Areas of Clinical Focus Pt 1 (NCE)

In human development theory, development is defined as systematic changes in an individual that occur between ___________. a. life and death b. conception and death c. infancy and adulthood d. children and elderly

b. conception and death Human development theory is the study of human beings from their conception to their death including the transitions and variables that influence the direction and outcome of their development.

Josue has incurable cancer. However, he promises to lead a reformed life dedicated to God if God will spare his life. Josue is in which of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying? a. denial b. hope c. bargaining d. acceptance

c. bargaining The attempts of a dying person to barter with a higher power for more time is a classic example of Kubler-Ross' third stage, bargaining. It is in this stage that a person often tries to make a deal in order to reach either a particular event, like a child's graduation or wedding.

Erik Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development was his theory of how: a. morality emerges b. the personality develops c. learning occurs d. the id conflicts with the ego

b. the personality develops Erik Erickson's objective in developing the 8 stages of psychosocial development was to identify the stages of healthy development that a human being passes through. Erikson believed that personality developed over a lifetime through and individual's ability to navigate, overcome and master conflicts that occur socially within a stage in order to proceed successfully to the next stage.

This psychiatrist believes that birth order has an influence on personality development: a. Carl Jung b. Sigmund Freud c. Alfred Adler d. Albert Ellis

c. Alfred Adler Alfred Adler believed that personality development is extremely influenced by one's birth order, the place order where an individual lies among siblings within a family. Adler believes that the birth place order determines family roles and influences the relationship and interaction between parents and siblings. Adler believes that the roles assigned to children based on birth order, becomes a part of their personality development and children will continue to subconsciously carry on or recreate these roles in their adult lives.

What game demonstrates a failure of object permanence in young infants? a. Hide-and-seek b. Pat-a-cake c. Peekaboo d. Blowing kisses

c. Peekaboo To a young infant, the surprise and excitement of seeing an adult after the person uncovers their eyes is due to the fact that once the eyes are covered, there is no presence of mind that the person still exists. When the child sees the person, the giggles and happiness are due to the person's reappearance.

The "Strange Situation" by Mary Ainsworth was a study that examined: a. temperament b. attitude c. attachment d. bonding

c. attachment Mary Ainsworth's strange situation examined the role of attachment between mothers and their children. This laboratory-based study used 8 vignette scenarios to determine how children interacted with their mother alone and when a stranger was present.

Jack is a major supporter of the local blood bank. He organizes the blood drive at work, encourages his co-workers to sign up and tells everyone about the importance of donating blood. On the day of the blood drive, Jack is nowhere to be found and has never given blood himself. Jack likely has: a. anemia b. a fear of giving blood c. cognitive dissonance d. social facilitation

c. cognitive dissonance Jack is demonstrating a cognitive dissonance, or a conflict between his attitude, beliefs and behavior. Jack believes that giving blood is important, but his behavior does not match that belief.

You are working to determine which stage of Piaget's cognitive development Ryan is currently in. You present Ryan with the pendulum task. As you watch, Ryan attempts to solve the task by trial and error. When you ask him how he arrived at his solution, he tells you he doesn't know. You determine that Ryan is in the _____________ stage of cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. formal operations

c. concrete operations Children who engage in trial and error to solve the pendulum task are more likely in concrete operations. Ryan is not in formal operations because he cannot explain the rationale behind the solution.

Which of the following is NOT a classification of children in the New York Longitudinal Study? a. slow to Warm Up b. easy c. detached d. difficult

c. detached The New York Longitudinal study by Thomas, Chess and Birch found that 40% of their study participants were classified as "easy" children; 10% were classified as "difficult" children, and 15% were classified as "slow to warm up" children. The remaining 35% of the participants had clusters of temperament traits and were not assigned to a category.

Which of the following stages of life has the lowest death rate? a. infancy b. late toddlerhood c. middle childhood d. early adolescence

c. middle childhood Rates of childhood illness and malnutrition level off in middle childhood compared to infancy and toddlerhood. By early adolescence, risk taking behavior and social influences impact death rates.

Which of the following is NOT a type of generativity as described by Erikson? a. biological generativity b. parental generativity c. teaching generativity d. cultural generativity

c. teaching generativity Erikson identified 4 types of generativity: biological, parental, technical and cultural. Biological generativity is the reproduction of the next generation or having children. Parental generativity is raising, or parenting, the next generation. Technical generativity relates to teaching or mentoring the next generation, and cultural generativity is the transmission of cultural values to the next generation.

A parent explains to an 8-year old, "When you behave and do good, Mom and Dad are happy to rewards you. But when you behave badly, we punish you because parents are supposed to discipline their children." Which stage of Kohlberg's Moral Development are the parents attempting to represent? a. Transcendental morality b. Post-conventional morality c. Conventional morality d. Pre-conventional morality

d. Pre-conventional morality The parent's explanation to the 8-year old represents the pre-conventional level of Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Development. Stage one of the pre-conventional level morality is driven by obedience and punishment. Morality is judged by the direct consequences of the behavior. Children in this stage do not form ethical conceptualizations of right and wrong rather understand that certain behaviors bring about certain consequences. Children are able to associate that the consequence of bad behavior is punishment. They are also able to reference this concept in order to understand that the worse the behavior is, the more severe the punishment may be. This type of understanding may help children to choose obedience and avoid choices or behavior that they understand are linked to punishment or negative consequences.

Which of the following is a form of learning in which familiarity is indicated by a reduced response? a. inhabituation b. dishabituation c. novelty Preference d. habituation

d. habituation Habituation is a type of learning in which the individual has a gradually reduced response to familiar and repeated stimuli. Dishabituation is a type of learning in which the individual has an increased response to familiar and repeated stimuli.

Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by using a story about a man who needed a drug for his wife's cancer and broke into a drug store to steal it since the pharmacist would not reduce the drug to a reasonable price so the man (Heinz) could purchase it legally to treat his wife's cancer. Heinz asked the druggist, who founded the drug and marked it up ten times, if he could pay some now and some later, but the druggist refused. Children in the first stage of moral reasoning would say: a. "He can steal it because he asked first, it's not something big and he won't get in trouble." b. "It's his duty to save his wife, even if it is wrong." c. "He was a good man for wanting to save his wife." d. "She (the wife) has a right to live."

a. "He can steal it because he asked first, it's not something big and he won't get in trouble." Although kids in this stage might still say "It's wrong to steal," their reasoning remains around consequences of a behavior from an authority standpoint, not relationships or more abstract morals. Answer d is from stage five, answer b from stage three and answer c is from stage six.

What percent of adolescents fit the true definition of adolescent rebellion? a. 20% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%

a. 20% Only 1 in 5 adolescents experience the "Storm and Stress" of adolescence that includes a time of emotional turmoil, conflict within the family, alienation from adult society, reckless behavior and a rejection of adult values.

A young child points to a morbidly obese person in your waiting room as yells, "Shamu, Daddy, Shamu!" By correcting the boy's misperceptions—explaining that one is a big animal and this is a person, you will help him learn: a. Accommodation b. Secondary Assimilation c. Impulse Control d. Disequilibrium

a. Accommodation Accommodation occurs when disequilibrium results from schemas that do not match and the schema needs adjusting. There is no such term as secondary assimilation in cognitive development. Impulse control is not the issue at hand, and equilibrium actually results from correcting the mismatched schema.

___________________________ states that there are five environmental systems in which an individual develops and interacts. a. Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory b. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development c. Macro-system d. Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

a. Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Human Development focuses on the social context that influences people's development. He identified five environmental systems; the micro-system, the meso-system, the exo-system, the macro-system and the chrono-system. The micro-system is described as the child's immediate group or surroundings that impacts their development such as family, school, peers and the neighborhood. The meso-system refers to the influence of a slightly broader environment that interconnects with the microsystem that includes extended family members, peers, religious institutions, health institutions and the greater community. The exo- system branches out even further to encompass the link between a social setting in which the child does not have an active role in but still is a source of influence in the child's development such as media, government, legal system or social welfare system. The macro-system describes an individual's culture and the various sources of influential ideologies such as history, laws, economic influences and social conditions. Chrono-systems are the patters of environmental events and the changes that take place over time.

Your client is going through a divorce, and she is particularly concerned about her five-year-old daughter. You help her understand the importance of helping her daughter understand that the divorce had nothing to do with her. You are helping your client understand the effects of the developmental stage of: a. Egocentrism b. Object permanence c. Conservation d. Abstract thinking

a. Egocentrism Children between the ages of 2 and 7 go through a stage of 'egocentrism' during which they attribute that which happens in the environment to themselves. Object permanence is a task associated with the sensorimotor stage, which allows a child to know an object is there, even if it's hidden because they have developed a mental representation of it. Conservation is a developmental task associated with the concrete operations stage which allows children to understand that the thing itself is no different, even though its appearance changes. Abstract thinking is indicative of the formal operations stage when ideas can be manipulated in the head, without dependence on concrete manipulation.

You hear the mother of your five-year-old client answer the girl's question about sex as follows: "Oh, now, Nellie, why would someone your age want to know about something like sex? No please get out of my way and go on and play." According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, this type of response will directly increase the child's: a. Guilt b. Mistrust c. Stagnation d. Despair

a. Guilt Erikson's stage of "initiative vs. guilt" demonstrates the need for children's curiosity and creativity to be encouraged and not invalidated and squelched. Discouraging questions and activities with criticism, invalidation and indifference (dismissal) leads to increased guilt, less initiative, fewer social interactions and lower self-confidence. Mistrust is Erikson's first stage (up to age 1), stagnation refers to middle age and despair refers to the last stage of psychosocial development.

Which of the following is a stage of Erikson's psychosocial development? a. Identity vs. Role Confusion b. Universal principals c. Concrete operations d. Self-actualization

a. Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity vs. role confusion is the psychosocial stage of adolescence. Universal principals is from Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning. Concrete operations is from Piaget's theory of cognitive development and self-actualization is from Maslow.

Who is going to have the most difficult time with the death of his/her spouse? a. John, who described his wife as his best friend b. Matthew, who has a number of hobbies with some men in his neighborhood c. Andrea, who was a homemaker and recently moved to a retirement community d. Doris, whose daughter lives down the street

a. John, who described his wife as his best friend John, who doesn't appear to have other social supports, is going to have the toughest time with the death of his wife out of the choices listed. The other choices imply there are supports in place that will assist with the person's grief.

Andrea is four years old and has a very close attachment to her dad. You might say she is a "Daddy's Girl". What stage of psychosocial development is she in? a. Phallic stage b. Oral stage c. Latency stage d. Genital stage

a. Phallic stage Andrea is the phallic stage of psychosocial development. According to Freud's psychoanalytic approach, in the phallic stage (ages of 3 to 5 years old) a boy may develop an attraction to his mother known as the Oedipal complex and a girl may develop an attraction to her father known as the Electra complex.

The rooting reflex is considered a _________ reflex. a. Primitive b. Postural c. Locomotor d. Babinski

a. Primitive The rooting reflex is a primitive reflex designed to assist an infant in locating nourishment. When presented with a stimuli on the face, or on the cheek, an infant will reflexively turn its head so that the source of the stimuli is in its mouth, as the child 'roots' for a nipple.

According to Bowlby's work, which of the following are not likely consequences of material deprivation? a. Schizophrenia b. Delinquency c. Reduced intelligence d. Increased aggression

a. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia has not been associated with material deprivation, but the other three, in addition to depression and affectionless psychopathology, are associated with material deprivation.

According to Piaget's stages of moral judgment, a child younger than age ten will think which of the following is worse? a. Someone who was trying to help his mother set the table and broke five dishes. b. Someone who was stealing a cookie from the cookie jar when he wasn't allowed and knocked over a cup that broke. c. Someone who did not control the dog who jumped up on the table and pulled down a glass full of water, which broke. d. Someone who accidentally dropped a dinner knife which could have hurt someone if they would have stepped on it.

a. Someone who was trying to help his mother set the table and broke five dishes. Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act. Hence, even though the person in answer a had the best intentions, he broke more dishes and, therefore, is seen as more wrong.

