Art Chapters 13-22

Buddhism

from earlier Indian religious traditions in the 6th century BCE

FIGURATION AND ABSTRACTION IN THE POSTWAR YEARS

-Some artists remained strong in their commitment to the figure, to nature, or to visible reality, even as they integrated some elements of the New York School. -Other artists explored the boundaries of abstraction.

Early Renaissance

-Some of the earliest changes from a medieval to a Classical style appeared in the paintings of Florence in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, especially in the work of Cimabue and Giotto. -By the dawn of the fifteenth century, beginning with the competition for the commission for the Florentine Baptistery doors, Florence had entered the Early Renaissance, with other Italian city-states experiencing parallel transformations.

Art of China

-Song Dynasty in China fell to Mongol invaders and was replaced by the Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan. -century later, a peasant revolt drove the last Mongol emperor out of Beijing; the Ming Dynasty was born in 1368 and would last nearly three centuries, until 1644. -Ming Dynasty is associated with grand architectural projects, including the vast imperial palace at the Forbidden City, as well as landscape paintings, ceramics, and objects made of lacquered wood.

The High And Late Renaissance Outside of Italy

-Spanish art of the Late Renaissance polarized into two stylistic groups of religious painting: the mystical and the realistic. El Greco brought these opposing trends together. -During the second half of the sixteenth century in the Netherlands, scenes of everyday life involving ordinary people became more popular, as demonstrated in the genre paintings of Pieter Bruegel the Elder.

American Expatriates

-Striving artists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would go abroad for extended pilgrimages to study the old masters and to mingle with the avant garde. -some cases, they immigrated to Europe permanently. These artists among them Mary Cassatt and James Abbott McNeill Whistler, are called the American Expatriates

THE AMERICAS

-The Native Americans of the Great Plains, living a nomadic existence after their communities were destroyed by settlers, created nature and war paintings on buffalo hides. -in Mexico, the shackles of Spanish rule were broken, and although the nation won independence, it entered a period of disarray that ended only with the radical reforms under the leadership of Benito Juarez. -arrival of European explorers in the Northwest coastal regions of North America did not have the same impact as in other areas, and native traditions and art forms continued.

The Academy

-The style of art with the least impact on the development of modern art was the most popular type of painting in its day -Academic art derived its style and subject matter from conventions established by the Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in Paris.

Deconstructivist Architecture

-The world of architecture is currently enmeshed in a movement called Deconstructivism -whole is less important than the parts, and buildings are meant to be seen in bits and pieces. -architects tend to reduce their structures to purer geometric forms made possible by contemporary materials, and they make liberal use of color to express emotion.

THE ART OF CHINA

-Xinhai Revolution of 1911 brought an end to Qing imperial rule and the establishment of the Republic of China -After World War II, the Communist leader Mao Tse-tung defeated nationalist forces to become leader of the People's Republic of China. -early twentieth century, despite political turmoil, Chinese landscape painting continued to thrive. -Communist party also sponsored art in support of political propaganda.

THE ART OF MEXICO

-a generation of mural painters channeled the indigenous artistic traditions of Pre-Hispanic Mexico in modern works with epic historical narratives and powerful social and political criticism -after the Mexican Revolution, which started in 1910 and ended around 1920, the government established a public mural program to glorify the revolution, promote its ideals and create pride in Mexico's mestizo (mixed) Spanish and indigenous heritage.

steel

-a strong metal of iron alloyed with small amounts of carbon and a variety of other metals. -harder than iron, and more rust and fire resistant. -more expensive, but its great strength permits it to be used in relatively small qualities.

Aztec Art

-about 1325, the Aztecs built their capital of Tenochtitlán on the site of modern Mexico City. -famous for its advances in mathematics and engineering, and infamous for its subjugation of surrounding tribes and rituals of human sacrifice

THE NEW YORK SCHOOL

-abstract Expressionism emerged in New York in the mid-twentieth century -the art of Abstract Expressionism emphasized: -spontaneity. -gestural brushstrokes. -nonobjective imagery.-fields of intense color. -some focused on gestural painting methods, while others explored subtle interactions of color.

