Art HIST II Blinn 1304 Exam 2

camera obscura

17th-century Dutch art centered on genre scenes, landscapes, portraits of middle-class men and women, and still lifes, all of which appealed to the newly prosperous Dutch merchants. Vermeer was known to have used which of the following tools?

copyright protection

A debate immediately began over whether the photograph was an art form or if the camera was merely a scientific instrument. An 1862 court case provided the answer: Photography was an art, and photographs were entitled _______________. (NO PHOTOGRAPH IN PP??)

architecture, sculpture, and painting

Bernini combined the arts of ________________ to archive the desired theatrical effect in the sculptural group The Ecstasy of St. Theresa for the chapel of the Cornaro family in the church of Saint Maria Della Vittoria. Uncontrollable passion and theatrical drama best describe this masterpiece of Baroque art.

a. Bernini's David is depicted in the process of the fight were as the others are either before or after. This adds a sense of implied time and movement; we know he is in the process of slinging the rock so we complete the action in our mind. b. Bernini's David no longer stands in the Classical contrapposto stance as in the other three David's. He extends into the surrounding space away from the vertical axis so that the concept of space now plays a part in our viewing of the work. c. There is no longer the balance between emotion and restraint in Bernini's David, but we have a full grown youth in the process of extreme physical exertion. The differences in the sculptures can be summed up in the differences between Classical and Hellenistic Greek sculpture. With Donatello, Verrocchio, and Michelangelo David's as Classical Greek sculpture and Bernini's David as Hellenistic Greek sculpture. All of these are correct with A, B, and C being the proof of statement D.

Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo, and Bernini all created a sculpture of David. Compare and contrast these sculptures. Which of these statements is/are true? (Figure 19-6 GIANLORENZO BERNINI, David, 1623. Marble, 5' 7" high. Galleria Borghese, Rome.)

Romantic

Francisco Goya's print The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, from Los Caprichos can be interpreted as Goya's commitment to the creative process and the _______________ spirit—the unleashing of imagination, emotions, and even nightmares.

His disciplined and painstaking application of the color based on color theories of men like Delacroix, Helmholtz, and Chevreul.

Georges Seurat differed from the Impressionist painters in which of the following ways?

The Dutch painter compressed the figures into a small but well-lit space, creating an intimate effect compared with Caravaggio's more spacious setting. He dispensed with Caravaggio's stark contrasts of dark and light and instead presented the viewer with a more colorful palette of soft tints. He used a unique source of light depiction called tenebrism, with Levi's face highlighted for the viewer by the beam of light emanating from an unspecified source above Christ's head and outside the picture. The moment of the narrative chosen and the naturalistic depiction of the figures echo Caravaggio's work.

Hendrick Ter Brugghen an artists in the Dutch Republic did produce religious art. He painted the Calling of Saint Matthew a theme Caravaggio. Hendrick followed Caravaggio's composition in many aspects. Which of these statements or statement is an example of an aspect that he did not follow?

Art Nouveau

Hotel Van Eetvelde, Brussels designed by Victor Horta is the ________________ style that was born from the slightly earlier Arts and Crafts movement. It represents a synthesis of all styles based on natural form that could be mass-produced for a large audience.

Caravaggio used a perspective and a chiaroscuro intended to bring viewers as close as possible to the scene's space and action, almost as if they were participants. The low horizon line augments the sense of inclusion. Caravaggio's figures are still heroic with powerful bodies and clearly delineated contours in the Renaissance tradition, but the stark and dramatic contrast of light and dark, called tenebrism obscures the more traditional aspects of his style. The dramatic spotlight shining down upon the fallen Paul is the light of divine revelation.

How did Caravaggio create a dynamic composition in Conversion of Saint Paul?

the absence of halos

How did Georges de la Tour eliminate dogmatic significance and traditional iconographic meaning in his Adoration of the Shepherds?

the discovery and excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii

How did historical fact replace the fanciful notions of Rome and its ancient society?

He presented his work as a series of chapters in a book or scenes from a play. The viewer follows the characters, visually, through their mean and dishonest lives.

How did the work of Hogarth present a "moral tone"?

He illusionistically continued the church's actual architecture into the vault so the roof seems to be lifting off.

How does Fra Andrea Pozzo create the illusion of Heaven opening above the heads of the congregation in the church of Sant'Ignazio?

Selfishness

In Jan Steen's The Feast of St. Nicolas the artist has captured the joy and chaos of Christmas holidays. He has also added a subtle satirical jab at adult society by using children and their behaviors to mirror adult behaviors. Which of the following behaviors did Steen allude to in this painting?

quadro riportato

In Loves of the Gods, ceiling frescoes Carracci arranged the scenes in a format resembling framed easel paintings on a wall, ________________ (transferred framed painting). He made this technique fashionable for more than a century.

