ARHS2 Test 1

Donatello, St. George and the Dragon 15th c Early Renaissance Italy

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Michelangelo, David high ren 17th c ital

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Michelangelo, David high ren 17th c italy

14ft tall, the first colasses in the high renaissance. Generalized, beautified body. Controppasto stance Balance of tension and calm You can see the adrenaline pumping through the veins. There's no longer this idea that david is some small and scrawny person fighting a giant, he himself is the giant. Though that's not really part of the story. Donatello's david was placed outside and that kind of location shows the idea of patriotism. Michelangleo's was like a civic emblem of florence. This was placed in front of the town hall.

Michelangelo, Pietà high ren 17th italy

16th century Italy again High renaissance goes from the realism of the early renaissance to the idealism of the high renaissance There's an increase in the status of the artist. Michelangelo believed that he was a creator and creator similar to god. He believed you could see a figure within the block of rock He was only interested in the human body He was forced to paint the Sistine chapel, he didn't like to paint. Terms to know: Terribilitá: having an awesome psychic power Central plan church: ideal form of church plan which is in a circular or square shape. When you're in the center things are equidistant. Pietá: italian for pity. Means that the virgin is holding the dead christ on her lap. He was originally Florentine, then he moved to rome because that's where things were happening in high renaissance. The subject matter comes out of the middle ages. It's not actually taken out of scripture. He was working on a pietá when he died. His own mother died when he was 6, so that theme of a mother's love for her son is very meaningful for him. He takes the theme and idealizes and beautifies it. He did dissections and was very familiar with the bodies. We have the principal of high renaissance harmony. It's arranged in the pyramid style arrangement similar to leonardo. He had to increase the size of mary's body so that it makes a beautiful composition. He balances emotion and calm. These figures are larger than life. Especially mary. According to biographer's of michelangelo, they ask why mary is so young. Christ is believed to die when he was 33. This is not very realistic cause she looks in her 20s. He said unmarried women keep their youth, though she has a husband. He wanted this to be extremely beautiful. The quest for beauty may be based in neoplatinism: the revival of plato's philosophy and was very big in florence. He was involved in neoplatonic circles, they believed that beauty could be linked to the love of god. Michelangelo signed this across Mary's breast with the purse strap.

Caravaggio, Supper at emmaus Baroque, 17th c. Italy

17th century is called baroque Noone knows where the term baroque came from Lots of varieties is the number of countries Sometimes called early modern Be able to distinguish between what is going on between countries Rejection of mannerism is a constant in baroque pushed artificial beauty to a stranger form A look back to renaissance and advances on that Look at italy and see a new quality of drama. More intense drama than renaissance art. Counter-Reformation: catholics fought against the reformation, catholic movement to win back protestants. Centered in Italy. During this, the catholic church decided to use art as a means of drawing back people to the catholic church. They decided that dramatic art would bring them back and get them excited. St. Ignatuius Loyola: religious figure that was very important man promoting the catholic counter reformation. Chiaroscuro( add to list) First bohemian artist Stunned the world with his art Revolutionary art Brings back this hard hitting realism and naturalism He is willing to show dirty and torn clothes Shows realism that hasn't been seen in religious art before Some artists are more realistic and some are more idealizing in Baroque art Has so much drama This is a supper where after christ dies on easter Sunday the disciples see a stranger and invite him to eat. They recognize him when he blesses the food. The gestures are so dramatic and even grand. There is an invasion of the space of the viewer. The chair and food are about ot fall out of the frame Chiaroscuro, the extremely large contrast between light and dark. Very dramatic, almost theatrical. In the renaissance there were pyramidal compositions, in baroque there are diagonals which are unbalanced and more dramatic. He picks the moment of peak action. Meant to be part of the counter reformation which protestants shunned art Referencing the elements of the mass with wine and bread. There was a big ordeal of whether the bread and the wine kept the appearance of bread of wine became in their substance the body and blood of christ or whether they just symbolize them. The catholics believe the first. The shadow creates a halo over Christ's head The person in the back not recognizing christ symbolize the protestants. He's working in italy, and the major style in rome was mannerism with Pontormo. The catholics didn't think that people would enjoy and be inspired by mannerism, they thought it would weird people out. So they go for baroque art. This compared to Leonardo's last supper in high renaissance. The big difference is the shift in the calm composition in the last supper versus the drama in carvaggio. Also carvaggio has a lot more realism and leonardo is more idealism. In Leonardo's things are set back and things have a smoky sfumato, things are more clear and clean in carvaggio.

Masaccio, Tribute Money, Brancacci Chapel. 15th c. Italy, Early Renaissance.

Another competition Frescos Textbook of early renaissance paintings Deals with the life of St. Peter, the first pope. This choice of the iconography may reflect the iconography of the .... Christ and his disciples didn't have the money, christ ordered peter to go to the sea of gallalei and find a fish and find a coin 3 events here, tax collector comes, christ tells peter to go to the water to get the money from the fist. Peter then pays the collector. Multiple scenes in one Think maybe it was a debate over contemporary taxes. Massacio is using linear perspective. He's trying to suggeset that the real light from the window is striking the painting, consistent light source that follows the one from the cathedral Figures are very individualized.

Pietro da cortona, triumph of the barberini, Baroque, 17th c. Italy

A lot of baroque paintings are on the ceiling He painted it for the palace of the barberini family The pope at the time came form this family in his family palace. Not a religious building but lots of religious significance in this . Overall meaning is to show the pope crowned by divine providence are divine will and worthy of immortality. Protestants didn't like the authority of the pope, at the time of the reformation they wanted to assert the power of the pope. This is the barberini family with their coat of arm's bees It's not a high ceiling, and every thing looks like it's right above you and moving Simulates that ceiling opens up to the heavens Very different than the sistine chapel is which is very structured and organized that look like they are pictures pasted on the ceiling. Not much movement, Now the idea is that there is movement in the whole spatial environment above you.

Masaccio, Expulsion of Adam and Eve, Brancacci Chapel, Early Renaissance, 15th c, Italy

Another monumental nude figure in renaissance art Lots of realism here Not crazy beautified Eve has a classical reference is modeled on the Venus of Modesty, Medici Venus, Greek Not trying to have the beauty of venus types though

Donatello, David. 15th c. Italy. Early Renaissance.

About lifesize, he's 5'3-4 First free standing nude figure In the ancient world there were so many nude bronze statues, and then we don't see nudes in the medieval ages. Then donatello comes and revives it He shows that this is david by standing on the head of goliath Goliath's helmet, this is the triumph of aros which was literally copied from a classical gym in florence Controppasto stance He is understanding the body mechanics of this statue There are contemporary elements to it, the hat and the boots are more contemporary wear There's a lot of conflict over the meaning of the subject. This is kind of a weird image, he's almost sensual. More of an adolesent typed body. This may be a homo-erotic image. In ancient greek and roman worlds there was much more toleration for homosexuality. Plato said that the best army comes from men and their lovers so they fight really hard for each other. This statue was originally made for the Medici palce. They were bankers and extremely wealthy and powerful. Florence was still a republic at this time. David was symbol of Florence. They always saw themselves as a little david trying to fight off these giant monarchs. Part of it is def a patriotic symbol This is a power image in certain ways like he may be flaunting his victory.

giotto, lamentation of christ, 1305, 14th c. Italy, Late Gothic/ Proto-renaissance.

After christ has died, and hes been taken down from the cross and people are lamenting The angels are in extremely foreshortened spaces. The mother is lamenting her son He is not so interested in landscape. The main action is to the side and low to communicate the saddness of this event There is such a human quality to this

Ghiberti, Isaac and His sons 15th c. Italy. Early Renaissance.