Who is MOST likely to have an imaginary friend? a. Susan, a 7-year-old only child b. Joey, a 4-year-old youngest of four c. Kennedy, a 16-year-old oldest of 2 d. Sally, an 8-year-old youngest of 3

a. Susan, a 7-year-old only child Only and oldest children are more likely to have imaginary friends than younger siblings. In this question, the best answer is a, Susan. She is of the middle childhood age when imaginary friends often appear. Kennedy, while an oldest child, would not likely have an imaginary friend at age 16.

According to Bowlby, the following is false: a. The drive to attach is learned. b. There is only one primary caregiver with which a child attaches. c. The long-term consequences of maternal deprivation include affectionless psychopathology. d. The child's attachment leads to an internal working model.

a. The drive to attach is learned. Bowlby believes the drive to attach is innate and separating the child from the parent creates fear and insecurity, leading to behaviors like crying, crawling and smiling that draws the attachment figure near again. Answer b, c, and d are true.

You are seeing a young couple who have experienced infertility for several years, and they have finally decided to adopt. They are considering adopting a seven-year-old child from a foster parent. They tell you that this foster parent no longer wanted the child, and they inform you that the child was taken at six months of age from his mother from neglect, and he's spent most of his seven years in group homes. They ask you your opinion of early childhood experiences on future success. You know of Bowlby's work and tell them that according to this theory: a. There is a critical period of attachment requiring a consistent caregiver, and he's beyond this period b. That he is at no higher risk for long-term consequences to himself and his relationships with others c. There should be no consequences or worries as long as they adopt him soon and shower him with love d. He will unquestionably have major problems and they should not adopt

a. There is a critical period of attachment requiring a consistent caregiver, and he's beyond this period The critical period for attachment is the first two years of life (so c is incorrect), according to Bowlby. During this phase, a child must have consistent love and attention from a primary caregiver, usually the mother. Absence of this can create a multitude or problems (so b is incorrect). Answer d is advice-giving and is untrue.

What is the purpose of a developmental assessment when observing children? a. To measure a child's developmental progress from infancy to adolescence. b. To diagnosis developmental disorders in children. c. To identify the genetic predisposition in children. d. To track a child's developmental progress in the area of language development.

a. To measure a child's developmental progress from infancy to adolescence. The purpose of a developmental assessment is to identify normal patterns of development as well as identify early signs that may be indicators of developmental problems.

Seventeen year old Patrick was the victim of a homicide. It is most likely that Patrick was: a. an African American adolescent boy b. a Latin(o) American adolescent boy c. an African American adolescent girl d. a Latin(a) American adolescent girl

a. an African American adolescent boy By the time they reach adolescence, African American males' leading cause of death is homicide. This remains the leading cause of death among African American males into middle adulthood, where homicide drops to the 3rd leading cause and is replaced by heart disease as number one.

You are asked to complete an assessment of 8 year old Erica after her teachers report that she is often by herself on the playground. When you speak with her, you determine that Erica has low self-esteem and is generally unhappy. She appears to be anxious around her peers and often asks you if she is completing a task properly or answering the questions right. You ask why she sits by herself all the time and she states that other kids don't want to join her because she can't do anything right. It is most likely that Erica is growing up in a home with parents who are practicing a(n) _________ approach to parenting. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. indulgent d. neglectful

a. authoritarian Children raised in households with authoritarian parents are often concerned with doing things correctly, as they are raised with many rules and in a military-style environment. Authoritative parents set limits and boundaries but have some flexibility with parenting.

One of the key themes in Milgram's research is that obedience __________ when the distance between the teacher and the learner ________. a. decreases, decreases b. decreases, increases c. increases, decreases d. increases, increases

a. decreases, decreases In his 'touch proximity' condition, Milgram had his teacher participants hold the learner's hand on the shock plate. He found that the obedience was much less in this condition, demonstrating that decreasing the distance between the teacher and the learner decreased obedience.

Jonathan's mother brought him in for career counseling. He is 18 and about to graduate high school, and he has no plans for work or school post-graduation. When you ask Jonathan what he wants to do, his response is, "I don't know." Jonathan best fits which of Marcia's identity statuses: a. identity diffusion b. identity foreclosure c. identity moratorium d. identity achievement

a. identity diffusion Marcia's identity statuses are based on the presence or absence of exploration, or crisis, and commitment in an adolescent's decision-making. In identity diffusion, there is no exploration and no commitment. In identity foreclosure, there is commitment, but no exploration and the adolescent often follows another person's strong commitment to a choice. In identity moratorium, there is active exploration, but no commitment. In identity achievement, there is an exploration of choices and a commitment after exploration. Jonathan is identity diffused because he has experienced neither exploration nor commitment.

You come home from work and put down your things. As you walk into the kitchen, you can hear your car door unlocking and relocking, with the 'beep' that indicates the doors are locked. You discover that your son Carson, who is 22 months old, has picked up your keys and is pressing the lock and unlock buttons on the remote, laughing every time the car horn beeps. You would say that your son is engaged in what Piaget referred to as ____. a. tertiary circular reactions b. secondary circular reactions c. primary circular reactions d. reflexes

a. tertiary circular reactions Piaget described several types of reactions in infancy and childhood. Pushing the buttons on the remote door opener to hear the horn is a tertiary circular reaction because it is intentional. If Adam were doing it by accident, it would be a secondary circular reaction, but because he is purposely pressing the buttons, it is a tertiary reaction.

Bowlby's internal working model has been described as, "a cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others." Which of the following is not one of the three main features of the internal working model? a. A model of others being trustworthy b. A model of the family being a safe place c. A model of the self as valuable d. A model of the self as effective when interacting with others

b. A model of the family being a safe place "A model of the family being a safe place" is not listed as one of the three internal working models, but the other three are.