The subjects were placed evenly across the canvas

In Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, he has clustered the participants on the left side and has placed Dr. Tulp on the right side with the diagonally placed foreshortened corpse disrupting the strict horizontal, planar orientation. This is in sharp contrast to which of the following traditions of group portraiture?

Through us of vivid hues whose juxtaposition augmented their intensity

In The Night Café, the artist has shown us a benign scene yet the scene has a sense of charged energy and oppressive atmosphere. How did the artist communicate this?

The Nightmare by Henry Fuseli

In ___________________ was among the first artist to attempt to depict the dark terrain of the human subconscious that became fertile ground for later artists to harvest.

Art nouveau Arts and Crafts movement

In the art work The Kiss Gustav Klimt depicted a couple locked in an embrace. The setting is ambiguous, all the viewer sees of the embracing couple is a small segment of each body. The rest of the canvas dissolves into shimmering, extravagant flat patterning. This patterning has clear ties to ______________ and the _______________________.

The column-like object on which Washington leans is a bundle of rods with an attached ax - the ancient Roman fasces, an emblem of authority. The plow alludes to a patrician of the early Roman Republic, who was elected dictator during war and resigned as soon as victory was achieved.

Jean-Antoine Houdon's sculpture George Washington make reference to the Roman Republic. It includes several objects that make reference to the Republic.

a temple of glory for Napoleon's armies

La Madeleine in Paris was intended for which of the following purposes?

different times of the day or under various climatic conditions

Monet's intensive study of the phenomena of light and color is especially evident in several series of paintings he made of the same subject. Monet's Rouen Cathedral is a series that observed the same viewpoint during which of the following?

prefabricated parts

Paxton constructed the exhibition building, the Crystal Palace with ________________. This enabled workers to build the vast structure in the then-unheard-of time of six months and to dismantle it quickly at the exhibition's closing to avoid permanent obstruction of the park.

Sigmund Freud Surrealism

Rousseau the artist of The Sleeping Gypsy frequently placed his subjects in exotic settings. In this work an impending encounter takes places between a lion and sleeping gypsy. This encounter recalls the uneasiness of a person's vulnerable subconscious self during sleep. This was a subject of central importance to ______________. He influenced the development of ______________.

Rubens, deeply impressed by Michelangelo's twisting sculpted and painted figures, showed his prowess in representing foreshortened anatomy and the contortions of violent action. Rubens placed the body of Christ on the cross as a diagonal that cuts dynamically across the picture while inclining back into it. The whole composition seethes with a power that comes from strenuous exertion, from elastic human sinew taut with effort. The tension is emotional as well as physical, as reflected not only in Christ's face but also in the features of his followers. Bright highlights and areas of deep shadow inspired by Caravaggio's tenebrism, hallmarks of Rubens's work at this stage of his career, enhance the drama.

Rubens has synthesized the styles of Italian artists in his Elevation of the Cross. Which of the following describes this work? (Test which of these is not)

her look of cool indifference and shamelessness

The French viewing public were greatly horrified by Manet's Olympia not only because of the portrayal of a naked prostitute as a work of art but also due to which of the following?

Reformation

The Martyrdom of Saint Philip reflected Spanish taste at that time in that it depicts the courageous resistance to pain. This theme was strongly admired by the Spanish and was also translated into as tangible resistance to the _________________.

fête galante Antoine Watteau

The Pilgrimage to Cythera was a _______________________ (amorous festival) painting. These paintings depicted the outdoor entertainment of French high society. __________________________ essentially created this type of Rococo painting. Rather than reject him from the academy when he submitted this type of subject as an entry (it did not represent an acceptable category), the Academy created a new category. Pilgrimage to Cythera was his piece.

Arts and Crafts Movement

The ________________________ was a reaction against industrialization with distrust of capitalism and machines, its goal was to produce functional objects with high aesthetic value for broader public consumption. (No image given??)

TRUE > Even though the theme had precedents in other pastoral paintings of the past, Monet's luncheon guests were ordinary members of the French middle class. What was alarming to the Parisian viewer was there is no explanation for what is depicted and they were not prepared to see one of their own displayed so shamefully. This nude, seated woman also meets the viewers stare, as if the viewer is intruding. Instead of beginning with a dark underpainting and building up highlights. He began with a white surface and worked to build up dark tones. This approach lent a greater luminosity to the work, one that duplicated sunlight as closely as possible. He did not use traditional chiaroscuro to model his figures. Instead he used a broadly brushed application of flat, barely modeled hue that sat squarely on the canvas with no regard for illusionism. He attempted to capture an impression of a fleeting moment in this way and what the eye would see in just that moment. FALSE > He advocated the spontaneity of painting directly on canvas without the tyranny of meticulous preparatory sketches. He believed that color ought to be subordinated to line, but he maintained that composition should be constructed of color.

