ART 1001 : Exam 2

Italy; collection of city-states (I.e. Venice, Siena, Florence); hotbed of classical civilization Centers of Humanist Learning : Literature (pre-Christian time revival--manuscripts), world view, culture of Classical Antiquity as models to be emulated

Home of Renaissance

Example of St. James fresco: foreshortening master, single point perspectives don't converge

Mantegna

Rise of cities, invention of stock exchange (Bourse), credit instruments, no tradition in classical art; instead, interest in devotional images lingering medieval pre-occupation

Burgundy and Flanders in 15th century

Military engineering, geography, anatomy, sculpture, and painting; Uomo universale; atmospheric perspective

Da Vinci

Example of Renaissance Cathedral; important because most built in France and Germany, not Italy

Florence Cathedral

adding depth through visual contraction

Foreshortening

Late 15th century: change in intellectual climate Florence: Dominican monk Girolama Savonarola Condemnation of humanism and Renaissance hedonism as heretic (Medici family; Medicis ousted under Lorenzo de Medici) Change in mood: more emphasis on sin, repentance Movement stamped out by Vatican eventually

Girolama Savonarola

Manner (in sense of style) Artificial (in sense of contrived, artful) Serpentine Figure

Maniera, Artificisoso, Figura Serpentinata

single vanishing point (visual illusion) convincing art work ; breakthrough of the renaissance

Single point perspective

Region around Florence

Tuscany

First art historian

Vasari

Alberti, West Facade of Sant' Andrea *temple front

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Protestant artist Franconia Aesthetics of Reformation; supported Martin Luther Became one of greatest print-makers in history

Albrecht Durer

barocco (Portuguese): irregularly shaped pearl European art, literature, and music of the 17th and 18th centuries Directly follows mannerism Convoluted forms (f. ex. spiral columns), heightened emotionalism, intense religiosity, theatrically, rapture, irrationality (counter to renaissance), over-decoration Context: Thirty years war (1618-1648) Baroque art associated with Catholicism Outgrowth of Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Baroque

Baroque: counter-reformation Visual propaganda grandiosity, spectacular effects, drama undulating facade, oval or irregular plans, deviation from Renaissance central plans, asymmetry

Baroque Architecture

Pope Julius II : build new St. Peter's Regular ground plan, nine interlocking crosses and large cupola Michelangelo takes over; changes the plan (simplifies)

Bramante: Plans for New St. Peter's Cathedral

contrasts of light and dark tones in paintings

Chiaroscuro

Proto-Renaissance : 13th + 14th century Early Renaissance : 15th century High Renaissance: early 16th century Late Renaissance : mannerism (ca. 1520-1600) High Renaissance: da Vinci, Michelangelo Age of scientific discoveries, technological advancement; unity of arts and sciences Uomo universale: universal man

Chronology of Renaissance in Italy

600 BC - 400 AD (1000 yrs) 400 AD - 1400 AD (Middle Ages, Medieval, Dark Ages) [regression of Western culture, loss of know-how] Begins 1400

Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Renaissance

Catholic movement: Council of Trent : convince believers with splendor of churches Last Judgment Fresco: risen Christ on Judgment day

Counter-Reformation

Council of Trent: overwhelm believer with powerful visual rhetoric and Splendor of church interiors, gives rise to Baroque style

Counter-reformation

1140-1370; rise of cities, chivralry, literature, university life, end of Crusades ; Bernard of Clairvaux + Abbé Suger -- architectural features of gothic related to faith, mystical and intuitive; *groin vault with pointed arches, *intro of stained glass windows; *increase height of structures; *pierce walls with window space; *Rosette window at end of choir; *flying buttresses; (lack of trust in engineering) *greater degree of naturalism compared to Middle Ages *gargoyles *trefoil patterns (clover leaf)

Gothic Period: dates, culture, innovators, features

- Civic pride, civic responsibility - fame, honor, worldly accomplishments and riches, pursuit of the here and now (Contrast to Medieval : focus on afterlife) - condotte (mercenaries) : "show of war" to keep business going - merchants, trade, art patronage (Medici family of Florence: wealthy banking family)

Humanism

Gutenberg (1445) in Germany

Invention of Printing Press

Gold, tooled Background: typical for Byzantine art ; Iconoclastic Controversy (split between Italian and Byzantine) ; artists fled during iconoclastic controversy

Italo-Byzantine Style (Maniera Greca) : Description, Origin

Mannerism overlaps with Late Renaissance Renaissance order + symmetry abandoned Style of Excess, exaggeration Elongated figures (figura serpentinata) Hyper-sophistication and decadence Porcelain like whitness of bodies (artificioso) Enjoyment of senses; hedonism

Mannerism

Burgundy: Rhodanien corridor cultural center (today Belgium and Burgundy, France) Art patronage important (Philip the Good) High activity: border between France and Belgium (Bruges, Brussels, Antwerp)

N. Europe during Renaissance : area of interest

Altarpiece with multiple wings *opened during Easter, sundays *closed during regular days

Polyptypch

During interval period between Michelangelo's painting of the ceiling and the last judgment fresco (20 years), Reformation in Germany under Martin Luther (95 theses) Julius II: sale of indulgences (forgiveness letters for sins), nepotism

Reformation

Julius II : Catholic Church sells indulgences, nepotism; increases emphasis on private piety Martin Luther: 95 Theses on Church in Wittenburg Protestant church: Spartan, art and decoration de-emphasized

Reformation

Rebirth of classical antiquity classical antiquity; culture of ancient Greece and Rome Begins in 1400s; Proto-Renaissance refers to art of previous two centuries that anticipates the Renaissnace

Renaissance : meaning, dates

Rise of cities and commerce; altarpieces ; oil paintings

Renaissance in N. Europe

Division between Protestants and Catholics Netherlands: divide between Protestant Holland in North, Catholic South (today's Belgium) Christian Humanism: Erasmus of Rotterdam; classical learning and literature adapted to Christian message

Schism

Independent city-state; trade in the Mediterranean, Near and even Far East (Marco Polo) Wealthy city Government: oligarchy (rule of few) of wealthy families under an elected doge (head of government--life term) Emphasis on color, airiness, decorative qualities (more superficial)

Venice during the Renaissance

Leon Battista Alberti, West Facade of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, c. 1458-1470 Architect and mathematician *symmetry, rhythm, mathematical structure, refinement *mathematical ratios *lateral scrolls

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weight shift

contrapposto