A young child points to a morbidly obese person in your waiting room as yells, "Shamu, Daddy, Shamu!" This is an example of: a. Accommodation b. Assimilation c. Poor parenting d. Impulsive speaking from ADHD

b. Assimilation Assimilation is a cognitive developmental occurrence when a child sees only similarities of objects, but not differences. In this case, the child had seen a very large whale and a very large person and matched what he knew (his schema) with what he sees (the person). What the child failed to do is see the differences between them.

Which of the following is true about adolescents? a. Their parietal lobe of their brain doesn't develop until age 25. b. Death rates by injury between ages 15 and 19 are six times higher than between ages 10 and 14 c. Crime rates are highest among young females d. The adolescent brain is only 60% developed

b. Death rates by injury between ages 15 and 19 are six times higher than between ages 10 and 14 Death rates by injury rise in mid to late adolescence and then fall again. Answer a is incorrect, because the parietal lobe develops at about age 16. Answer c is incorrect, because crime rates are highest among young males. Answer d is incorrect, as the adolescent brain is about 80% developed.

What is the correct order of Kubler-Ross' Stages of Dying? a. Anger, Denial, Bargaining, Acceptance, Depression b. Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance c. Depression, Anger, Denial, Bargain, Acceptance d. Bargaining, Anger, Depression, Denial, Acceptance

b. Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance The correct order is Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance, although Kubler-Ross and other researchers have cautioned that not all individuals go through all stages and many individuals move back and forth across the stages.

Which of the following are not signs of healthy adolescent development? a. Certainty about sex role and identity b. Extremely obedient c. Challenges adult authority d. Has plans for the future

b. Extremely obedient Certainty about sex role and identity, challenging adult authority and having plans for the future all mark healthy identity. Being overly obedient implies parents and society continue to dictate behavior.

According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, those in the post-conventional stage: a. Abide by the law at all costs b. Have a healthy respect for the law, but are more guided by morality c. Disregard the law in light of morality d. Respect only a few laws that parallel their moral reasoning

b. Have a healthy respect for the law, but are more guided by morality Those in the post-conventional stage see a need for laws but might favor a light "sentence" if someone has solid moral reasoning.

What can be said regarding Piaget's understanding of children's early abilities? a. He was completely wrong about their abilities. b. He underestimated their abilities. c. He overestimated their abilities. d. He was exactly accurate about their abilities.

b. He underestimated their abilities. More recent research seems to indicate that Piaget underestimated children's early abilities, as children are able to do more than he had thought, and often experience his stages or milestones earlier in their development.

Criticisms of Maslow's work include all of the following except: a. His method for determining his theory is flawed because it's subjective. b. His theory was too much like another theorist, and therefore cannot be deemed its own theory. c. His theory that these stages are hierarchical has been challenged due to studies that prove people in poverty can be very happy. d. His theory does not demonstrate any causal relationships.

b. His theory was too much like another theorist, and therefore cannot be deemed its own theory. Maslow's work is considered its own theory. Answer a is true, as Maslow complied the biographies of the 21 people he felt were most actualized and determined their commonalities to define self-actualization. Answer c is true because many people in third-world countries have a sense of belonging and happiness, despite living in poverty and not having needs lower on the pyramid met. Answer d is true since it is true that he did not demonstrate any causal relationship and his research were not empirically based

In early childhood, as compared to middle childhood, children are ____ vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition, ____ susceptible to disease, and ____ likely to have accidents that result in injury or death. a. Less, less, less b. More, more, more c. Less, less, more d. More, more less

b. More, more, more It is in middle childhood that the immune system is better able to fight infection and the body becomes more stable in its functioning. Middle childhood is less fragile than early childhood and infancy.

According to Freud, the following words are sequentially analogous to these words: id, ego, superego: a. Impulse, desire, rationale b. Need, reason, conscience c. Guilt, passion, regret d. Reason, guilt, impulse

b. Need, reason, conscience Need, impulse, desire and passion are id words. Reason and rationale are ego words, and guilt, regret and conscience are superego terms.

Madelyn is 35 years of age and has not experienced her menstrual cycle in a year. After a visit to the gynecologist, her doctor informs her that she is entering menopause. What type of life event would this be considered? a. A Critical Period b. Non-normative Event c. Developmental Hazard d. Normative Event

b. Non-normative Event The term non-normative life event describes a significant event in a person's life that can be considered unexpected or unpredictable and would not have been anticipated by the individual at that point in their life span.

Katie is babysitting 9 month old Brandon. Katie places Brandon in his walker and leaves the room to prepare his bottle. As baby Brandon watches her walk out of the room he begins to scream and cry. Baby Brandon has not mastered: a. Motor skills b. Object permanence c. Abstract concepts d. Oedipus complex

b. Object permanence Object permanence is a stage in human development where infants learn to master the concept that "Out of sight, does not mean out of mind." Jean Piaget was one of the first psychologists to study infants and object permanence. Piaget concluded that the cognitive skill of object permanence or the ability to understand that even if an object is out of sight that it does not mean that it is gone forever, develops in infants during the sensorimotor stage, birth to two years old. Piaget believed that "object permanence" is the earliest evidence that points to the development of working memory in infants. Piaget also conceptualized that infants who have the cognitive skill of representational thought, the ability to utilize symbolic representation in their thinking, are able to cognitively master object permanence. Therefore, representational thinking is the foundation that infants cognitively build upon on their way to mastering object permanence.

Sadie is almost one year old and is able to stand on her own. She wants to take a step forward but is reluctant. Sadie's dad holds his arms out and encourages Sadie by clapping and smiling and telling her that "she can do it!" This is an example of: a. Behavior Modification b. Positive Reinforcement c. Extinction d. Exposure

b. Positive Reinforcement Behaviorist B.F. Skinner identified the term operant conditioning to describe the changing of behavior through the use of reinforcement which is used to encourage the desired response. The reinforcements are responses from the environment that motivate or increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated. Reinforcements can be either positive or negative. Positive reinforcement involves the addition of something of value to motivate or reward the targeted behavior to ensure that it is repeated. Negative reinforcement is when the response is designed to stop, remove, prevent, avoid or escape a negative stimuli or a negative outcome.