THE ART OF CHINA

-all art produced under Mao's Communist rule extolled his social and political agenda. -virtues of nationalism, gender-neutral comradeship, and hard work are consistent visual themes. -artists also integrated contemporary artistic influences with traditional Chinese landscape painting.

Postmodern Architecture

-architects continued to create steel-cage structures but drew freely from past styles of ornamentation, including classical columns, pediments, friezes, and a variety of elements from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. -Postmodernism, "warmed up" buildings, linking them to the architectural past

Impressionism

-artists reacted against the constraints of Academic style and subject matter. -advocated painting outdoors and chose to render subjects found in nature. -studied the dramatic effects of atmosphere and light on people and objects. -Using a varied palette of colors, they captured the actual colors—or local colors—of objects under different lighting conditions. -painters juxtaposed: -complementary colors to reproduce the optical vibrations of looking at objects in full sunlight. -primary colors to produce, in the eye of the spectator, secondary colors.

The High And Late Renaissance In Venice

-artists who lived and worked in the city of Venice were the first in Italy to perfect the medium of oil painting. -Venetian artists sought to achieve clear hues and lush surfaces in their oil-on-canvas works -the sixteenth century, Venice figured as prominently in the arts as Florence had in the fifteenth, with artists like Titian and Tintoretto creating dramatic compositions that anticipated the Baroque style of the seventeenth century.

The Baroque Period Outside Italy

-baroque characteristics also appeared in the art of other areas in Europe. -artists of Spain and Flanders adopted the Venetian love of color, applied in loosely brushed swaths that created compositions with energetic motion. -Dutch artists used Baroque methods to depict everyday life and activities in a dramatic manner. -baroque movement also extended into France and England, but there it often manifested in a strict adherence to Classicism.

Appropriation

-became part of the lexicon of contemporary art with the advent of Postmodernism in the 1980s, but the concept stretches back to early twentieth-century movements such as Cubism and Dada. -consists of borrowed elements. -new work builds on or changes the one appropriated, but at other times, the original image is unaltered.

Surrealism

-began as a literary movement after World War I based on automatic writing, in which the mind explored free associations. -Surrealist art took two major forms: -Illusionistic Surrealism, which focused on irrational content, absurd juxtapositions, and metamorphoses of the dream state. -Automatist Surrealism, which divulged the mysteries of the unconscious through abstraction.

Roman Empire

-began in 27 BCE -Architecture shifted toward the erection of splendid buildings and civic monuments that glorified the empire and its benefits for those under its power -Roman architects borrowed from Greek traditions, but they also introduced innovations in building design, especially the arch and the use of concrete to replace cut stone -Sculptures of the Roman Empire combined the realism of the Republican period with Greek idealism.

Roman Republic

-beginning in 509 BCE -the Roman system of government was a republic (constitutional government with a senate of upper-class patricians and an assembly of lower-class plebeians) -arts of the Roman Republican period included realistic, unidealized portrait busts and decorative frescoes and mosaics.

Italian Baroque

-born in Rome, -As part of the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation (known as the Catholic Counter-Reformation), a series of powerful popes oversaw the expansion and renovation of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. -theatrical drama of Baroque architecture had its counterpart in Baroque sculpture and painting.

Birth of Modern Sculpture

-characteristics of modern painting included a newfound realism of subject and technique, a more fluid or impressionistic handling of medium, and a new treatment of space. -Auguste Rodin, changed the course of the history of sculpture by applying these principles of modern painting in his work

Romanesque Art

-churches met the needs of both monasticism and pilgrimage through: -spaciousness. -fireproofing. -radiating chapels for housing relics. -barrel vaults with small windows that let in little light. -other art forms during the Romanesque period, including sculpture, illuminated manuscripts, and tapestry, focused on symbolic messages and narratives.

Etruscans

-civilization was the most significant culture in Italy -borrowed motifs and styles from the art of Greece.