After the competition, he gets commissioned to do a second set. They wanted an old testament scene that time. Later, Michelangelo called these doors worthy to be the gates of paradise. They're now called the gates of Paradise. He makes much larger doors Bronze doors Use of continuous Narration: Lots of events in one scene. This technique isn't so realistic, but in the renaissance they didn't have a problem with this. Rebecca learns she is having twins and they're already fighting in the womb. The maids are at the birth is the bottom left Issac sends out Esau Esau sells birthright Jacob gets the blessing Rebecca instructs Jacob about Fraud Esau goes hunting Rebecca learns from God about twins Linear perspective is used here. Variation in relief depth. In the medieval ages the artist was seen as a craftsmen, but in the renaissance was seen as creative and of status.

Bernini, David, Baroque, 17th c Italy

Bernini was a child prodigy. He spent 3 years every day in the vatican sketching sculptures. Charicteristics in bernini's work is showing a transitory moment. A momentthat is fleeting and that is about to change. This is the statue of david which he spent 7 months on Bernini was very aware of the feminine and small davids before. This is in the act of killing goliath Very climactic action This invades the space of the viewer, when he lets go of the rock in the slingshot, then it's going to attack someone further. Also the stepping off of the base invades the space. This figure is generally idealized. Underneath is david's armor and his harp. Takes the contrapasto stance and adding movment This is inspired by the borghese warrior in the leg aspect. This face shows a lot of intensity and there are a few similarities of bernini's face. Versus michelangelo's david, there is much more calmness in the high renaissance version versus this dramatic sculpture. This one engages with the world and the space. It's interesting to show the differences in the story. Michelangelos are the moments before, this is during, then donatello's is after.

Petrus Christus, A Goldsmith in his Shop 15th c flanders late gothic

Christus arrived in Bruge after van Eyck was dead. He is highly influenced by Van Eyck This is considered one of the early genre painting. They're buying a ring relating to her marriage. It may not be purely secular His singature is on the desk The details are similar style to van eyck The mirrors were convex because they couldn't make large mirrors at the time, so in order to see more they were convex The people in the mirror are infront of the shop, and it must mean that they're having a contrast between virtue inside and vice outside. At the year this was painted, there were public executions of homosexuals. Same sex couple outside and hetero inside.

Rubens, Ildefonso Triptych, Baroque, 17th c Flanders

Counter reformation and absolute monarchs coming together in this Legend that ildefonso was so loyal to mary that she came to him and gave him this thing because he so fiercly protected the idea of her virginity. Relaxed composition and hazy You feel the air and the sense of space. Drawing off of a different tradition: the venetian high renaissance tradition. In the assumption of the virgin by titian More modern sense of space and light in rubens piece

Duccio, Annunciation from the Maesta. Italy, late gothic/proto-renaissance 14th c, 1305

Duccio and his followers are more decorative. They don't want simple monumentality like Giotto, they preferred more elegance. Duccio is more interested in complicated spaces Duccio's subject matter is more detailed Normally for altar pieces Tempra is used The virgin is the patron saint for the city of sienna so it's important that shes on the front of the Maesta front Duccio likes to get this lines of the drapery along the edges. The predella is the bottom portion of the altar piece. That's the term used for the bottom so the altar piece can be seen better The annunciation scene deals with the subject of the angel Gabriel making an announcement that she is going to bear the christ child. We see a pot of lilies, which is a symbol of the purity of whiteness of the virgin There is a dove coming to her to impregnate her with the holy spirit He wants more narrative details Giotto wants simplicity Duccio's are seen as more realistic and more life There's a greater interest in duccio

Steen, Dissolute Household, Baroque, Netherlands, 17th c

Dutch lilked scenes of everyday life Shown in great realism Doesn't reflect just every day life but also certain values and meanings Man smoking a pipe and legs over this prostitutes while his watch asleep drunk on one of the table while the kid steals from her purse. Made is having fun with the violinist and dog eating the food All meant to be pretty funny Monkey with the clock referring to a dutch proverb

Hals, Banquet of the st. george guard company, Baroque, Netherlands, 17th c.

Dutch loved group portraits This is a militia company to ward off the spanish Then they just started to eart out individualized Loose brush stroke and relaxed postures. Very different from earlier group portraits Wanted to bring relaxed feel to portratiure

hals, laughing cavalier, Baroque, Netherlands, 17th c

Dutch republic had achieved independence from spain Protestant (not catholic) Republic (not monarchy), had a king but not much power Patronage of art not for kinds or church but for mid class Art often sold on the open market not commissioned and intended for middle class homes Dutch churches eliminated all art, focus on pulpit, preaching, and the word Where as art was all over the catholic churches therefore the art was going home. Taste for art was very high You had to make a painting and you weren't sure if anyone was going to buy it. Dutch artists began to specialize in certain niches of art. Landscape artists, portrait artists, etc. all in order to sell Portraits needed to be commissioned. Terms: Camera Obscura, Impasto. Dutch were very realistic which is traced to the dutch interest in optics. People inventing microscope and telescope. Interested in mapping as well. Very wealthy. Portraits are marked by their loose brush strokes but lots of realism Inscription that says he was 26 at the time that was painted Shown with this sleeve with flame, arrows, and bees. In wearing this garment he likes to show he's a real ladies man. Not a symmetrical pose, quite casual. Individualized face Loose brush strokes adds to the liveliness and spontaneity Hals paints seccular subject matter for middle class people in their homes.

Masaccio, Madonna Enthroned, 15th c. Italy, Early Renaissance.

Founds the early renaissance style painting Lived a very short life, possibly of malaria One panel of a multi paneled dispersed piece. Originally a polyptych Painted on panel with tempera paint and a lot of fold leaf. Eating grapes, but they're symbolizing wine, the blood of christ. He was 21 when he painted this New dimention of realism that Giotto did not achieve in his madonna Another type of comparison between this and van eyck rolin madonna but van eyck is coming out gothic style and detail where as masaccio's is coming out of rebirth, renaissance.

Hardouin-Mansart and Le Brun, Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, Baroque, 17th c. France

France ruled by Louis XIV He invented heels He was this power ruler, he calles himself the sun king He thought everything revolved around himself. "The state is me" He wanted absolute power He built the palace of versaille so that all the nobles would be forced to live in the same place. Huge amount of ceremony and power. Landscape is structured and organized greatly. Louis wanted to control everything, including art. He made the royal academy of painting and sculpure and le brun over saw it. Artists liked this because it elevated the status of artists. If you wanted to exhibit your art, you had to go through the art school. Devoted to the insitutions of classicism and poussin. Art should be of reason not the eye. Models were the ancients, raphael, and poussins. People had to copy other artworks and not work from life

Giotto, Entry into Jerusalem, 14th c. Italy in the Arena Chapel. Late gothic/ pro to-renaissance. 1305.

Giottos realism is probably at it's height at a chapel in Padua. These towns were very much city-states. Most wanted to only hire their own artists, but he was chosen though he wasn't from padua. Arena comes from herena which comes from sand. It comes from the sand that romans would put sand to soak up blood in their arenas. Small building, 90ft long, 30 ft wide. He painted all of it. Wall painting is fresco painting. Buon fresco, painted on wet plaster. He would prepare the wall, and painted into the plaster. Once the plaster dries the pigments are embedded into the wall. Hard and durable Enrico scrovegni is the patron. They had a lot of money which they earned through money lending which is considered a sin. The family had an awful name, this was a cardinal sin of avarice. He had a lot of things on his conscious, so he founded this to atone for his sins. The subject matter deals with the life of mary and christ. The great thing giotto does, he images these scenes as real people having real experiences. Here is christ entering jerusalem Some pigments couldn't be painted into wet plaster. Often times the blue is painted on as fresco secco (dry plastered, it can flake off cause it is painted on top). Gold leaf is added later as well. People are climbing trees to get a better view Theres modeling, foreshortening in the shoulder, the figures have a lot of gravity unlike medieval ones who floated. The figures have a lot of volume. A lot of psychological realism. In the betrayal of christ part, yellow is the color of cowardice, and his kiss He likes to pick areas of human conflict.