The artist Edouard Manet was pivotal in the development of Impressionism and one of his most important works was Le Dejeuner sur L'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass). Which of these statements is/are innovations within this work that met with disapproval from critics and the public, but would change the future of art?

cast-iron Roman aqueducts

The first use of iron in bridge design was in the _____________________bridge built over the Severn River, near Coalbrookdale in England. The style of the graceful center arc echoes the grand arches of Roman aqueducts.

Photography

The often arbitrarily cut-off figures, the patterns of light splotches, and the blurriness of the images in this and other Degas works indicate the artist's interest in reproducing single moments. They also reveal his fascination with__________________.

subject matter

The painting A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery, by Joseph Wright of Derby, reflects the Enlightenment by its _________________, his work reflects the new scientific rationalism of the Age of Enlightenment --- recording scientific demonstration.

Impressionists lines

What Delacroix knew about color he passed on to later painters of the 19th century, particularly the ____________________. He observed that pure colors are as rare in nature as ____________ and that color appears only in an infinitely varied scale of different tones, shadings, and reflections.

18th century Japanese woodblock prints

Which of the following influenced Degas in his technique of using spatial projections and off-center empty space to create illusion and direct the viewer's attention into the picture?

Death of Marat

Which of the following works functions as an "altarpiece" for the new civic religion of inspiring the viewer with the martyr's dedication to service?

In the work Still Life with Basket of Apples, Cezanne drastically collapsed space; all the imagery is forced to the picture plane. The tabletop is tilted toward us, so the viewer simultaneously views the basket, plate, and wine bottle from front and top angles. The post Impressionist painter Paul Cezanne turned from Impressionism to develop a more analytical style. One in which he tried to capture the structures of natural forms, be it landscapes, still life, or portraits. In order to understand three dimensionality and to convey the placement of forms relative to the space around them, he viewed his still life arrangements from different viewpoints. In the resultant painting objects seem to be depicted from different vantage points. Though it is still conceptually coherent it is not optically realistic. He focused equally upon solid forms and the spaces between them. By eliminating the distinction between foreground and background and at times merging the two, Cezanne asserted the flatness of the two-dimensional canvas. All of these.

Which of these statements is true about the artist Paul Cezanne and his work Still Life with Basket of Apples? (Test will be which is not)

Courbet Pavilion of Realism Realist

______________ was the first artist ever known to have staged a private exhibition of his own work. His __________________ and the statement he issued to explain the paintings shown there amounted to the ___________ movement's manifesto.

Auguste Rodin

________________ impacted later generations of sculptors even though many of his works are either unfinished or were deliberate fragments. They created a powerful, expressive image, which did not necessarily need context to establish itself. Contemporary viewers were able to see and appreciate his work because they were able to appreciate the expressiveness the textured surfaces created.

Poussin

________________ was the leading proponent of classicism in 17th-century Rome. His "grand manner" paintings are models of "arrangement and measure" and incorporate figures inspired by ancient statuary.

Borromini San Carlo's

________________ went much further than any of his predecessors or contemporaries in emphasizing a building's sculptural qualities. He rejected the notion that a church should have a flat frontispiece. He set ___________ facade in undulating motion, creating a dynamic counterpoint of concave and convex elements.

Johann Winckelmann

_________________ was a German and the first modern historian of art. He wrote a book on Greek art designating the art form as perfect. He organized each monument according to subject matter, style, and period, thus laying the foundation for the art historical method. His theoretical and historical approaches did much to spread the taste for Neoclassicism that lasted well into the 19th century.

Jacques-Louis David Oath of the Horatii

__________________ also strongly believed paintings depicting noble events in ancient history, such as his _____________________, would serve to instill patriotism and civic virtue in the public at large in postrevolutionary France.

Balthasar Neumann Church of the Vierzehnheiligen

__________________ creates a new interior effect in basically a traditional basilican plan church. In ________________________, he banishes all straight lines. The church is laid out in tangent ovals and circles setting space in a continuous, undulating motion. Each part of the church and the various architectural features pulse, flow and comingle.

Gianlorenzo Bernini Saint Peter's

__________________ received the prestigious commission to construct a monumental colonnade-framed piazza in front of Maderno's facade. The colonnades extend a dramatic gesture of embrace to all who enter the piazza, the artist himself referred to his colonnades as the welcoming arms of ____________. (image is a different angle on test, but same building)