Conceptual Art

-conceptual art movement, which began in the 1960s, asserts that art lies in the mind of the artist; the visible or audible or palpable product is merely an expression of the artist's idea. -Conceptual art challenges the traditional definition of art as involving technical mastery of a craft.

forms of wood architecture

-post-and-beam construction. -trusses. -balloon framing.

Major forms of stone architecture

-post-and-lintel construction. -arches. -vaults. -domes

racial and ethnic identity

-postwar era in the United States was marked by the increasing exposure of the inequality between races. -dominant art movements of the 1950s and 1960s were almost exclusively white males. Few if any women artists or artists of color working in the mainstream idioms became familiar names, much less those whose visual images articulated racial and cultural differences. -artists in the second half of the twentieth century explored racial and ethnic identity through visual representation.

Performance Art

-privileged action over object, public spaces over museum settings, the impermanent over the permanent, and, often, audience participation over passive spectatorship. -pioneering work in performance art is memorialized only in still photographs, if at all. -Today, a subgenre of performance art is performance video; such works are scripted and often feature elaborate staging and special effects.

Ferroconcrete

-reinforced concrete -Ferroconcrete, steel rods, and/or steel mesh are inserted at the points of greatest stress into concrete slabs before they harden -the steel rods in ferroconcrete increase the tensile strength of concrete and the concrete prevents the steel from rusting. -Reinforced concrete can span greater distances than stone and it supports more weight than steel. -Reinforced concrete has the capacity to take on natural curved shapes that would be unthinkable in steel or concrete alone.

Modern Architecture

-rejected the ideals and principles of the classical tradition in favor of experimental forms of expression. -Modernism was inspired by the urge to depict contemporary life and events rather than history. -architects felt free to explore new styles inspired by technology and science, psychology, politics, economics, and social consciousness.

POP ART

-relies on universal images of popular cultures, such as movie posters, billboards, magazine and newspaper photographs, and advertisements. -artists challenged commonplace conceptions about the meaning of art.

Neo-Expressionism

-revived the gestural manner and experimentation with materials of the Abstract Expressionists, but with an added dimension. -these young German and Italian artists detested art "about nothing." -portrayed the bitter ironies and angst of their generation in emotionally fraught images that are rooted in history, literature, and expressionistic art.

EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ABSTRACTION IN EUROPE

-second decade of the twentieth century witnessed the rise of many dynamic schools of art in Europe, including Constructivism and De Stijl -movements were dedicated to pure abstraction, or nonobjective art. -Nonobjective art differs from Cubism and Futurism in its total lack of representational elements.

AMERICANS IN AMERICA

-several American artists of note remained at home working in the Realist tradition. -Realism appears in figurative painting and landscape painting, both of which were also tinted with Romanticism.

Minimalism

-sought to reduce their ideas to their simplest forms. -created geometric shapes or progressions of shapes or lines using minimal numbers of formal elements—for example, the minimum amounts of colors and textures. -They did not attempt to represent objects or figures.

Realism

-subject matter did not represent real life and because the manner in which the subjects were rendered did not reflect reality as it was observed by the naked eye. -artists chose to depict subjects that were evident in everyday life, using an optical approach— rather than a conceptual approach — to rendering subjects.

Neolithic Art

-the Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age -people domesticated plants and animals, and food production supplanted food gathering -people began constructing significant architectural monuments that reflect the stability of their settlements and their agricultural focus.

Art in China

-the Qin Dynasty of China— under the First Emperor of Qin, Shi Huangdi— emerged as a dominant power in the East. -Architecture and sculpture of the Qin Dynasty is associated with two renowned and ambitious works: the Great Wall and the terracotta Army of Shi Huangdi. -Han Dynasty succeeded the Qin Dynasty, ruling China for some four centuries, during which Confucianism emerged as the foundation of education and conduct in China.

expressionism

-the distortion of nature—as opposed to the imitation of nature—to achieve a desired emotional effect. -nineteenth-century expressionist artists such as van Gogh, Gauguin, Munch, and Kollwitz, twentieth-century expressionists used abstraction as a tool to communicate the inner feelings of the artist. -tyles of the early twentieth century include: -Die Brücke (The Bridge). -Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider). -Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity).