Piero della Francesca, Portrait of Federigo da Montefeltro. 15th C Italy Early Renaissance.

He did a double portrait of Fedrigo and his wife Rise of portraiture Glorification of the individual If you're focused on god, portraits aren't wanted. But now they're very interested in the humans. He had lost his right eye and nose in a joust so this is his good side This is the sign of good realism in the renaissance because they show flaws like moles Quite the realistic landscape Some oil paint mixed into the tempera He dominates over the landscape. Profile portraits referencing greek coins with heads of rulers

Ruisdael, View of Haarlem, Netherlands, Baroque, 17th c

In holland, landscapes were so incredible popular. They had people for each specific landscapes Most famous dutch artist Focused on local subject matter Compared to hunters in the snow More realistic treatment of the landscape Tremendous increase in realism Compared to baroque in france which is more intellectualized, this is a more realistic approach Not so much focus on the grand and noble

Holbein, French Ambassadors, Northern Renaissance, 16th C. Germany

Growing sense for the need to reform the church because they felt that it was corrupt like selling positions and selling years off from purgatory. People felt that there was so much emphasis on the role of the priest and not enough emphasis on personal piety and personal relationship with christ. In 1517, Martin Luther was a priest and monk was working at a university in Germany and posted a document on the church what is called the 95 Thesis, he formed the basis of Protestantism. The doctrines that martin luther emphasized was the focus on salvation through faith alone, and the catholic church put it in good works. He also stressed the bible as the sole religious source for religious authority. The reformation has a big issue that they have to deal with when making their own religions was the role of art. Catholics used it a lot in the activities. Martin Luther thought that they would have altarpieces that would have protestant doctrines. Things got radicalized, there's a great distrust of the Pope. Then they just decided to reject art all together. His father was a painter who did a lot of altarpieces He couldn't paint altarpieces because of the lack of work so he moved to portraiture He worked in switzerland, and even portraits dried up There was even destruction of art People weren't buying a lot of art, so he went to england to work Their reformation was more peaceful Their reformation happened because of Henry the eighth and formed the anglican church so he could get a divorce. These are two French ambassador and this visiting bishop The bishop was trying to mediate between the catholic church and england. Compared to arnolifini wedding there is a similar attention to detail similar to eyck Deals with contemporary issues Disguised symbolism, they stand and have objects between them. The lower are more earthly things The top is more heavenly items They're probably meant for church and state and trying to figure things out between the two. Finally the bottom part is an anamorphis which is a distorted projection or strange perspective of the skull that can only be restored one way. Holbein did a lot of work of henry the eighth He showed people very realistically and make them look grand and magnificent. He painted the wives of henry before marriage

Poussin, Funeral of Phocion, Baroque, 17th C. France

He developed the classical landscape He thought that it should always be scenes from ancient history or biblical context He didn't think genre painting was noble enough for art Had a value system for subject matter in art, he thought you needed grand themes. City of athens, taking out body of executed criminal, going to be buried. This reflects a philosophy called stoicism, it was from ancient greek culture, you're guided by your intellect. You would accept unjustness but you'd be ok because you're virtuous. Shows classicizing landscape. Artificial way of imposing order and form on the landscape. Establishes the dark triangle in the foregroud then alternates between dark and light in planes through the landscape to make recession. He uses trees to frame the landscape. Really gives you a sense of order and structure. Intellectual response to nature. Stoics wanted to avoid indulgence in a lot of pleasures. He did very careful research in the buildings of ancient greece

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Effects of Good Government in the City and Country, 14th c. Italy, Late Gothic/ Proto-Renaissance.

He is especially famous for painting the town hall walls This is on the main square Sienna had an interesting government, and had a number of elite family and get these rulers from the elite families. Ambrogio painted in the Pubblico on fresco. In the town hall, the subject matter shows scenes of good and bad government The bad government sections are more damaged than the good government sections In terms of iconography, it shows the benefits of good government and the dangers of the bad It's really easy to show context because it housed the rulers of Sienna Amazing in terms of the realism with so much going on Here is the section of the government that shows good government in the city People were dancing in the streets though that was illegal Great foreshortening on the donkey

Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 15th c Italy, Early Renaissance.

He is so much a renaissance painter but he has elements untypical of it as well This may have been painted for the medici family Painted on canvas maybe Subject matter if very classicizing Showing venus born from the sea Venus: god of beauty and love, born of the sea. Clothed by one of the three hours In the renaissance theres revival of classical realism and classical mythological subject matter One of the differences is that botticelli wants a romantic view of her. She has outlining and lack of perfect anatomy. His landscape is very flat. He wanted to recreate the feeling and spirit of the ancient dreamworld He is showing pagan gods Contropasto stance from antiquity Why was this acceptable in the christian culture? There were a number of neo platinists, and one of the medici set up a place where plato's things could be translated They're trying to interpret pagan religion in christianized terms

Dürer, Self-Portrait Northern Renaissance, 16th C. Germany

He modeled his image on the traditional normal images of christ Jan van Eyck's self-portrait the focus is on realism But things change and theres an idealized image of Durer He is taking on a god like form and importance

Rembrandt, portrait of jan six, Baroque, Netherlands 17th c

He starts to be fascinated in the psychology of people This is his friend The way to get the psychology of the figure was to focus on the face and hands. Costume isn't too important. He doesn't idealize his friend. The costume is painted really roughly. Rembrandt was very familiar with high renaissance portraits and takes adding the hands from leonardo da vinci Idea of probing psychology You can see the psychology in his religious scenes as well. The supper at emmaus Christ and disciples when christ comes back from the dead He has seen carvaggio's composition He switiched it from an outward drama to an inner drama through carvaggio's dramatic spotlighting versus the much less dramatic emnating light from christ's glow Carvaggio's are zoomed in Rembrandt has this big architectural framework Carvaggio's is to make people so much more excited and to rejoin the catholic church but rembrant's is to show his own personal beliefs about the psychology of the situation Another religious work is bathsheba when king david saw her bathing and asked her to come to him and she was forced to go she got pregnant and david wanted to cover it up and her husband was at war. He tried to get the husband to sleep with her but he wouldn't and king david had him killed in the front line. This is about the woman's point of view She's contemplating her situation Originally he had her looking at the viewer but then he changed it He used his second wife as a model for this Her nudity is showing her vulnerability Rubens' bathsheba is much more erotic His self portaits, he painted one per year and sometimes more

Giorgione, The Tempest high ten, 16th c. Italy

He was a pupil of giovanni bellini and died quite young of the plague He is the venetian artist who developed the emphasis on the landscape He's the first renaissance artist to show the landscape that mattered to the painting Originally had two naked figures but then the soldier was placed here instead.

Raphael, Madonna in the Meadow, high renaissance, 16th c. Italy.

He was born in Orvino and moved to Florence where he had a great amount of success. Generalized faces, standard faces and generalized babies. Balance of the figures He worked on this throughout many works, finally settling on this piece.

Michelangelo, Moses

His dream was to do the tomb for the pope julius the second. His plan had over 40 full sized pieces. This was so huge, he could never do this. Another part is that the pope julius II kept making him do so many other things. He only got to do 3 figures, and the tomb came out horribly. New level of muscularity. He was given horns, because of a miss translation when he has the 10 commandments. Terrablitiá, the face seems so alive and it shows tremendous power in the figure.