The thinking "How can I avoid punishment?" represents what stage of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development? a. Conventional Morality b. Pre-conventional Morality c. Universal Ethical Principles d. Post-conventional Morality

b. Pre-conventional Morality In the Pre-conventional stage, moral reasoning is controlled by external rewards and punishment. In this stage, children have not developed a moral code. Their moral code is being shaped by the adults in their lives and by consequences. Children learn in this stage how to obey and avoid punishment.

A one year old cautiously toddles over and attempts to pet a cat. As the child reaches down to pet the cat, the cat playfully swipes at the child. This scares the child and the child's reaction is to run to his mom clinging onto her and crying. What characteristic of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory is this child demonstrating? a. Proximity Maintenance b. Safe Haven c. Secure Base d. Separation Distress

b. Safe Haven The child has an attachment style with the mother where he feels comfortable running to her because he knows that she represents a "safe haven". John Bowlby conducted extensive research on the subject of children and attachment. Bowlby concluded that early childhood experiences have a profound influence on development and behavior across the life span. His philosophy was that early attachment styles are established in childhood through the relationship between the infant and the caregiver. Bowlby identified four characteristics of attachment style: Proximity Maintenance, the desire to be close to people we are bonded or attached to; Safe Haven, the act of returning to the attachment source for comfort, reassurance and safety in the face of fear or threat.

How many stages are there of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg? a. Two b. Six c. Eight, paralleling Erikson's stages of psycho-social development d. None; Kohlberg's theory is on self-actualization

b. Six Kohlberg's stages have three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) and six stages: • obedience and punishment orientation • individualism and exchange • good interpersonal relationships • maintaining the social order • social contract and individual rights • universal principles.

Which of the following is NOT a type of play identified by Parten? a. Parallel b. Structured c. Cooperative d. Onlooker

b. Structured Parten described 6 types of play in her 1932 research. Depending on their age, mood and social setting, children will engage in one of the following types of play: unoccupied play, solitary play, onlooker play, parallel play, associative play and cooperative play.

You are seeing a nine-year-old child who had been stashing food from home in his book bag each day because his friend always said she was hungry in the morning when arriving at school. This child's father has taken a strong stance and punished the boy, banning him for two weeks without screen time. The boy's father says that, "You have to teach them young; otherwise, they'll grow up to be burglars and muggers. Can't have that now, can we?" You notice he is in which level of moral reasoning? a. The first b. The second c. The third d. The sixth

b. The second Kohlberg outlines three levels of moral reasoning. The first is pre-conventional (stages 1 and 2), housing levels one and two where people are more concerned with authority and consequences. The second is the conventional level and contains stages three and four. The father in this question is in the second level because he was concerned more about the effect the child's behavior would have on society (as "burglars and muggers") than on personal consequences. Those in the conventional level focus more on the effect that wrong-doing has on society than on personal consequences. Level 3 contains stages 5 and 6 and focuses on flexible thinking around morals. There is no sixth level of moral reasoning.

In regard to the timing of the onset of puberty, which of the following is at the LEAST risk for developing depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior and school problems? a. a boy who experiences late-onset puberty b. a boy who experiences early-onset puberty c. a girl who experiences early-onset puberty d. a girl who experiences late-onset puberty

b. a boy who experiences early-onset puberty Boys who experience early-onset puberty often have social benefits from being the tallest and strongest in their peer group. Girls who experience either early onset or late onset puberty are at high risk for developing body image and social issues, as are boys who experience late-onset puberty.

To be in sync with the brain's natural clock, or circadian rhythms, most adolescents need to: a. go to bed late and get up early. b. go to bed late and get up late. c. go to bed early and get up early. d. go to bed early and get up late.

b. go to bed late and get up late. Due to the fact that the release of melatonin occurs in late evening for adolescents, they are not tired until later in the evening. The most effective management of an adolescent's sleep cycle is to go to bed later and waken later in the morning. This is often in conflict with school start times.

Buddy is three years old. Buddy's dad is getting him dressed and as he is tying his son's shoes, Buddy pushes his dad's hand away and says, "I do it! I do it!" What stage of psychosocial development is Buddy in? a. Trust vs Mistrust b. Identity vs Role Confusion c. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt d. Initiative vs Guilt

c. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt This is the stage of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt. A child will attempt to gain control over his motor skills. In this stage, the child will explore his surroundings and begin to develop interest in things. If the caregiver is supportive and encourages the child to be self-sufficient then they will develop a sense of autonomy and independence. But if a caregiver is too demanding, controlling, critical, or if they ridicule the child or prevents the child from taking healthy risk in order to perform tasks that they are capable of performing, the child may develop a sense of shame or doubt in their ability to problem solve, handle themselves or navigate their environment confidently.

Which of the following would likely not be the result of incomplete adolescent brain development? a. Forgetting an appointment b. Planning to complete a major project in two days c. Back mouthing authority figures d. Leaving for school but returning home after a parent has left for work for 4 of 5 days two weeks in a row

c. Back mouthing authority figures Poor judgment, poor working memory and poor planning and reasoning are effects of incomplete brain development and could lead to answers a, b and d. Bad mouthing authority is indeed a developmental task, but one associated with a need to individuate from parents and develop one's own values, not likely a result of incomplete brain development.

The four developmental domains included in the study of human development are: a. Death, Dying, Past Life Regression and Contentment b. Sexuality, Intimacy, Menopause and Gender Roles c. Biological, Cognitive, Social and Emotional d. Intellectual, Personality, Cultural, and Moral

c. Biological, Cognitive, Social and Emotional The four major areas of human development are biological development, cognitive development, social development and emotional development. The area of moral development has also been extensively studied and is a significant area of human development but is not included as one of the four major areas of human development.

Which is true about Nature vs Nurture: a. Nature includes genetic and hereditary factors b. Nurture includes learning and environmental factors c. Both a and b are correct d. Neither a nor b is correct

c. Both a and b are correct Both a and b are correct definitions of nature vs nurture. The debate of nature vs nurture is about what influences the development of a person and their innate qualities and characteristics. Were they derived by natural, biological or genetic influences or where they derived from external influences that played a role in shaping the individual? The outcome of a person's development is the result of a combination of internal and external factors.