Hybridity

-the mixing of traditions of different cultures to create new blends and new connections. -High art and high culture (associated with classical antiquity and perpetuated through the artistic traditions of the Renaissance) have traditionally been contrasted with low culture (or popular/mass culture). Some contemporary art focuses on the blurring of boundaries between high art and low culture.

Hellenistic Period

- 323 to 140 BCE, when Greece became of the province of Rome. -Hellenistic art developed in the vast region conquered by Alexander the Great—Persia, Egypt, and the entire Near East. -Hellenistic art is characterized by excessive, almost theatrical emotion and the use of illusionistic effects to heighten the realism.

Olmec art

-1500 to 400 BCE -aspects of its religion, rituals, and culture lived on in the later Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

Late Classical Period

-404 to 323 BCE (he year of the death of Alexander the Great.) -more humanistic and naturalistic style, with emphasis on the expression of emotion. -stocky muscularity of the Polykleitan ideal was replaced by a more languid sensuality and graceful proportions.

Classical Period

-450 to 404 BCE. -Greek sculpture and architecture reached their height of perfection -turned its attention to rebuilding the monuments destroyed during the Persian Wars and advancing art, drama, and music -in Athens, these accomplishments occurred under the leadership of the dynamic statesman Pericles.

Early Classical Period

-480-450 BCE -Although Early Classical sculpture developed beyond Archaic stylizations, some of the rigidity of the earlier period remains.

Archaic Period

-600-480 BCE -growing emphasis on the human figure, which replaced Geometric motifs

EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ABSTRACTION IN THE UNITED STATES

-American photographer Alfred Stieglitz supported the development of abstract art in the United States by exhibiting modern European works, -In 1913, the sensational Armory Show—the International Exhibition of Modern Art in New York—assembled works by leading European and American artists

Art Nouveau

-Art Nouveau is marked by: -lyrical linearity. -the use of symbolism. -rich ornamentation. -an overriding sense of the organic. -originated in England as part of the arts-and-crafts movement that arose in rebellion against the pretentiousness of nineteenth-century art

Gothic Period

-Art and architecture of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is called Gothic -Gothic originated among historians who believed that the Goths were responsible for the style of this period. -believed that the Gothic style further buried the light of Classicism, and because the Goths were "barbarians," they used the term disparagingly.

Fifteenth-Century Northern Painting

-Artists of northern Europe remained steeped in the medieval tradition, enriching it with a supreme realism. -The subject matter of northern artists remained consistently religious, although their manner of representation was that of an exact, trompe l'oeil rendition of the world, combined with an emphasis on symbolic meaning.

Baroque

-Baroque period spanned roughly the years from 1600 to 1750. -The term "baroque" is derived from the Portuguese barroco, meaning "irregularly shaped pearl." -Baroque arts emphasize: -motion -space -time -a dramatic use of light -a passionate theatricality

Romanticism

-Both Neoclassicism and Romanticism reflected the revolutionary spirit of the times. -hile Neoclassicism emphasized restraint of emotion, purity of form, and subjects that inspired morality, Romantic artists sought: -extremes of emotion. -virtuoso brushwork. -a brilliant palette.

Byzantine Art

-Byzantine comes from the ancient town of Byzantium, the site of Constantine's capital, Constantinople. -artists worked after the Early Christian era in Byzantium, but also in Ravenna, Venice, Sicily, Greece, Russian, and other Eastern countries. -art style is spiritual and otherworldly, in contrast to the earthbound realism of Greco-Roman art -Figures appear to be weightless, in undefined space, with an emphasis on symbolism and decorative detail.