Castagno, Last supper, early renaissance, 15th c, Italy

His focus was trying to achieve realism to have almost sculptural presence Painting of the last summer which was in the dining room of a convent Throughout florence, when you had a monastary, they'd have the scene of the last supper. In this example theres a specific moment that christ has announced that Judas has taken the betrayer's bread 32 inches and fifteen feet

Titian, Rape of Europa High ten, 16th c. Italy

His late works become more luministic They deal more with erotic mythology His brush strokes are more loose Europa takes a ride on Zeus who is transformed into the white bull and he steals her. Designed to create sensuality She's in a suggestive pose

Leonardo da Vinci, Virgin and Child with St. Anne, high renaissance, 16th c. Italy

Idealism: based on popular ideas of beauty. Though there are still strong realist ideas. Sfumato: smoky kind of modeling, reffered to leonardos modeling Julius II: Pope over a lot of high renaissance art. 16th century, switch from florence in the early, and now in Rome because the pope was sponsoring a lot of work. How is this different from realism? Idealism has a different focus, creates art that is based on the preconceived notions of what is beautiful. Difference between early and high renaissance is the approach of their ideas of realism. Shift from realism to idealism. They wanted to achieve beauty in their art Created through: generalization, harmony, and grandeur. Harmony: in the high renaissance it was achieved by balancing all parts of the work by reconciling opposites. Calmness and serenity in the art. Grandeur: generalized and harmonized figures look larger than life, they look elevated above that. Generalization: making a face based off beauty and using it Intellect of human beings is so great that it can perfect nature Artists aren't just craftsmen, they're geniuses and scientists. Through their great intellect they can perfect and beautify. Leonardo da Vinci was the first to start this period. He was taken from his peasant mother and was taken to live with his father. He was left handed and was illegitimate so he was affected that way. This has the virgin mother and her mother st. anne, and then christ with the lamb. The lamb is the symbol of his sacrifice The child is accepting his ultimate fate, but his mother is trying to pick him up and prevent him from doing that. St. Anne, is preventing from stopping this. The drapery is incomplete as many pieces in the high renaissance. We have generalization: they're generalized, beautified types. The faces look similar, who look like the mona lisa. They're beautiful, ideal types. He studied ugly people as a eay to get to beauty. He first worked from nature, then he raised it up and made it his own. Realism is just a stage on the road to idealism. Harmony: want to do this through balancing out different elements. They're in a pyramid composition. The edges of the form flow together. Shes balancing on picking him up and letting him stay. Leonardo has a huge nderstanding of anatomy. He uses oil paint, he adopts this technique from Flanders. Grandeur: These figures are larger than life.

Maderno, Facade of st. peters, Baroque, 17th c Italy

In the baroque period there is the completion of the st. peter's church Dome done by michelangelo The façade, nave and piazza were done by maderno They didn't like the high renaissance central planned church because they couldn't have a procession. They wanted to put a lot of emphasis on the door. In maderno's Façade, there's a focus made by the columns. Piazza was a place for pilgrims to gather Creates a dramatic staging space Bernini designed this with a very intense idea. He wanted it to look like the arms of the church reaching out and grabbing you. (abstract?)

Bernini, Ecstacy of St. Theresa, Baroque, 17th c. Italy

In the cornaro chapel, funeral chapel. This was designed by bernini Main theme is the ecstasy of st. theresa, a 16th century Spanish saint that became a barefoot nun. She had a vision which we wrote about. There are some sexual ideas, an arrow plunged into you many times. But this was a great deal in catholic church, because of the physical and spiritual moments with God. They saw nothing sexual about it. Diagonal of her body Wild drapery which adds to the emotional intensity Lit now by artificial lighting but when he made it he had a hidden window so people had no idea where the light source was coming from.

Poussin, Holy Family on the Steps, Baroque, 17th c France

Increased classicism in baroque He spent most of his life living in rome but his influence was in France. Poussin focuses on classicism in his art. He likes the ideals of high renaissance art in Italy. As we move into the 19th century there will be stylistic oppositions between reubens and poussin followers. Poussin was a huge influence for Cezzane. In terms of iconography there is virgin and child and joseph with elizabeth (mary's sister) and john the baptist his cousin. Fruit passing shows the passing of leadership in the christian faith. Offerings on the stairs before them. Stairway to heaven in the back Things that remind us of high renaissance, generalized faces, focus on the figures, pyramidal shape. The colors are following roman high renaissance, not too interesting. Hard edges Reviving the traditions of raphael. In opposition to reubens Reubens would do a few sketches then oils sketches then go. Poussin would research the ideas, then he'd wax things and work from artifical constructions.

Rubens, Raising of the Cross, Baroque, 17th c. Flanders

Increased sensuousness in Flemish Baroque (Rubens) Increased Realism in Spainish Baroque (Velaquez) Increaed classicism in French Baroque (Poussin) Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture: First art academy (france) Not talking about eroticism, talking about appealing to the senses. In flanders 17th century Flanders was under the control of the king of spain This is the time of the rise of absolute monarchs Spain and flanders are politically unified. Rubens was the dominant figure of his age. Very wealthy Multi story studio Worked as a diplomat He went to italy and brought italian baroque style back. He does this triptych was in a nothern format. He is rendering it in this italian baroque style Holy women on the left, roman soldiers on the right. Diagonal of christ Charoscuro on christ's belly Great sense of motion and dramatic movement Was inspired by carvaggio's supper in terms of the supper apart from ruben's idealizing the body of christ. As rubens develops, he starts to tone down the drama and adds more sensousness. He does this through the focus of warm color and loose brush strokes. In 1622, he's got a comission to paint 24 scenes of queen of france marie de medici Art designed to support the monarchy Marie was originally italian but she married the king of france and after he died, her son was still too young to become king. She ran France until her son grew up, and her son threw her out of power. Expansiono of the renaissance view with a more modern twist. Baroque is during the scientific revolution. Not the earth in the center but the sun. Beginnings of modern science. Broader sense of the universe. Study of the world in an empirical sense.

Jan van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (open) 15th c. Flanders. Late Gothic

Interior of the altar piece This was kept in this family chapel up to the french revolution. During the napoleonic wars France seized it. Then they gave it back. Then it was sold many times. During WWII they hid the painting, and the Nazi's discovered it in a salt mine. They were planning on having a museum of Ayran art. Astonishing realism, the jewels and the glow on the pearls of the robe are incredible Adam and eve are the first nudes since antiquity. Lots of ideas that point to the idea that models were used to make adam and eve Eve has a long stomach as many poster women did at the time. Showed fertility The iconography is extremely complicated, there's a salvation of man through christ's sacrifice and the recreation of that sacrifice through mass The annuncation scene has very toned doen colors, it's not in a home, it's in a throne room The angels words are written normally, but mary's are unside down like the vantage point of god Eve is holding a citron, not an apple

Piero della Francesca, Brera Altarpiece, 15th c Italy, Early Renaissance.

Known for his interest in mathematics and geometry Interest in persepctive He did a number of works for the duke of orvino Madonna and child with various saints Linear persepective here Faces are reduced on oval The egg is an ostrich egg the symbol of rebirth, but we are still unsure.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Effects of Good Government in the City and Country, 14th c. Italy, Late Gothic/ Proto-Renaissance.

Landscape panorama The best sign of government is security Some rich people going out to go hocking Really important that grain is being brought into the city, great to see productive labor to be prominent Realism got really advanced. But in 1348, Italy is swept with the black death. Art is at a standstill. We believe that the lorenzetti brothers died from it

Pietro Lorenzetti, Birth of the Virgen, 14th c. Late Gothic/ Proto-renaissance, Italy. 1306

Lorenzetti brothers Ambrogio is famous for decorating the town hall Both are followers of duccio This is the elder brother's altar piece It decorated an aside altar in the siena cathederal Duccio had a lot of followers in siena This is triptych, on three separate mantels Theres a separate room for the men, and it's a separate mantel. This is of mary's birth There is a messenger telling Mary's father of her birth Pierto uses the shape of the frame so you can see the back of these arches Complicated drapery patterns and carpet patterns.