You pour a tall glass of water into a short, flat dish. A child that thinks there is less water in the flat dish has not mastered: a. Object permanence b. Abstract thinking c. Conservation d. Inferential reasoning

c. Conservation Conservation is realizing that an item itself does not change, even if its appearance does. Another example of this is a child thinking that there is less candy if you break a row of ten candies into two rows of five. In this case, the child had not yet mastered the developmental task of conservation.

Generally speaking, Millennials have the following attitude about money: a. Buy now, pay later b. Pay cash, put it away c. Earn to spend d. Cautious and conservative

c. Earn to spend Millennials, or Gen Y, were raised in a time of being given a lot from parents that had to work hard and were given little. They are used to having what they want and tend to spend what they earn. Answer a is for baby boomers, answer b describes traditionalists and answer d describes Gen X.

Your 42-year-old client has come to you for a career assessment. He states that he's been working for a company that is very focused on their bottom line. He says that recently, he's begun feeling like he needs to feel purposeful and "feel a part of the bigger picture of life." He is working through which psychosocial stage? a. Ego integrity vs. Despair b. Industry vs. Inferiority c. Generativity vs. Stagnation d. Identity vs. Role Confusion

c. Generativity vs. Stagnation Generativity vs. Stagnation is a psychosocial stage of middle adulthood. During this stage, people focus on giving back through raising children, a purposeful career and being productive in community activities and organizations. Ego integrity vs. Despair is a psychosocial stage of old age; Industry vs. Inferiority is one of childhood, ages 6-12; and Identity vs. Role Confusion is one of young adulthood.

Which of the following is not a weakness in Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development? a. He failed to consider the effect that culture and social setting may have on learning. b. Piaget's method of study was more subjective and therefore more open to biased interpretation. c. His studies have no practical use in understanding and communicating with children, especially for the field of education. d. Formal operations seem to be more of an ideal than a reality; many young adults and adults don't reach it.

c. His studies have no practical use in understanding and communicating with children, especially for the field of education. Piaget's studies have helped psychologists and educators understand a lot about communicating and teaching children, especially in discovery learning. The others (a, b and d) are all true: he had a very small sample size, used very subjective research techniques (i.e. observation and interviewing), and he failed to consider the environment in his theory. In terms of answer d, 40-60% of college students did not have formal operations thinking and one third of adults did not.

You read a story about a family with five kids, and then ask your 7-year-old client to tell you about the family - who is older than who, etc. He asks for some paper and a pencil so he can show you. He has not yet mastered: a. Assimilation b. Object permanence c. Inferential reasoning d. Conservation

c. Inferential reasoning Inferential reasoning means having a mental representation of something without dependence on concrete manipulation. Assimilation is the concept of generalizing learned mental models; object permanence is the task of understanding something is still there even when it is hidden. Conservation is the developmental task of understanding that a thing itself is no different, even if its appearance is.

Michelle is a 50 year old successful psychologist. She has spent much time committed to her education and building a successful career. Michelle is single and very frustrated that she has never been married. Michelle wants to settle down but finds dating very anxiety provoking and often socially isolates herself. This makes her depressed. What stage of psychosocial development is she stuck in? a. Initiative vs Guilt b. Trust vs Mistrust c. Intimacy vs Isolation d. Identity vs Role Confusion

c. Intimacy vs Isolation Although Michelle has managed to develop and establish herself successfully as a professional she has not been successful in developing the social skills that would allow her to engage in an intimate relationship that meets her emotional and physical needs. Her difficulty in establishing a sense of commitment, safety, caring and belonging within a relationship causes her to develop a fear of commitment in which she isolates herself and avoids intimacy which ultimately contributes to her feelings of loneliness and depression.

Which psychologist identified the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage as a theory of cognitive development? a. Sigmund Freud b. Maria Montessori c. Jean Piaget d. Erik Erickson

c. Jean Piaget Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development stated that children moved through four stages of cognitive development; the sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2yrs), the infant experiences the world through movement and the utilization of their senses. The preoperational stage (2 to 7 yrs.), language is developing and the child is able to use words and pictures that represent objects. Children in this stage are also egocentric and can only see things from their point of view. The concrete operational stage (7 to 11yrs), children's thinking is more logical and organized. Children begin to grasp the "concept of conservation," which Piaget states that children will begin to understand that the quantity of a substance does not change even if it is represented in different size containers. The formal operational stage (12 and up), is when the child's ability to think in abstract terms and conceptualize hypothetical situations or problems occurs.

In terms of personal development and Maslow, which of the following is false? a. People are always "becoming" and never static in these terms. b. People sometimes fluctuate between levels with life circumstances. c. Most people reach self-actualization in their lifetime. d. Self-esteem needs are far removed from the self-actualized level.

c. Most people reach self-actualization in their lifetime. Some studies note that only one in 100 people become self-actualized due to them getting caught up in our society's rewards of belonging and social needs. Answer a is true, as is c. Many people move back to focusing on survival when they lose a job or go through a divorce. In terms of answer d, the needs of self-esteem immediately precede the self-actualization level.

Typically, the closest family relationships in late adulthood are: a. Mother-son b. Father-son c. Mother-daughter d. Father-daughter

c. Mother-daughter Mother-daughter relationships tend to remain close from early adulthood until end of life. This may be due to the fact that in many families, daughters assume a caretaking role of their parents.

In terms of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, which of his levels contain the "I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine" reasoning? a. Post-conventional b. Good interpersonal relationships c. Pre-Conventional d. Maintaining the social order

c. Pre-Conventional "I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine" reflects level one (Pre-conventional) thinking, and belongs in stage two, "individualism and exchange" where those at this level view actions as right or wrong for each person involved. All of the other answers reflect more advanced moral reasoning. Answer b is conventional moral reasoning, and answer d is stage 4, in conventional moral reasoning.