Ancient Egyptian Art

-Civilization arose in the fertile area surrounding the Nile River in north Africa -Divided into three periods: the Old Kingdom (2680 to 2258 BCE), the Middle Kingdom (2000 to 1786 BCE), and the New Kingdom (1570 to 1342 BCE) -

CONSTRUCTED SCULPTURE AND ASSEMBLAGE

-Components of constructed sculpture may include materials such as rods, bars, tubes, planks, dowels, blocks, fabric, wire, thread, glass, plastic, and machined geometric solids. -Assemblage refers to works that are constructed, but from found objects

Dada

-Dadaists asserted that art—a reflection of the absurdity of war and the insanity of a world that gave rise to it—was stupid and must be destroyed. -during World War I, an international movement arose that declared itself against art. -name of the movement was supposedly chosen at random from a dictionary, a nonsense term for nonsense art—art that is meaningless, absurd, and unpredictable. -contradiction inherent in the movement—art about the pointlessness of art—led to its demise in 1922.

THE ART OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN

-Dominion of India gained independence from the United Kingdom. Led by Mahatma Gandhi, India entered its postcolonial period. -Gandhi further advocated for the alleviation of the deprivations experienced by India's lowest caste and promoted amicable relations between Hindus and Muslims. -India broke apart into the two nations of the Union of India (majority Hindu) and the Dominion of Pakistan (Muslim). -In Bombay (now Mumbai), the Marxist-leaning Progressive Artists' Group rejected colonial stylistic idioms and embraced twentieth-century European modernism.

Amarna Revolution

-During the fourteenth century BCE -Pharaoh Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton and declared that Aton was the only god -monotheism of this period (called the Amarna period) was also associated with an art style characterized by curving lines and full-bodied forms.

THE ART OF JAPAN

-During the nineteenth century, the Edo period drew to a close, and the Meiji period began. -opening of trade between Japan and the West led to Japanese prints flowing into Paris and other cities, as well as Japanese artists studying with Western artists in Japan and Europe.

The distinguishing features of ancient Egyptian culture

-Egyptian religious beliefs, a focus on resurrection after death, and a strict conventionalism in the arts that affords a sense of permanence -consistent through these periods, with very few variations

Enlightenment

-Enlightenment views and philosophies, which promoted scientific inquiry, went hand in hand with revolutions in France and America. -contributed to the demise of the Rococo, which represented an "artificial" rather than a "natural" state of being

The Arts Of The Inka

-Established in the Andes Mountains in modern Peru in about 1000 CE, the empire of the Inka eventually stretched from Ecuador to Chile. -The arts of the Inka include pyramid-shaped platforms for wooden temples, stone relief carvings, ceramic wares, and wall painting.

Fauves

-Fauvism was a logical successor to the painting styles of van Gogh and Gauguin, due to its emotive qualities. -The art of the Fauves emphasized: -harsh, nondescriptive color. -bold linear patterning. -a distorted form of perspective. -grew out of a desire for a direct form of expression, as well as the discovery of works of art from Africa, Polynesia, and other ancient cultures.

High Renaissance

-From the second half of the fifteenth century onward, artists refined Renaissance stylistic principles and techniques. -Florence remained a center of artistic activity, but Rome became the place to be, as popes began to assume the roles of grand patrons. -The three artists who were in most demand—Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo—became the stars of the Renaissance.

Gothic Architecture

-Gothic cathedrals sought to soar to the heavens. -The Gothic style in architecture is characterized by: -pointed arches. -pinnacles and columns. -high walls supported in part from exterior flying buttresses. -stained glass windows

Mesopotamia

-Historic societies are marked by written language, advanced social organization, and developments in the areas of government, science, and art. -Some of the world's first civilizations developed in Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, Assyria, and Persia, in the region known as Mesopotamia

Futurism

-Italian poet Marinetti introduced Futurism in 1909 as a way of glorifying dynamism -artists attempted to capture the energy of modern life through the depiction of the movement of their subjects. -Futurism was an experiment in abstraction, but both movements always contained vestiges of representation.

THE ART OF JAPAN

-Japan had lost the war, yet within a couple of decades, the country managed an economic comeback, dominating the automotive and electronics industries. -Gutai Art Association-an experimental group founded in 1954—explored new art forms that combined painting with performance and installation exhibitions. -artists were much more radical for the era than Western performance artists.

Art of Japan

-Japan was in the Muromachi period, named after the location where the military government—the shogunate- was based. -followed by the Momoyama period, during which three successive warlords ruled Japan. -Zen Buddhist monasteries, temples, and gardens testify to the flowering of religion during the Muromachi period. -Painters during the Muromachi and Momoyama periods integrated influences from Chinese landscape paintings.

