Art 91 - Ch. 2

Pythagoras

(582?-500?BCE) Greek mathematician responsible for the Pythagorean Theorem which states the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

Lysippos

Apoxyomenos (Scraper); Late Classical Art

Philoxenos of Eretria

Battle of Issus; Late Classical Art; piece where Alexander and Darius battle and are making eye contact

Ariadne

Daughter of King Minos; fell in love with Theseus and helped him escape from the Labyrinth after he had killed Minotaur; Theseus abandoned her on the island of Dia; married Dionysus and bore him several kids; after her death, Dionysus immortalized her as a constellation Corona Borealis which was the crown that he had given her at their wedding

Crete

The Minoan culture developed on this island south of mainland Greece.

pronaos

The space, or porch, in front of the cella, or naos, of an ancient Greek temple

bronze hollow cast/lost wax process(investment chaplets)

bronze hollow cast/lost wax

stylobate

the uppermost course of the platform of a Classical Greek temple, which supports the columns

Achilles Painter

vase painter; warrior taking leave of his wife; Athenian white-ground lekythos

Homer

A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Aegean

A body of water by Mediterranean Sea that touches the borders of Greece & Asia Minor. It also has many islands in it, including Crete.

Athens

A city-state of ancient Greece that was first to have a democracy; also known as the birthplace of Western civilization; the ancient capital of present-day Greece.

Troy

A kingdom/city-state that was destroyed by the Greeks in the Trojan War. It is located on the western coast of Asia Minor

Corinthian capitals

A more ornate form than Doric or Ionic; it consists of a double row of acanthus leaves from which tendrils and flowers grow, wrapped around a bell-shaped echinus. Although this capital form is often cited as the distinguishing feature of the Corinthian order, no such order exists, in strict terms, but only this type of capital used in the Ionic order.

Minotaur

A mythological Greek monster who was half man and half bull, to whom legend has it that young Athenian men and women were sacrificed in a labyrinth under King Minos of Crete until a Greek hero named Theseus slayed the Minotaur.

encaustic

A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with melted wax and applied to the surface while the mixture is hot

strigil

A scraper, used by ancient Greek athletes to scrape oil from their bodies after exercising.

colonnade

A series or row of columns, usually spanned by lintels.

Macedonia

A small empire north of Greece. It grows in power and takes Greece over right after the Peloponnesian wars. Eventually after Alexander, it becomes an important kingdom promoting the ideas of Hellenism. In the end, it is conquered by the Romans.

post and lintel

A system of construction in which two posts support a lintel

himation

An ancient Greek mantle worn by men and women over the chiton and draped in various ways.

hydria

An ancient Greek three-handled water pitcher.

white-ground painting

An ancient Greek vase-painting technique in which the pot was first covered with a slip of very fine white clay, over which black glaze was used to outline figures, and diluted brown, purple, red, and white were used to color them

corbeled arch

An arch formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the blocks meet at a keystone

Alexandros of Antioch on the Meander

Aphrodite (Venus de Milo); Hellenistic

Epigonos

Dying Gaul; Hellenistic

Euphronios

Famous red-figure painter of the Archaic period. Used techniques like foreshortening.

repoussé

Formed in relief by beating a metal plate from the back, leaving the impression on the face. The metal sheet is hammered into a hollow mold of wood or some other pliable material and finished with a graver.

Herakles (Hercules)

God of heroes, athletes, and divine protector of humankind

Apollo

God of light, sun, god of prophecy

Aphrodite (Venus)

Goddess of love and beauty; dove, myrtle, swan, sparrow; played key role in Trojan war,

tessera

Greek "cube"; tiny stone or piece of glass cut to the desired shape and size for use in forming a mosaic

demos

Greek "the people", from which the word democracy is derived

Cyclades

Greek island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago.

chiton

Greek tunic, the essential (and often only) garment of men and women, the other being the himation or mantle

apoxyomenos

Greek, "athlete scraping oil from his body." Artist: Lysippos

Acropolis

Greek, "high city." In Ancient Greece, usually the site of city's most important temple(s).

kouros (pl. kouroi)

Greek, "young man." An Archaic Greek statue of a young man.

kore (pl. korai)

Greek, "young woman." An Archaic Greek statue of a young woman.

Ionians

Greeks who rebelled against Persian rule in 499 BC

Alexander the Great

He and his father defeated and united the weakened Greek city-states and he defeated the Persian Empire in 330 BCE thus spreading Greek culture and influence throughout Western Asia.