Dr. Jack Kevorkian, euthanasia activist, was arrested and tried for his direct role and involvement in an assisted suicide case. What stage of Kohlberg's Morality does he subscribe to? a. Stage 2 Individualism and Exchange b. Stage 4 Maintaining the Social Order c. Stage 6 Universal Principles d. Stage 5 Social Contracts and Individual Rights

c. Stage 6 Universal Principles Kevorkian has developed his own set of moral guidelines which conflict with the law. His principle of belief that "people have the right to take their own life," as a human right may not be accepted by all. Although he broke the law, Kevorkian was willing to take a stand and defend his actions driven by his principle belief despite the fact that they influenced him to break the law.

Freud developed the psychosexual stages of development. The only stage without sexual behaviors present is: a. The oral stage, ages 0-1 b. The phallic stage, ages 5- 6 c. The latency stage, ages 6-puberty d. The anal stage, ages 1-3

c. The latency stage, ages 6-puberty "Latent" means hidden, and while all other stages have sexual meaning, according to Freud, this stage does not.

A 68-year-old woman is seeing you to help adjust to retirement. You come to know that she always wanted to be a teacher but worked all her life in the family accounting business. Given her stage of psychosocial development, your best approach is: a. To remind her how well she did in the accounting business b. To tell her she should go back to graduate school; some schools only require a graduate degree in education, so that it would only be two or three years of school and she could be teaching c. To validate her despair, help her understand what value underlies the desire and help her find a suitable alternative to professional teaching d. To tell her it's too late and to help her come to terms with that

c. To validate her despair, help her understand what value underlies the desire and help her find a suitable alternative to professional teaching This woman is experiencing despair and helping her develop integrity as much as possible late in life will help her feel as if she has fulfilled her purpose. Answer a and c invalidate her grief; answer b is advising and may be unrealistic given she's retired. Problem-solving ways to fulfill this desire, perhaps through volunteer work, being a big sister, or mentoring students may help her feel as if her calling is aligned with her conduct (integrity).

You run into a friend and she has her 3 month old baby girl in a stroller. You bend down to peek and the baby looks at you and begins to cry. What stage of psychosocial development is this baby in? a. Autonomy vs Shame b. Initiative vs Guilty c. Trust vs Mistrust d. Intimacy vs Isolation

c. Trust vs Mistrust Trust vs Mistrust (birth to one years old) is the stage where an infant or toddler begins to develop trust based on the consistency of the caregiver. In this stage, if the caregiver is consistent in meeting the needs of the child the child will develop feelings of trust regarding the world. If the caregiver fails to meet the needs of a child consistently then the child can develop feeling of frustration, abandonment, lack of confidence and develop a sense of mistrust of the world.

Psychologist Carol Gilligan developed her theory of moral development specific to women because she felt Kohlberg's theory of moral development was less appropriate for females because: a. At the time women were considered second class citizens. b. The basis of men's morale principles has to do with masculine roles. c. Women base their morality on principles of caregiving and responsibility for self and others. d. Men base their moral principles on themselves and fail to include minorities

c. Women base their morality on principles of caregiving and responsibility for self and others. Carol Gilligan suggested that Kohlberg's theory of moral development was less appropriate for women because men based their morality on principles of justice and individual rights, and women based their morality on principles of care-giving and responsibility for self and others.

Your daughter's best friend Cassie's behavior concerns you. Cassie is 16 and you learn that she is sneaking out at night to take her older brother's car for a drive. She says that she loves the wind in her hair as she is flying down the highway. What concept helps to explain this risky behavior? a. egocentrism b. the imaginary audience c. the personal fable d. the adolescent growth spurt

c. the personal fable The personal fable is an adolescent belief that they are new and unique and that no other human has ever felt as they are feeling. It also leads some adolescents to engage in very risky behaviors. Egocentricism is an adolescent's inability to distinguish their own thoughts and thinking from that of others, and the imaginary audience is the belief that others are paying attention to the adolescent's appearance and behavior.

You meet a 32-year-old man. He describes himself as "anal-retentive, someone who hates a mess, is quite punctual and respectful of authority." He also says he's been told he is stubborn and frugal. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, this man's development was arrested in the: a. Phallic stage b. Oral stage c. Genital stage d. Anal stage

d. Anal stage According to Freud, these personality traits came as a result of his parent telling him when and where he can defecate (i.e. potty training), which resulted in rebellion. Those fixated at the oral stage (answer b) tend to engage in oral behavior (eating, smoking, etc) when stressed. Those fixated at the phallic stage can have confused sex role development. Those fixated at the genital stages (answer c) can have sexual addictions, but generally healthy heterosexual development (according to Freud) discourages any fixation at this stage.

A child that takes her stuffed rabbit with her to the train station and says her bunny is scared, is demonstrating the concept of: a. Egocentrism b. Inferential reasoning c. Object permanence d. Animism

d. Animism Animism is the tendency of children in the pre-operations stage to attribute human emotions to inanimate objects. Egocentrism is to only be able to see things from one perspective. Inferential reasoning is the ability to think abstractly without the dependence on concrete manipulation. Object permanence is the ability to understand that something is present even if it's hidden.

Since Ben was three years old, he loved to follow his dad into the bathroom every morning and watch him get ready for the day. Little Ben would imitate his father and pretend to shave and brush his teeth and gargle just like him. Freudians would refer to this behavior as: a. Imitation b. Idolization c. Initialization d. Identification

d. Identification Identification is the act of internally adopting the values, attitudes or behaviors of another person. Freudians believe that during the Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development (3-5years old) boys will develop an Oedipus Complex where the boys develops sexual desire for his mother and fears that his father would find out. Freud believes that how little boys work to resolve this conflict is that they learn to identify with their fathers by joining or imitating their masculine behavior as an attempt to identify with them.

Bowlby's work is closely associated with: a. Maslow b. Jung c. Erikson d. Lorenz

d. Lorenz Lorenz, who studied "imprinting", showed that attachment was innate and a survival mechanism. Lorenz's work showed that ducklings would attach to and follow the first object present after hatching. The two commonalities between Bowlby and Lorenz's work are "innate attachment" and the "critical period."