Early Christian Architecture

-Many Christian churches were located on the land over catacombs where early Christian martyrs were buried. -Christian architecture drew upon Classical precedents, especially the Roman basilica -Constantine supported the construction of the most important church in Rome, Old St. Peter's.

THE ART OF JAPAN

-Meiji period ended in 1912 and was followed by the short-lived, democratic Taisho period -Showa period began in 1926, under the reign of Emperor Hirohito. -Japan descended into totalitarianism, militarism, and racism, leading to the invasion of China in 1937 and Japan's involvement in World War II. -Japanese artists portrayed contrasting aspects of the Japanese psyche: the warrior side, with its enduring samurai traditions, and the temperate side, meditative, at one with nature.

shell architecture

-Modern materials and methods of engineering have made it possible to enclose spaces with relatively inexpensive -Masonry domes have been replaced by lightweight shells, which are frequently flattering and certainly capable of spanning greater spaces.

Art of India

-Mughal Empire lasted from the sixteenth century until the British seized control of India in the eighteenth century. -Akbar was a great patron of the arts and Mughal architects and painters devised a style that combined aspects of Hindu and Middle Eastern traditions

Umayyad Caliphate

-Muhammad's successors, known as caliphs, were both religious and secular leaders. -series of civil wars after Muhammad's death in 632 CE led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate(661-750 CE) -Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate and moved into what is now Spain, where they founded the Caliphate of Córdoba, which they ruled until 1031.

Ancient Asian Art

-Neolithic cultures in China developed into the Longshan civilization along the Yellow River, at approximately the same time as the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. -Shang Dynasty(c. 1520-1027 BCE) ruled China at roughly the same time as the Mycenaean and Minoan cultures in the Aegean. -earliest South Asian cities developed in the Sindh region of the Indus River Valley, centering on the city of Mohenjo-Daro.

New Image Painting

-New York's Whitney Museum mounted a controversial though significant exhibition of New Image painting -artists reconciled disparate styles of abstraction and representation. -images were central to their compositions, but they were so simplified that they conveyed the grandeur of abstract shapes.

Expressionism

-On one hand, were artists who sought a more scientific approach to painting. On the other hand, were artists whose works were more emotional, expressive, and laden with symbolism, as exemplified by van Gogh and Gauguin. -vibrant palettes and bravura brushwork, van Gogh and Gauguin foreshadowed Expressionism

Realism and Photorealism

-Photorealism, a movement that first gained major recognition during the 1970s, represented a new endeavor to depict subjects with sharp, photographic precision. -in part a reaction to the expressionistic and abstract movements of the twentieth century

THE ART OF AFRICA

-Ritual and ceremonial objects produced by African peoples during this period exhibit remarkable continuity with traditions established over centuries -Masks and headdresses from various regions of Africa illustrate diverse styles and symbolism. Some have facial features resolved into geometric shapes, and others are embellished with brass, shells, beads, seeds, feathers, and furs.

Rococo

-Rococo was a distinct form of Baroque art that began in the early eighteenth century. -Rococo strayed further from Classical principles than the Baroque. -early Rococo art is a refinement of Baroque in which Classical subjects are rendered in wispy brushstrokes in luscious golds and reds. -Later Rococo art is more frivolous in its choice of subjects (love among the very rich), palette (the softest pastel hues), and brushwork (the most delicate and painterly strokes).

Romanesque Period

-Romanesque style appeared in the closing decades of the eleventh century when the non-Roman invaders had settled into a feudal structure, with monarchies at the head -medieval preoccupation with spiritual concerns is evident in two major historical phenomena: the Crusades and pilgrimage.

Gothic Sculpture

-Sculpture during the Gothic period shifted toward iconography of redemption rather than damnation. -During the High Gothic period, the sculptural style demonstrated a naturalism that had not been witnessed since Classical times.