Boucher, Cupid a Captive. Rococo, Early-mid 18th c France

Louis 15 the successor to louis 14 was mostly associated with boucher He worked for the mistress of louis 15 Very clear that these rulers had mistresses and this was just a time with lots of free sexuality among the aristocracy Lot of sexual liberty The king was no exception Boucher was the mistress's favorite artist The subject matter is designed to show lots of nudes in a natural environment All about showing naked people with lots of cupidds showing a sexual, erotic depiction. Rosy, fleshiness A

Donatello, St. George 15th c. Italy Early Renaissance.

Made for the guild for armorers and sword makers. Originally he had a sword in his hand St. George was a warrior saint so he was an appropriate patron saint. The statue in the round was a 3D sculpture. That's what his body part is The bottom part is the relief sculpture is where he saves a princess that was held captive by a dragon. The maiden is drawn from ancient greek figures The architecture is similar to ancient roman architecture. But the most important part here is the realism of the illusion of spatial recession. He uses two major persective techniques: Linear perspective: all of the parallel lines that are in the art work should not be shown as parallel but as diagonals that recede towards a vanishing point which is on the horizon, on a level that is opposite the vanishing point Atmospheric perspective: relates to the idea that when looking far off into the distance, there's more atmospheric particles between us, they become more blue/gray and blurry and less saturated in color. He similates the fading of fuzier quality by making a very shallow relief for the background.

Pontormo, Entombment Mannerism, 16th c. Italy

Mannerism in rome: comes around 1520 Comes from the italian word for manner which is meant to refer to works with a sense of artificiality in them There are two forms: mannerism that is attacking high renaissance and pontormo is linked with that The second strand which isn't anticlassicism rejects over refined in the high renaissance is very short lived movement. 1500-1520 in rome. Becomes about aesthetics in mannerism Very self conscious and mannered Pontormo, he is revolting against high renaissance values Weird colors and color combinations The composition has no clear structure or harmony Their feet hold no weight and they're bizzare and lack logical sense Elongated figures Irrational space Compared to raphael's entombment apparently he was extremely strange He had a trap door in his studio Retreat into a subjective, personal realm

Giocanni Bellini, San Zaccaria Altarpiece high ten, 16th c. Italy

Mannerism is a style and period. The high renaissance was in rome was the center of activity because of the pope julius II, and this is in venice for the most part with later parts in rome Many features of idealism, but the artists in venice focus more on light and color versus the florentine roman guys who are focused on disengo (drawing is the first stage of this art) (term) The venecians prefer light and color Venecians are considered more painterly. Something special about the character of this city that makes these people more attuned to color and light Mannerism is a different trend that is based in rome, arises in the 1520's in rome, rejection of high renaissance values First to initiate the venetian high renaissance style Venetians used oil paintings to get more atmospheric effects and translucency and color Oil paint was prominent in 15th century flemish painting Leonardo picked up oil painting and then the venetians followed This has the virgin and child with various saints. Called san zaccaria after the church that it's placed in. Idealized, generalized forms. Harmony of the figures, and grandeur of the size of this church depicted. Takes reality and perfects and elevates it. If you compare it to the brera altarpiece,you can see that the brera has many more individualized faces, ad theres not much harmony cause each figure separates and is distinct. Also the heads are so geometric and oval and solid as well as sharp distinction. Then when compared to Raphael's madonna in the meadow, that raphael is not as interested in color, and the meadow seems more like a background rather than given atmosphereic haze given in the san zaccaria For venetians color is more important than form.

Rubens, Arrival of Marie de Medici at Marseilles, baroque, 17th c, flanders

Marie had never met her husband. Ruben combines historical events with aligorical events. The naked figures symbolize the fertility and success of her reign. She is greeted by a man with the fluer de lee which is the sign of france. Lots of warm coloration, lots of blending of the forms together. He was inspirened by Titian's rape of europa.

Jan van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece, exterior. Late Gothic 15th c. Flanders.

May be the most important work of netherlandish painting Ghent is an hour from brussels It's a polytych, made from many panels Oil on a huge scale The donors are portrayed on the outside They were very wealthy and founded this chapel in a church in Ghent. They had no children. They believed that prayers said after their death would help cut their time in purgatory, so they were so worried that no one would say prayers for them. So they endowed money to have people say prayers in front of this for them. This is the outside of the polyptych

Nanni de Banco, Four Crowned Saints 15th c Early renaissance Italy

Much less gothic than Ghiberti Commissioned by another guild, stone and wood carving guild Martyrs, which receive their crowns in heaven These figures have a very classicisng quality the drapery is like that of the augustus of primaporta Some of the figures have the controppasto stance. These are monumental figures of humans Faces are individualized and realistic. On the bottom is a relief sculpture. Showing sculptures at work. Shows this new style that is drawing on reviving classic conditions.

Vermeer, Milk Maid, Baroque, Netherlands, 17th c

Most famous dutch genre painter Vermeer is very rare Only about 36 survived His are famous because they're of daily life but also because they have this way that captures dutch values and ideals Famous for the quality of the way he represents light Many people argued that he used a camera obscura which had a lense and you'd put it on something and the different focuses Little thick blobs of white that he puts throughout the scenes and makes it more luminescent in the shadows The thing that also makes him special, he doesn't show just things in life and he simplifies to primary colors and the forms look a bit more geometrical This is not reflecting the humor but certain meanings. Emphasizing domesticity. One of the things in protestantism is the value of the nuclear family and the home. The catholics focused on celebatism and virginity was sought after Celebrating the woman as the nurturer

Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 16th c. Italy. High renaissance.

Most famous painting he did About this florentine woman named Lisa He took this as another study for ideal beauty He was so attached to this, he never gave it to Lisa He took it to France with him, and that's why it's in the Luve He made a 3 quarter view, her shoulders are angeled and her face is forward. It has a sense of movement This is called a shoulder portrait. He began to include hands because they give a better sense of character. She is in pyramid/triangle composition. She seems a part of the environment Her head and the level of the mountains are equal and it gives a sense of grandeur.

Donatello, St. Mark. Early Renaissance, 15th c. Italy.

Most famous sculptor of this time Worked under Ghiberti for a while Most critical figure in renaissance style He did a lot for the OrSan Machele building Civic building used for storage This became another form of competition for these renaissance artists. Marble was cheaper than bronze at the time St. Mark was the patron saint of this guild He's standing on the pillow Inspired by Augustus as Priest He shows awareness of the body under the drapery We think that he would make the clay model in the nude then drape cloth over the body in order to see the folds. Here the body is considered beautiful and perfect, strong commitment to realism.

Bruegel, Peasant Dance, Northern Renaissance, 16th c, flanders

Mostly lives in Brussels Most likely a catholic and sympathetic to Protestantism Most famous for his interest in the peasant He was an urban city dweller, but the peasants were living in a different type of life. What was his attitude toward the peasant? He emphasizes the awkwardness hence the clumpy feet, the bodies aren't beautified. He wanted to show them as everyman Lots of proverbs: the more the piper pipes, the more the young dance. People wonder what the idea is.

Velázquez, Water Seller of Seville, Baroque, 17th c Spaine

Moved to spain now Most prestigious artist in spain Originally from seville but moved to spain Begins his career as a genre painter Men selling water on the street. Strong levels of realism but not like carvaggio's crispness Strong contrast of light and dark Realism in the torn clothing Not as many contrasts, more monochromatic palette Focus on realism not drama Lots of textures like the water droplets on the vessels and the wrinkles in his face Close attention to realistic detail. He became the court painter for the king of spain Emphasized on the greater realism or naturalism. This is an early work Realism is in the texture in the pottery and drops of water.