Which of the following is not a conditioning principle? a. Classical Conditioning b. Operant Conditioning c. Reinforcement Schedule d. Maturation

d. Maturation Classical conditioning, operant condition and reinforcement schedule are theories that explain how learning and behavior develop. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who was famous for his work in the area of understanding classical conditioning and was famous for the "Pavlov Dog" experiment.

According to Bowlby, "the attachment conceptualized as being a vital and close bond with just one attachment figure," is called: a. Monopoly b. Monogamy c. Monophagy d. Monotropy

d. Monotropy An example of monotropy is a maternal-infant bond, when a mother feels as if she can only bond with one child at a time. For instance, when a mother births twins and brings one home earlier than the other, and later feels less connected to the twin brought home second. The twin brought home second maybe more apt to fail to thrive.

An adult client comes to you and shares that they have been struggling with emotional eating and a weight issue all their life and that they use food to comfort and deal with the stress in their lives. Your hypothesis is that they continue to experience an oral fixation. Which theory of lifespan development are you basing your hypothesis on? a. Evolutionary b. Contextual c. Humanistic d. Psychodynamic

d. Psychodynamic Psychodynamic theory and Psychologists like Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson would agree that behavior such as "over-eating" stems from an "oral fixation" and is motivated by unconscious forces that developed out of childhood experiences and may pose difficulties for the individual to control throughout their life span.

"A set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations" is called a(n): a. Automatic thought b. Archetypes c. Imprint d. Schema

d. Schema Piaget discusses schemas in terms of learning in his cognitive developmental theory. Schemas are ways of conceptualizing learned concepts, in order to generalize them and expand learning. Automatic thoughts come from cognitive behavioral therapy; archetypes are Jungian and imprinting was imitative behavior studied by Lorenz.

The adjustment theory that suggests older adults seek higher emotional satisfaction as they age by being more selective is: a. Activity Theory b. Disengagement Theory c. Continuity Theory d. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

d. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory Laura Carstensen's Socioemotional Selectivity Theory states that as adults age, they become more selective in who they spend their time with, choosing activities and people from which they draw emotional support and enjoyment.

If born today in the United States, which of the following persons would have the highest life expectancy? a. Jerome, who is an African-American male b. Larry, who is an Caucasian male c. Tameka, who is an African-American female d. Solidad, who is a Hispanic female

d. Solidad, who is a Hispanic female Solidad would have the highest life expectancy as a Hispanic female. Women at all ages of life and across most ethnic groups have lower mortality rates. Hispanics have higher life expectancy, as a group, than their ethnic counterparts.

In the inner city, an entire 7th grade class witnesses a student steal a teacher's wallet but when questioned the entire class refuses to tell who stole the wallet. One student comments, "Snitches get stitches." Which level and what stage of moral development are the students demonstrating? a. Stage 1 Obedience and Punishment Orientation b. Stage 3 Good Interpersonal Relationships c. Stage 6 Universal Principles d. Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual Rights

d. Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual Rights The stage where individuals make judgment based on self-chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice. Here the 7th grade students are operating in the fifth stage of Social Contract and Individual Rights. The 7th graders know what the rules are and why the rules exist. But because of social constructs that are in place that may bring about negative repercussions for the individual who tells, the children make a judgment based upon the social contract they have with their peers and their individual right to protect themselves from negative repercussions such as retaliation or being social ostracized among their peers. The reasoning is, "It's better to stay silent and protect the individual well-being rather than take a stand for justice."

Which of the following is a false statement regarding Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory? a. Piaget used observations from his own children for much of his research. b. Piaget's cognitive stages of development are chronological and none can be missed. c. Some never reach later stages of Piaget's cognitive stages of development. d. To some degree, culture determines the specifics of the cognitive stages of development.

d. To some degree, culture determines the specifics of the cognitive stages of development. Piaget believed that the stages of cognitive development are universal and occurring similarly, regardless of culture and other factors. Piaget did observe and document his own children and interviewed and observed some older children and adolescents. Piaget stated that these stages build upon one another, and none can be missed, but some may never be reached.

Harlow is to _________ as Lorenz is to ________________. a. temperament; attachment b. attachment; temperament c. bonding; attachment d. attachment; bonding

d. attachment; bonding Harry Harlow worked with rhesus monkeys and focused his research on attachment studies. Harry removed infant monkeys from their mothers and placed them on either a cloth mother or wire mother substitute. He found that the infant monkeys stayed close to the cloth monkey for perceived comfort over the wire mother, which provided nourishment. His work was influenced by the earlier work of Konrad Lorenz, who studied imprinting in birds and found that birds will bond with the first moving thing they see upon birth.

Which of the following was NOT a classification of the participants in Mary Ainsworth's research? a. secure b. insecure-Avoidant c. insecure-Resistant d. disorganized-disoriented

d. disorganized-disoriented Mary Ainsworth did not have a disorganized-disoriented classification in her research; this was later added by a fellow researcher, Mary Main. Ainsworth's research found the children to have attachments of secure, insecure-Avoidant and insecure-Resistant.

Alexander is a freshman quarterback for the college football team, and you've been asked to meet with him because his performance has recently declined on the field. As you speak with Alexander, you learn that his new girlfriend recently started attending games, and his poor performances coincide with her attendance to the football games. The next football game is an away game and Alexander's girlfriend cannot go. His performance improves. You explain the concept of _______ to Alexander as a likely reason why his game suffers in his girlfriend's presence. a. social influence b. social facilitation c. social conformity d. social disruption

d. social disruption Social disruption occurs when there is a worsening of performance in the presence of others. If Alexander's performance had improved in the presence of his girlfriend, it would be social facilitation.

Taylor understands that while he is younger than his sister, he is older than his brother. This is because Taylor has a solid understanding of: a. classification b. decentering c. selective Attention d. transitive inference

d. transitive inference Transitive inference is a form of seriation and involves the ability to place things in logical order mentally. Taylor does not have to physically place the family members in birth order; he can arrange them in his mind.