fireproofing Coordination Issues

-Structural Decking Connections -Curtain Wall Connections -Monokote and Finishing -Seismic Gaps

Building Form Types

-Thick Tall -Thick Short -Thin, Tall/short -Thin Combo Building

Exterior Detailing

-Usually Customized -Primary focus on durability and waterproofing -certain industries and project types may standardize details -not often integrated with other bldg systems other than structural

Type of Structures that should be insulated

-Wood and Metal Stud Walls -Masonry Walls -Concrete Walls -Joint Systems -Concrete Slabs

Seismic Mitigation

-continuous load path, uniform loading -Low height-to base ration reduces overturning -equal floor heights balance structural stiffness -symmetrical plan minimizes torsion -Equal resistance on both axes eliminates eccentricity and resistance and minimizes torsion -uniform section reduces stress concentrations -seismic resisting elements at perimeter, offer torsional resistance -short spans, low unit stress and distributed loads -no cantilevers reduces vulnerability to vertical accelerations -no opening in diaphragms forces to the resistant elements.

Interior Detailing

-heavily standardized -primary focus on durability -standard details may be used across industries and project types -Frequently integrating all building systems

Design for Seismic forces

-lower the center of gravity -lower the height of building -change the shape -change the materials of building -change base of building

1 Ton of cooling capacity

=12,000Btu/h

Vapor Retarder

A material that obstructs the flow of moisture through the assembly. Its efficacy is measured in "perms".

Cooling Degree Days (CDD)

A measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy needed to cool a building. The number of degrees that a day's average temp is above 65°F

Air Barrier

A membrane that blocks the passage of air through the building envelope.

Irregular configurations

A skilled seismic engineer who appreciates the architect's ddesign intentions should be on board from the outset of the project as co-designer Architect should be aware of implications of these on seismic impact The architect and engineer should use ingenuity to reduce irregularities. Avoid soft or weak stories.

Weak Story

A story whose strength is less than 80 percent of that of the story above. Such an abrupt change of strength should be avoided if possible.

A exposed

Area of exposed wall surface, including fenestration

Lumen Method

Average light level in a room from a uniform lighting layout. E= Illuminance (fc) E= total lumens/ area E= Lamps Lumens * # of lamps * # of luminares / area

mechanical ventilation

Boiler Rooms and other interior HVAC spaces require ____ ____ to properly exhaust the equipment.

Internal Load Dominated Buildings

Buildings whose energy use is driven by high heat gain from occupants, lighting, and equipment; in most cases, building shape of these types of buildings influences the energy efficiency less than it would for external load dominated buildings; examples include office buildings, hospitals, hospitals, retail stores, schools, and laboratories

dimensional

Conflicts between wood and steel

Ohm's Law

Current is directly proportional to voltage and indirectly proportional to resistance. If voltage goes up, current goes up. V=IR

Displacement of seismic event

Distance that points on the ground are moved from the initial position

Heating Degree Days (HDD)

Each degree that the daily mean temperature is under 65°F Used to calculate heating needs.

the weight of the building (seismic)

Forces within a building in a seismic event are equal to what?

U-value

Heat transfer coefficient of a material

skin load dominated

In a skin-load dominated structure, energy consumption is primarily dictated by the influence of the exterior climate on a building's envelope. Often thinner buildings that need heating in cold weather and cooling hot weather. Daylighting precludes the use of electric lighting. Examples of typical skin-load dominated buildings include barracks and other low-rise housing, small warehouses, or small retail facilities.

Ductility

Increase the flexibility of the structure to have a more appropriate period for the most likely conditions

Brace Frame

Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces. Forces transferred through diagonal

Velocity of seismic event

Measured in P waves and S waves, P waves are faster

Voltage (v)

Measured in Volts. Amount of force or potential in a circuit.

Current (I)

Measured in amps, amount of flow through a circuit.

moment-resisting frame

Open web steel structure that resists forces and move dynamic forces through frame. Forces absorbed in members them selves

Btu/DD ft²

Overall rate of heat loss

Period

Rate that the buildings will move back and forth when encountering seismic motion, measured in seconds.

Coefficient of Expansion

Ratio of the increase in length, area, or volume of a member per each degree rise in temperature to its length, area, volume, respectively.

Shear Walls

Rigid exterior walls serve to transfer lateral wind and earthquake loads to the building's foundation. Lateral forces are transmitted from diaphragms to ground.

ground amplification

Shaking levels at a site may be increased, or amplified, by focusing of seismic energy caused by the geometry of the sediment velocity structure, such as basin subsurface topography, or by surface topography."

Discontinuous Shear Wall

Shear walls that don't transfer load all the way to ground. Must be mitigated

Vertical Geometric Irregularity

Story dimension greater than 130% of the dimension of adjacent story.

Building Statics

Structural design principle that buildings will move, but the reactionary forces should equal zero.

Design Temperature

The average temperature that a mechanical system is designed for, either for heating (how cold it gets) or cooling (how warm it gets)

Member Deflection

The concept that each member is allowed to deflect under loading up to a certain point defined by the code

Delta T

The design temperature difference between the design temp and the outside design temp.

Allowable Beam Deflection

The maximum vertical displacement of the member as it bows under loading. These limits vary depending on code requirements, but be similar to L/180, L/240, L/360, or L/480

R-value

The measure of resistance to heat flow. How fast heat transfers through a material

Power (P)

The rate of energy transfer. energy/time

Air Changes per Hour

The ratio of the volume of air supplied to or exhausted from a space, per hour, to the volume of the space.

Resonance

The tendency of a system to oscillate with greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others.

Nominal Vs Actual Sizes (steel)

There is no nominal size for this material.

Stiff Structures

These can handle a wider range of low to moderate frequency seismic events, howoever, that are susceptible to brittle failures in high frequency seismic events.

Flexible Structures

These have a larger period, and therefore greater risk of damaging resonance in a seismic event.

Regular Configurations

These provide the most economical design and construction including codes compliance and structural simplicity. For best seismic performance at the lowest cost, max predictability.

Btu/h

Unit of thermal energy per hour used to describe the rate of energy usage

Out of Plane Offsets

Use moment frame or braced frame to fix this

Point Illumination Method

Used for exterior lighting

Damping

Utilizing suspended mass in a building to absorb seismic forces

Variations in Perimeter Strength or stiffness

Variations in a design that makes a building susceptible to racking. e.g. corner store front, store front, wedge. Creates eccentric center of resistance.

Shear (V) at a given Location

W(L/2 - x)

Spray-applied fireproofing and finishing

Wall does not need to be rated, as beam is already fire protected

Direct Current

an electric current that flows in one direction steadily

Alternating Current

an electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals.

soft story

building story not as stiff as others - often on first floor (it's taller).

under load

conflicts between wood and steel

Seismic Gap fire safety detail

seismic gaps are required to be rated

low frequency waves

seismic waves with large velocities and displacements

High frequency waves

seismic waves with small velocities and acceleration

Duration of seismic event

shaking duration above a cer tain threshold acceleration (0.05g)

8" or larger

slope: 1/16" per foot. What's the pipe diameter

2 ½" diameter pipe

slope: ¼" per foot. What's the pipe diameter?

3" to 6" diameter pipe

slope: ⅛" per foot. What's the pipe diameter?

electrical resistance (ohms)

the ratio of voltage to current

Shear at Apex (V)

wL/2