Watteau, pilgrimage to cythera. Rococo, Early-mid 18th c. France

Named after a gel and rock decoration which shows the decorative quality of this style Rococo rejects poussin style and replaces it with rococo Appeals to the senses and not to the intellect Based on the pursuit of pleasure Associated with the aristocracy of the 18th century of France Louis 14 was very into classicizing moral art Louis 14th predocessors the 15th and 16th let go of some of the reign Theme deals with the benefits of social life First artist in this was watteau, he invented a new subject matter of people enjoying themselves outdoors This was a real activity These are scenes of contemporary life Poussin thought that history painting was the best form of art Spent 8 months on this painting Island of cythera, where venus rose from the scene, island of love Took this theme from a play Some people believe that people are arriving or even leaving the island People having a bit of romance More rebens like style, loose and hazy feel Lots of pastels Enjoyment of color, relaxed composition Curvilinear lines Thin and elegant people, very elongated and dainty fingers and elegant gestures Changing the pattern to be more elegant than ruben's madonna Rejects poussin So many differences between what poussin does versus rococo Much more color than poussin Poussin was the style of classicism With the death of louis 14 they break away from the authoritarian rule and they're a culture enjoying their lives which made them want art that resembled that. Louis 14 forced everyone to paint like poussin

Robert Campin, Merode Triptych, Late Gothic, 15c. Flanders, 1428.

Northern Europe in the 15th century was still in a Late Gothic Art Flanders is present day Belgium, it was a politically unified region at the time Many artists were working in brussels This period has interesting developments with iconography, the style is extremely realistic. Erwin Panofsky is a great art historian, he developed disguised symbolism. Don't think of a where's waldo situation with this He meant that there are many symbols, but they're disguised and blended into a realistic situation. It was harder to find the symbol. The point was that there were symbolic elements, and at the time everyone would have recognized them, but they also looked like natural parts of the environment In terms of style, what has happened through this period, there's an increasing interest in realism. They start believing that realism is not in conflict with spiritual values. This era has an obsession with symbolism almost, they cut their apples in three parts to symbolize the holy trinity The flemmish painters of the 15th century are the first to extensively use oil painting At this time, the italians are working in tempera It was thought that Jan van diek was the first to create oils but he wasn't Genre painting is painted scenes of every day life. No spiritual ties whatsoever. THIS PAINTING NOTES It's a small triptych It was once owned by the Merode family, but they weren't the original patrons Entirely oil, one of the firsts The binder is what makes the pigments stick to the support The binder for tempera painting is egg yolk, oil was so much easier to use. Tempera is opaque and thick, oil is more translucent so you can build up layers. With oil you can get gradiations in tone to help make shadows. Oil helped make more development of realism Not a great sense of the body under the drapery. In late gothic they're not so comfortable with the body so they don't worry about it. The space is not following the one point perspective idea, there are many central points. On the left, the donor and his wife are peeking into the annunciation On the right, the earthly father, joseph, is on the right working as a carpenter. The items in the room are exactly what you would see in a flemmish home which often wasn't done. Many times the annunciation was painted at a church It shows the virgin sitting on the floor, even though it doesn't seem like it. The lilly is the symbol of purity and virginity. It is a very important part of the annunciation. In this painting, unlike previous ones, the lillies are placed in a vase in plain sight but not so prominent like it is a part of the environment. Before, they were just placed wherever, and had a lot of attention drawn to them. The lions on the bench are typical symbols of the throne of soloman The vessel is important because often Mary is considered the vessel most pure The light through the window is what penetrated the virgin, but didn't break her virginity. Often times the holy spirit is what is impregnating her, not the christ child with cross shown here. The most famous symbols are in joseph's workshop. He was a mouse trap on the table and outside which is crazy important. The incarnation of christ was a trick for the devil.

Bramante, St. Peter's

Once bramante finishes it He gets the big comission He gets the comission to design the st. peter's church It was built in the 4th century building which was in a horrible shape. Based on a greek cross which is focusing on a square with a circle in the middle. Bramante was only alive to see the four piers built, michelangelo came and built the dome.

Brunelleschi, Santo Spirito Early Renaissance Italy 15th c.

One of his first challenges was to build the dome He really finishes a medieval building This is a typical early renaissance church Elongated isle for church processions Cross shaped The nave and a dome crossing Flat roof typical of roman basilica Change from pointed arch to round arch like the roman, classicism Measurements were made on a 1:2 ratio Underlying this church is the human body, the human body can be made into a circle and square done by leonardo da vinci

Titian, Venus of Urbino High ten, 16th c. Italy

Painted for the young duke of orvino. Shows another approach of titian's approach to art Image of a reclining venus More of a contemporary scene All of the colors in the foreground and repeated in the same intensity in the background The tapestry cuts the composition in half witht the drapery Originally you'd tone down the colors in the background, but he didn't in this piece This work also became an inspiration to manet's olympia

Velázquez, Las Meninas, Baroque, 17th c Spain

One of the most famous works in the history of art The figures are life size so it's a huge painting. Iconography is a matter of some discussion. One interpetation, there's the daughter of the king of spain is 5 when this is painted with her two ladies in waiting (las meninas) and in the back some court chaperones. Then there are the midgets and dwarfs which was a common thing to have them in your court. Viewed as objects of amusment. Behind is the stewards of the queen of spain. Then velazquez is painting. The king and queen are coming in to observe him painting their daughter when you see their reflection in the mirror. Only some people are noticing the king and queen while others have not yet. Relates to things outside of itself. This shows the importance and status of art because the royalty even come watch. Each figure is individualized. Loose brush strokes but still so realistic. If you're committed to making things look real,, is it to paint like holbein with everything so sharp and detailed? How do we really see, we don't see so incredibly sharp. He realized that we truly don't see in sharp sharp focus, it isn't responding to optical reality to paint so sharply. Velazquez was angry about the lack of respect people had for art, it was still considered manual art. He wanted to be nobled, you had to prove that no one in your family had done manual labor for years. Which was completely untrue but somehow he did it.

Gentile da Fabriano, Adoration of the Magi Early renaissance 15th c. italy

Period: early renaissance 15th c. Revival of artistic style such as humanishm (focus on the human being) rather than medieval's focus on god and human sin Slower in creating an early renaissance style This is the time when painting starts to take over as the main form of art. Neo-Platonists: Group of philosophers who were reviving philosophy of Plato This altar piece was comissioned by a wealthy patron. He was interesting in an altar piece that would make him seem really rich. He was in competition with the medici family. The realism is coming out of late gothic traditions. Not really inspired by greco-roman art. The century starts with them in late gothic style.

Michelangelo, Creation of Adam, Sistine Chapel high ten, 17th c, Italy

Pope julius the second made michelangelo to paint this chapel. Boticelli painted the walls. Michelangelo didn't want to do it because it was a vault. The sistine chapel got really dirty because of burnings of fires and candles , so it's been clean. He stood up and painted it, not laying down. Main subject matter are scenes from genesis starting with the creation. The shape of the drapery around God is similar to the shaping of the brain. Adam has not been given life, he looks limp and lifeless. God is clothed and adam is not. The fingers show the moment of creation, this is about the creative act.

Titian, Assumption of the Virgin high ten, 16th c. Italy

Pupil of bellini and worked for giorgione Titian was very famous in his time and was 10 years younger than leonardo Not as interested in landscape as Giogioni was He explores oil painting to the fullest extent Altarpiece that is about the assumption of the virgin, which refers to the catholic belief that she got a special pardon from the last judgment and she was resurrected to heaven immediately. 22 ft high in a church in venice Still has the same values as the high renaissance. Circular and horizontal levels are linked through arms and legs Gets the sense of depth and atmosphere through color The composition is similar to Raphael's transfiguration.