Praxiteles

Hermes and infant Dionysos; Late Classical Art

tholos tombs

In Mycenaean architecture, a beehive-shaped tomb with a circular plan.

centauromachy

In ancient Greek mythology, the battle between the Greeks and the centaurs

elevation

In architecture, a head-on view of an external or internal wall, showing its features and often other elements that would be visible beyond of before the wall

pediment

In classical architecture, the triangular space (gable) at the end of a building, formed by the ends of the sloping roof above the colonnade; also, an ornamental feature having this shape.

Theseus

Killed the Minotaur in labyrinth

Athanadoros

Laocoon and his sons; Hellenistic

Hagesandros

Laocoon and his sons; Hellenistic

Polydoros of Rhodes

Laocoon and his sons; Hellenistic

Exekias

Master painter of the Black-on-Red vase painting. Noted works were Dionysius in a Boat, Achilles and Ajax Playing a Game, and the Suicide of Ajax.

fresco secco

Painting on dry plaster

Phidias

Sculptor in Athens. Created the statues of Athena in the parthenon.

Mycenae

Sea-faring Greek kingdom. A major center of Greek Civilization in the 1000s BCE, centuries before Greek's "Golden Age" of Athenian influence. It's center was located about 90 km southwest of Athens.

Hellas/Hellenes

The ancient name of Greece; The name the ancient Greeks called themselves as the people of Hellas.

naos or cella

The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room in which the cult statue usually stood

contrapposto

The relaxed natural pose or "weight shift" first introduced in Greek sculpture in 480 BCE. First used in Kritios Boy, contrapposto separates Classical from Archaic Greek statuary.

Archaic smile

The smile that appears on all Archaic Greek statues from about 570 to 480 BCE. The smile is the Archaic sculptor's way of indicating that the person portrayed is alive.

Euthymides

Three revelers, red-figure amphora; foreshortening

citadel

a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city

dome

a hemispherical vault; theoretically, an arch rotated on its vertical axis. In Mycenaean architecture, domes are bee-hive shaped.

King Minos

a king of the Minoans who legend has it owned a half-human, half-bull monster called the "Minotaur"

faience

a low-fired opaque glass-like silicate

Peloponnesos

a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece; the peninsula was known as the Morea

peplos (pl. peploi)

a simple long belted garment of wool worn by women in ancient Greece

Polykleitos the Younger

amphitheater built on hillside in Epidauros, Greece; used for sacred events

Iktinos and Kallinkrates

architects of the Parthenon; ratio was x = 2y + 1

treasury

building in Delphi, Greece

Canon of Polykleitos

can be seen in the Spear Bearer

columns in antis

columns in back?

chryselephantine

fashioned of gold and ivory

lekythos

flask containing perfumed oil; often placed in Greek graves as offerings to the deceased

hymation

hymation?

Amazonomachy

in Greek mythology, the battle between the Greeks and Amazons

relieving triangle

in Mycenaean architecture, the triangular opening above the lintel that serves to lighten the weight to be carried by the lintel itself

opisthodomos

in ancient Greek architecture, a porch at the rear of a temple, set against the blank back wall of the cella

gorgon

in ancient Greek mythology, a hideous female demon with snake hair; Medusa

black and red figure painting

in early Greek pottery, the silhouetting of dark figures against a high background of natural, reddish clay, with linear details incised through the silhouettes.

labyrinth

maze. the English word derives from the mazelike plan of the Minoan palace at Knossos

Cyclopean masonry

method of stone construction, named after the mythical Cyclopes, using massive, irregular blocks without mortar, characteristic of the Bronze Age fortifications of Tiryns and other Mycenaean sites

antae

molded projecting ends of the walls forming the pronaos or opisthodomos of an ancient Greek temple

Knossos

palace at ___________; Bull Leapers fresco; on Minoan island of Crete

Pergamon

site of altar to Zeus; note the gigantomachy friezes on each side

Zeus (Jupiter)

sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who ruled as king of the gods of Mount Olympus

cult statue

statue of the deity that stood in the cella of an ancient temple

tholos

temple with a circular plan; burial chamber of a tholos tomb

Myron

the Greek sculptor who sculpted the Discus Thrower (Diskobolos)

Thera

the ancient name for both the island of Santorini in the Greek Cyclades and the name of the volcano which famously erupted on the island in the middle Bronze Age and covered Akrotiri, the most important settlement, in pumice and volcanic ash, thereby perfectly preserving the Bronze Age town

Athena (Minerva)

the goddess of wisdom, craft, and war

Mt. Olympus

the highest mountain in Greece, where the ancient Greeks believed many of their gods and goddesses lived

entablature

the part of the building above the columns and below the roof. The __________ has three parts: architrave, frieze, and pediment.