ART 1001 : Exam 2
Italy; collection of city-states (I.e. Venice, Siena, Florence); hotbed of classical civilization Centers of Humanist Learning : Literature (pre-Christian time revival--manuscripts), world view, culture of Classical Antiquity as models to be emulated
Home of Renaissance
Example of St. James fresco: foreshortening master, single point perspectives don't converge
Mantegna
Rise of cities, invention of stock exchange (Bourse), credit instruments, no tradition in classical art; instead, interest in devotional images lingering medieval pre-occupation
Burgundy and Flanders in 15th century
Military engineering, geography, anatomy, sculpture, and painting; Uomo universale; atmospheric perspective
Da Vinci
Example of Renaissance Cathedral; important because most built in France and Germany, not Italy
Florence Cathedral
adding depth through visual contraction
Foreshortening
Late 15th century: change in intellectual climate Florence: Dominican monk Girolama Savonarola Condemnation of humanism and Renaissance hedonism as heretic (Medici family; Medicis ousted under Lorenzo de Medici) Change in mood: more emphasis on sin, repentance Movement stamped out by Vatican eventually
Girolama Savonarola
Manner (in sense of style) Artificial (in sense of contrived, artful) Serpentine Figure
Maniera, Artificisoso, Figura Serpentinata
single vanishing point (visual illusion) convincing art work ; breakthrough of the renaissance
Single point perspective
Region around Florence
Tuscany
First art historian
Vasari
Alberti, West Facade of Sant' Andrea *temple front
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Protestant artist Franconia Aesthetics of Reformation; supported Martin Luther Became one of greatest print-makers in history
Albrecht Durer
barocco (Portuguese): irregularly shaped pearl European art, literature, and music of the 17th and 18th centuries Directly follows mannerism Convoluted forms (f. ex. spiral columns), heightened emotionalism, intense religiosity, theatrically, rapture, irrationality (counter to renaissance), over-decoration Context: Thirty years war (1618-1648) Baroque art associated with Catholicism Outgrowth of Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Baroque
Baroque: counter-reformation Visual propaganda grandiosity, spectacular effects, drama undulating facade, oval or irregular plans, deviation from Renaissance central plans, asymmetry
Baroque Architecture
Pope Julius II : build new St. Peter's Regular ground plan, nine interlocking crosses and large cupola Michelangelo takes over; changes the plan (simplifies)
Bramante: Plans for New St. Peter's Cathedral
contrasts of light and dark tones in paintings
Chiaroscuro
Proto-Renaissance : 13th + 14th century Early Renaissance : 15th century High Renaissance: early 16th century Late Renaissance : mannerism (ca. 1520-1600) High Renaissance: da Vinci, Michelangelo Age of scientific discoveries, technological advancement; unity of arts and sciences Uomo universale: universal man
Chronology of Renaissance in Italy
600 BC - 400 AD (1000 yrs) 400 AD - 1400 AD (Middle Ages, Medieval, Dark Ages) [regression of Western culture, loss of know-how] Begins 1400
Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Renaissance
Catholic movement: Council of Trent : convince believers with splendor of churches Last Judgment Fresco: risen Christ on Judgment day
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent: overwhelm believer with powerful visual rhetoric and Splendor of church interiors, gives rise to Baroque style
Counter-reformation
1140-1370; rise of cities, chivralry, literature, university life, end of Crusades ; Bernard of Clairvaux + Abbé Suger -- architectural features of gothic related to faith, mystical and intuitive; *groin vault with pointed arches, *intro of stained glass windows; *increase height of structures; *pierce walls with window space; *Rosette window at end of choir; *flying buttresses; (lack of trust in engineering) *greater degree of naturalism compared to Middle Ages *gargoyles *trefoil patterns (clover leaf)
Gothic Period: dates, culture, innovators, features
- Civic pride, civic responsibility - fame, honor, worldly accomplishments and riches, pursuit of the here and now (Contrast to Medieval : focus on afterlife) - condotte (mercenaries) : "show of war" to keep business going - merchants, trade, art patronage (Medici family of Florence: wealthy banking family)
Humanism
Gutenberg (1445) in Germany
Invention of Printing Press
Gold, tooled Background: typical for Byzantine art ; Iconoclastic Controversy (split between Italian and Byzantine) ; artists fled during iconoclastic controversy
Italo-Byzantine Style (Maniera Greca) : Description, Origin
Mannerism overlaps with Late Renaissance Renaissance order + symmetry abandoned Style of Excess, exaggeration Elongated figures (figura serpentinata) Hyper-sophistication and decadence Porcelain like whitness of bodies (artificioso) Enjoyment of senses; hedonism
Mannerism
Burgundy: Rhodanien corridor cultural center (today Belgium and Burgundy, France) Art patronage important (Philip the Good) High activity: border between France and Belgium (Bruges, Brussels, Antwerp)
N. Europe during Renaissance : area of interest
Altarpiece with multiple wings *opened during Easter, sundays *closed during regular days
Polyptypch
During interval period between Michelangelo's painting of the ceiling and the last judgment fresco (20 years), Reformation in Germany under Martin Luther (95 theses) Julius II: sale of indulgences (forgiveness letters for sins), nepotism
Reformation
Julius II : Catholic Church sells indulgences, nepotism; increases emphasis on private piety Martin Luther: 95 Theses on Church in Wittenburg Protestant church: Spartan, art and decoration de-emphasized
Reformation
Rebirth of classical antiquity classical antiquity; culture of ancient Greece and Rome Begins in 1400s; Proto-Renaissance refers to art of previous two centuries that anticipates the Renaissnace
Renaissance : meaning, dates
Rise of cities and commerce; altarpieces ; oil paintings
Renaissance in N. Europe
Division between Protestants and Catholics Netherlands: divide between Protestant Holland in North, Catholic South (today's Belgium) Christian Humanism: Erasmus of Rotterdam; classical learning and literature adapted to Christian message
Schism
Independent city-state; trade in the Mediterranean, Near and even Far East (Marco Polo) Wealthy city Government: oligarchy (rule of few) of wealthy families under an elected doge (head of government--life term) Emphasis on color, airiness, decorative qualities (more superficial)
Venice during the Renaissance
Leon Battista Alberti, West Facade of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, c. 1458-1470 Architect and mathematician *symmetry, rhythm, mathematical structure, refinement *mathematical ratios *lateral scrolls
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weight shift
contrapposto