Dürer, Adam and Eve Northern Renaissance, 16th C. Germany

Reformation- Germany is ground 0 for this. Reforming what they thought were abuses in catholicism They split off into protestant groups This was the first official split in Christianity Unexpected reformations on art because of this Protestants decide that religious art is a catholic abuse so they want to stop art in the church Before the reformations, if you wanted to be an artist you wanted to make a big religious altarpiece, then in northern europe churches aren't buying altarpieces any longer. The turn to nonreligious subject matter begins Engraving: Expressionism: deals with the deviations from realism to express emotion Anamorphosis: distortion of perspective Martin Luther: father of the reformation Durer is the most famous 16th century artist and the main figure for introducing renaissance style into northern europe He was a son of goldsmith and that is similar to printing trade Durer was a printmaker and was a painter The main print technique was that of engraving. He gets lots of gradations of grays He studied the writings of the humanists He used the idealism approach, he wanted to persue perfect beauty within the male and female body First idealized nudes in northern european art Compared to adam and eve of the ghent altarpiece, there's a shift in female idea of beauty His adam is based on the apollo belvedere, and has the contrapasto stance The body type is based on the medici venus in contrapasto pose. The body is going away from the body type in the ghent altarpiece Durer did a lot of proportion studies, present in ancient art the idea of perfect proportions. Uses latin and perspective to show the influence of renaissance ideas. Huge amount of detail in the landscape, this is a very northern feature not something the italians cared about There is a northern interest in symbolism similar to jan van eyck, there are four main animals here. The Elk, ox, cat, and rabbit which are relating to the four humors or liquids in the body. There were four main liquid substances in your body which affected your health or temperment if there were off. Once they eat from the tree the cat is going to kill the mouse

Caravaggio, conversion of paul Baroque, 17th c Italy

Relates to an event it acts When Paul was on the way to damascus, he saw a big light flashing to the sky. This is the theme of conversion. He was going to kill people and then he sees the light and the lord. The light is coming down on him in this painting. Horse is gently stepping over him as if he knows what is going on This versus the Parmigianino in mannerism version of this painting is quite odd, and it wouldn't be successful in converting people. Carvaggio had a really short life, he killed a man and had to flee. Then he came back and was mistakenly rearrested. Eventually he got a cold and died. He did a piece with david and goliath and the head of the decapitated goliath was a self portrait.

Jan van Eyck, Rolin Madonna 15th c flanders Late gothic

Religious subject matter Donor is on the left, he is praying to the virgin and child He was very powerful in the court of the duke of burgundy He was extremely hated that achieved his wealth in bad ways He was not very spiritual, so he was concerned with his faith after death Commissioning paintings was a good work Originally a huge purse was painted on his hip to show his wealth, but then it was painted over. The space is almost one point perspective. Since there is a river that leads to the tile divide, he is on the earthly side, and she was at the heavenly Jerusalem. The gaze of the virgin is not meeting him Prayer can merge earth and heaven Behind we see this vista, but we also see two children or men. Painters carried a stick like the one in the red turban is. Van Eyck has put himself in the painting Behind the scene there is an enclosed garden with lillies, both are symbols of virginity. Christ's hand shows that prayer links to the bridge that links the earthly life to the eternal salvation.

Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece Northern Renaissance, 16th C. Germany

Religious turmoil which was centered in Germany, some artists despite the religious turmoil worked on altarpieces anyway This is one of the most famous altarpieces from german art It was originally made for a monastery At the monastery there was a hospital that treated saint anthony's fire. At the time there was rye bread and this fungus can grow on it if that is a skin disease if you eat it. You feel like your body is on fire. St. Anthony was the saint that could give and take away this disease. This hospital served this pain of this disease. This fungus has LSD hallucination qualities. The main audience are sick and dying patients At the time hospitals couldn't cure things they're there to make you more comfortable. This work isn't about realism but about conveying emotion Emotional intensity comes from the Christ's hands, the darkened sky then these weird colors in front of the darkness, The proportions of mary and the anatomy is all distorted and weird The bending of their bodies are strange The compassion of the virgin is that she is also experiencing the passion. She suffered so much that she too died. John the evangelist is supporting her. Compared to van der weyden deposition she is experiencing the passion as well.

Rembrandt, Night watch, Baroque, 17th c Netherlands

Rembrandt stood out the most Hes the most famous dutch artist but the most atypical Most of his works were portraits He did a number of subject matters unusual of dutch art like biblical scenes when at this time most dutch artists were making secular art for middle class homes He did a lot of self portraits There was a market of buying rembrandt's self portraits Chiaroscuro: contrast of light and dark Impasto: refers to the buildup to the thick layers of paint In Holland He was the son of a miller Rembrandt is his first name His family at one point owned a windmill 9/10 children He enrolled at the university of liden but dropped out He moves to amsterdam where he gets a lot of portrait comissions This is a huge painting and one of his most famous Someone attacked it once with a knife Group portrait of a militia company Dutch had private militias that fought off the spainish. The militia companies turned more ceremonial after the war with spain. About 18 are actual portraits and the rest are just added This company would practice their musketry every Sunday Having a musket was a status symbol This took place in the afternoon on Sunday and it was misinterpreted. People thought it was the militia people in front of the gate at night standing watch, but that's wrong The girl is the symbol for this company probably modeled after his wife. Captain and lieutenant are leading the company Not just people sitting around the table, it's people marching and people on the move. Influenced here by the drama of italian baroque art Lots of diagonals for drama, chiaroscuro, invasion of the space of the viewer He totally rethought the idea of the group portraits which is extremely new.

Cuvilliés, Hall of Mirrors, The Amalienburg, Munich Rococo, Early-Mid 18th c France

Rococo architecture Madonna is a huge fan of rococo art Overt sexuality interests her Germany liked rococo and cubillivies worked there too Focus is on a lot of curving lines Very elegant Delicate Lots of ornament Guilded décor on the walls Avoidance of a lot of geometry Delicacy to the decoration Lightness and height witht eh room Fill the room with light Lots of these colors are pastels Places where aristocratic activities are taking place.

Rogier van der Weyden, Deposition 15th c flanders. late gothic

Roger was a student of Campin He really wanted to focus on emotion He didn't care so much about spatial depth as lines across the painting. In this work, rogers tries to create an emotional intensity unknown to netherlandish art He puts this into a cramped frame Spatial tension that adds to the emotional tension. Every figure has tears on their face Overt symbolism Christ and Mary's body are in similar positions, Mary's body is so white as if she's death. The theme of the compassion of the virgin. Compassion comes from the term copassio, which is part of the passion of the christ. They believe that Mary herself died when her son died. Mary is seen as the intermediary, so she could talk Christ out of sending people to hell.

Bruegel, Hunters in the Snow, Northern Renaissance, 16th c Flanders

Series of landscapes associated for months for a wealthy banker. Hunters in the snow December/January Integration of humans into nature Man's place in a wider cosmos Last vestiige of eyckian detail.

Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, northern renaissance, 16th c. Netherlands

Shows pessimism and strangeness that comes into art during reformation He was working in holland and still catholic Lots of the concerns are evident in his art This triptych was made on the dawn on the reformation This is one of the most controversial pieces in terms of interpretations of the iconography of this piece Nothing had ben seen like it We aren't sure who the patron is It is all open to discussion The triptych was used for altarpieces, but this seems more secular God is introducing eve to adam Eve is still in this older medieval type People think this is talking about the days of noah and sin Some people think this represents free love cults People thought it was wholly aligorical alchemy. Maybe it was meant to be deliberatley obscure

Fragonard, the swing, Rococo, early-mid 18th c, France

Student of boucher Boucher has a self conciousness to his art Fragonard is much more loose and confident He is said to be able to paint a portrait in an hour He puts the final touches on the rococo dream world Lots of his works show a mischievous side of his works. He specified on what the subject of this work should be Aristocrat wanted a portrait of his mistress shown pushed on a swing and wanted to have himself looking at the legs of this girl The guy pushing her is either her husband who doesn't know whats going on or her chaperone The in the bushes we have the barron He is looking up her skirt Lots of erotic imagery who is shhhhing She kicks off her shoe, interpreted as an element of disrobing Substitute of an orgasm He takes off his hat Directed on the diagonal up her skirt Rose bushes: female genetalia, he's lying in the rose bushes.