Globalization

-created a world in which cultures are no longer distant from each other, and people and places are no longer separate. -art historians and critics have had to find new ways of analyzing and organizing materials on the subject of multiculturalism and cross-culturalism in contemporary art. -hybridity, appropriation, and postcolonialism are important for understanding the art of the twenty-first century

fantasy

-critics and patrons have expected accurate representation of visual reality, with only isolated examples of Fantastic art -early twentieth century, many artists explored fanciful imagery, working in styles as varied as their imaginations.

THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

-cultural movement took root in a section of New York City known as Harlem. -African American writers, artists, intellectuals, and musicians in Harlem produced such a conspicuous body of specifically African American work that the movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance

Prehistoric Aegean Art

-cultures developed and thrived because of their island location

THE ARTS OF OCEANIA

-cultures of Oceania go back centuries, although the West's consciousness of them only goes back as far as the early 1500s when European exploration began. -Oceania includes the islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia—which also included New Zealand.

Hinduism

-derived from the Arabic word meaning "those who live in the Indus Valley," -combines ritualized worship of multiple gods with an intellectual tradition that addresses the meaning of people and the cosmos. -three most important forms of Hindu deities are Vishnu (the preserver), Shiva (the destroyer), and Brahma (the creator).

The Art Of India

-despite Mughal supremacy in northern India, Hindu influence remained strong in the south, where the Nayak Dynasty sponsored elaborate Hindu temple complexes graced with majestic gateway towers called gopuras

The Art of China

-early seventeenth century, the Ming Dynasty had declined, and invaders from Manchuria had established the Qing Dynasty, which established trade and diplomatic ties with the West. -Qing potters built on the achievements of their Ming Dynasty predecessors, using more complex glazing techniques and designs. -Qing artists also experimented with new approaches to painting, creating works with abstract qualities.

Important artistic developments during the Archaic period

-emphasis on sculptures of the human form, which gradually shifted toward naturalism. -the birth of the major forms of Greek architecture. -the black-figure and red-figure styles of vase painting.

The Art of Japan

-entered an era of political stability—the Edo period—which would last for more than 250 years. -The Edo court showed great support for the arts, including the architecture of the country villa and woodblock prints.

Postimpressionism

-fell into two groups that parallel the stylistic polarities of the Baroque and Neoclassical/Romantic periods. -The works of Georges Seurat and Paul Cézanne maintained a more systematic approach to compositional structure, brushwork, and color. -The works of Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin coordinated line and color with symbolism and emotion.

Islam

-founded in 6th century by Muhammad

Postcolonialism

-globalization in the arts are a reaction to the retreat of the European empires that ruled much of the world through the middle of the twentieth century. -former colonies in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, and far eastern Asia bear complex relationships with their former rulers—political, economic, ethnic, and cultural. -Art that emphasizes these complexities deals with postcolonial themes

cast iron

-introduced in the 19th century as a building material -Like stone, iron has great strength, is heavy, and has a certain brittleness, yet it was the first material to allow the erection of tall buildings with relatively slender walls. -Slender iron beams and bolted trusses are capable of spanning vast interior spaces, unlike the forests of columns required in stone.

Geometric Period

-lasted for approximately two centuries, from about 900 to 700 BCE. -called because of the predominance of geometric shapes and patterns in works of art.

steel cable

-many parallel wires share stress -flexible, allowing the roadway below to sway, within limits, in response to weather and traffic conditions.

Pre-Hellenic

-meaning pre-Greek -cultures emerged in the Aegean regions of: - the Cycladic Islands, where the Cycladic culture flourished from roughly 3000 to 2000 BCE. -the island of Crete, where the Minoan civilization thrived from about 2000 to 1400 BCE. -the Greek mainland, where Mycenaean culture prospered from about 1600 to 1200 BCE.

Neoclassicism

-modern art declared its opposition to the whimsy of the late Rococo style with Neoclassical art of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. -Neoclassical art contained: -harsh sculptural lines. -a subdued palette. -planar instead of a linear recession. -Classical, especially Roman, subject matter.

THE BAUHAUS

-numerous innovations in modern architecture, especially the concepts that "form follows function" and that "less is more." -Walter Gropius became director of the Weimar School of Arts and Crafts, which he renamed Das Staatliche Bauhaus, or "Building House of the State," or simply The Bauhaus -artists created designs that would shape much of the remaining two-thirds of the twentieth century.

Carolingian Art

-period of Charlemagne's supremacy is called the Carolingian period -Architecture during this period integrated influences from Roman and Byzantine cultures. -Charlemagne's court at Aachen was also an intellectual and artistic hub, producing religious texts illustrated in a style reminiscent of Classical models.

Cubism

-the offspring of nineteenth-century influences, in this case, Cézanne's geometrization of nature, abandonment of scientific perspective, rendering of multiple views, and emphasis on the two-dimensional canvas surface. -Picasso, the driving force behind the birth of Cubism -combined the pictorial methods of Cézanne with formal elements from native African, Oceanic, and Iberian sculpture.

URBAN DESIGN

-throughout history, most towns, and cities have more or less sprung up, pushing back the countryside in all directions, as necessary, with little evidence of an overall guiding concept. -The new towns of the Roman Empire were laid out largely on a rectangular grid, which was a common pattern among centrist states. -Many cities of the Near and Middle East have a circular tradition in urban design, which may reflect the belief that they were hubs of the universe.

Mannerism

-toward the end of the Renaissance and before the beginning of the seventeenth century, Mannerist artists abandoned copying directly from nature and copied art instead. -Mannerist art is characterized by: -distortion and elongation of figures. -flattened almost two-dimensional space. -lack of a defined focal point. -discordant pastel hues.

sexual identity

-women have sought to express their individuality and social concerns through art, so have members of the LGBT community -Photographer Robert Mapplethorpe created many black-and-white images of people struggling in a world that was hostile to them because of their sexual identify.

Architects

-work within the limits of their materials and the technology of the day. -collaborate with other professionals —engineers, contractors and builders, tradespeople, and interior designers. -mediate between clients and civic planning boards and building departments, historic preservation committees, and the properties and aesthetic possibilities of the site itself.

THE Art of India

During the period of colonial rule, Indian art demonstrated the effects of hybridization, or fusion of cultures and artistic styles

FIGURATIVE ART IN THE UNITED STATES

Figurative art is art that contains strong references to people and objects in the real world

Golden Age of Islam

Golden Age of Islam resulted in the birth of: -a precursor to free market capitalism. -the scientific method. -algebra and trigonometry.

pros of wood

Its variety of colors and grains, as well as its capacity to accept paint or to weather in its natural state, make it a versatile material.

steel cages

Light, narrow, pre-fabricated I-beams are riveted or welded together into skeletal; facades and inner walls are hung

Early Medieval Europe

Many works of Christian art from the Early Middle Ages combine characteristics of the small carvings and metalwork of these warrior tribes with symbols of Christian faith

Greek Art

The art of ancient Greece was characterized by humanism, rationalism, naturalism, idealism

stone

a building material that is massive and virtually indestructible

wood

an abundant and renewable resource that is relatively light in weight and capable of being worked on at the site with portable tools.

African Art

created (and still create) sacred objects, among other reasons, to honor ancestors and rulers, to beseech and propitiate spirits, to serve as mediators between the living and the dead and between humans and the powers beyond them.

Feminist Art

explores the role of gender in society, including in the arts.

rationalism

philosophy in which knowledge comes from reason rather than from the senses.

cons of wood

tendency to warp, crack, and rot, though modern technology has enhanced its potential for stability and strength.

archetecture

the art and science of designing buildings, bridges, and other structures.

Late Empire

the art of the Late Empire period reflects a combination of Roman influences and diverse religious traditions.

Prehistoric African Art

the oldest works discovered in Africa is a Neolithic painting of a woman in a horned headdress running or, perhaps, dancing.

idealism

the representation of forms according to an accepted standard of beauty.

dynamism

the theory that force or energy is the basic principle of all phenomena.

humanism

the view that humans are the center of the universe.

naturalism

truth to reality based on a keen observation of nature