Giotto, Ognissanti Madonna or Madonna Enthroned. 1310 or early 14th c. Late gothic/Proto-Renaissance Italy

Talking about Italy today. The development of realism. Goes out of a less realistic phase into a greater realism. We are still proto, so almost renaissance phase. IN the middle ages realism was avoided because it was thought to be taking away from the spirituality of the idea. Realism was a revolutionary choice, in spiritual art traditions are very strong. Foreshortening: A way to handle the space as it recedes away from you Patron: the person who buys the art work He was famous in his own time and worked in Florence, Italy He was named a great artist by Danté Means all saints madonna created for the church of all saints She is enthroned with the child and angels This is the use of iconography: the subject matter of a work of art and it's meaning. Literally means the study of symbols, but we use the term in a wider sense to deal with what is being shown and what it means. Style: The visual character of an art work. The study of style inlcudes..... The drapery is more realistic, because it shows the underlying muscles of the body. There is a use of receding space. The people in the back are smaller in the back rather than the prominent angels in the front. He used foreshortening (a way the artists deal with thing that's aren't parallel to the picture plane), they take into account the recession by making things shorter and taper it and make it diminish in thickness. He uses modeling (highlights and shades) areas of her face to help create volume. This altar piece is on wood, and the gold leaf is just gold coin pounded until crazy thin and placed Used tempera paint, usually you had assistants to help make the paint. The binder of tempera painting was egg yolks, and this is the medium used for these altar pieces. Around the steps, they haven't learned that diagonals correctly yet He is suggesting a view from the left, christ is raising his arm toward the viewer at the left. You see more of the left side of the steps than the right, and more of the left angel than the right. This altar piecce is like 10 ft tall Choices about style and iconography are influenced by the historical context This is the environment in which the art work is created Historical context could include historical events, artistic traditions, cultural values, purpose/function of the art work, desires of the patron, etc Religious developments are a huge part of this. There was an important religious movement by saint francis who devoted his life to absolute poverty. He wanted the appreciation of the world. Much more of a focus to the humanity of religious figures, like you could reach to them easier. Down to earth theology may have encouraged his realism. It's not an official true renaissance,

Rembrandt, self-portrait, Baroque, Netherlands, 17th c

The circles may mean how good of an artist you are by drawing perfect circles Quite different than durer's self portrait

Bramante, Tempietto

They believed that the perfect form of the church should be equidistant similar to a circle and even squares and octagons. The church people didn't like that idea at all because you're not facing everyone. Also, they want to have processions down the nave. In the high renaissance they wanted the perfect look. Bramante pairs up with leonardo while in milan and they talk about these centrally planned churches The Tempietto is one of the first buildings that he built. This was located on the site of st. peter's crucifixion. Only 10 people can go inside the church Wanted redefine the traditions of the basillica planned church

Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding. 15th c. Flanders late gothic

This is a painting Everything about it is debated. Some don't even believe it's a wedding but a betrothal A lot of italians came over to flanders to work, Arnolfini was a rich merchant She looks pregnant, but they're just suggesting fertility. His wife never did have a child He is showing a gesture of fidelity with his hand Many people think theres a reflection of van eyck in the mirror, in the red His signature is above the mirror The space is not perfectly one point perspective The presence of shoes, it's a reference that you take off your shoes on holy ground The dog is a symbol of fidelity, faithful fido dog

Ghiberti, Sacrifice of Isaac 15th c. Italy, Early Renaissance.

This is the beginnings of the renaissance movement Renaissance: means rebirth. What is being reborn? Classicism. The term humanism was a mental outlook on philosophy that was typical at this time, in the 15th century these values of humanism, they start to go away from thinking that men are just worthless sinners and towards the idea that man is the most perfect work of god and they're very special. Medieval values of worthless humans are being shunned and humanism and humanity are more prominent Once you're interested in human beings, then you begin to break away from solely spiritual art, to studying people around you. 15th century Florence is the heart of the renaissance. Relief sculpture: rises out or sinks in on a sculpture Linear perspective: one point vanishing is made by brunileschi Sculpture in the round Humanism Contrapposto The Medici family: most important banking family in Florence. Bought a lot of art Continuous narration Basilica plan church: long nave Wool merchants are going to donate some bronze doors on the Baptistry in Florence. They believed that this was a roman building (the baptistry), but infact it was actually medieval. Bronze doors were associated with ancient rome. Being merchants, they though of this in a merchant way. So they held a competition. There were 7 entrants in the competition and it was won by Ghiberti. Everyone had to do the sacrifice of isaac. Cast in bronze, also cast in one piece which is a good technical ability Sets the basis for new renaissance styled art. More classically inspired art A lot of people focus on isaac, one of the first renaissance nude figures. Realism in musculature in weight and posture. All nude figures in medieval art was adam and eve and often times they were distorted to prevent sexuality. Different cultural attitude to nudes in classical times, and they're trying to bring that back. Elegant drapery of the folds of abraham actually is influenced of medieval/gothic influence but we're starting to see the emergence of renaissance style.

Parmigianino, Madonna with the Long Neck Mannerism, 16th c. Italy

This is the other form of mannerism They take the idea of beauty and elegance and push it to artificiality He makes the over refinement Neck and christ child are extremely elongated Crowded foreground Unbalanced composition Some people believe the column is unfinished A little bit of eroticism which is oddly introduced Colder quality than titians

Raphael, Portrait of Castiglione, 16th c. Italy, High renaissance.

This man was an author, the book of the courtier, which established how the ideal gentlemen should behave. He thought men shouldn't dress in flashy colors. He is following the shoulder portrait similar to the mona lisa. This portrait ends up influencing some rembrandt portraits as well, cause he does a quick sketch of it after seeing it at an auction. He wanted to be buried in the Pantheon. There's 20 years of high renaissance.

Bruegel, Netherlandish Proverbs, Northern Renaissance, 16th c Flanders

This shows an appreciation of peasant values. Suggests folk wisdom Takes folk proverbs and has them act it out 85 proverbs here Lots deal with stupidity "there's no show like it, what a theater, how entertaining are the actions of fools"

Watteau, Gersaint's Sign Board Rococo, Early-mid 18th c France

This was a sign for an art dealer Meant to advertise this art dealer Gersaint only allowed it to be out for 2 weeks then preserved Shows the interior of an art gallery on one side theres an interesting scene of a crated portrait of louis 14 saying that his rule is over Then on the right there's a couple inspecting a painting. The woman the landscape and the man is looking at the nude. Watteau died of tuberculosis at 31

Leonardo da Vinci, Last supper, high renaissance, 16th c. Italy

Went to milan, and received a comission to do the dining hall of the Santa Maria delle Grazie. Which was common at the time. It was bombed during WWII, and that wall with the last supper is the only thing that stood. There are different events that occur. He announces when one of the apostles will betray him. They're responding to that announcement Different from Castagno's last supper. His includes a sop of bread of who will betray him, and it's judas. This is more intense due to the uncertainty. This is a male monastery, there is no woman there. Leonardo's people tend to blur masculine and feminine lines. There's a real balance of the whole and the parts. The figures are grouped into 4 groups of 3, and the arms link the groups and there are 4 columns that show 4x3 as well Grandeur: He uses great perspective with a vanishing point at christ, which is above the eye of the viewer. This is elevated to show the grandeur. This fresco has a huge amount of paint loss, because he invented a new type of fresco painting. He didn't want to use the buam fresco. He tried to paint on the wall using an oil medium, and the oil medium never fully dried.

Raphael, school of athens, high renaissance, 16th c Italy.

Where the pope signs documents Worked on this at the same time that the sistine chapel is being painted Inspired by a lot of high renaisance artwork The arches are inspired by bramante architecture The sculptures are inspired by michaelangelo The overall composition is inspired by leonardo's last supper His separate groupings and linking are inspired by leonardo. A lot of generalization, lots of harmony, mathematical structure like the last supper. He has pythagoras, socrates, plato, and aristotle. Plato is based on leonardo. Heraclitus was added in later, and it is based on Michelangelo.