Art History 102 FINAL EXAM

What about Ingres's work in the early nineteenth century demonstrates the ongoing interest in Neoclassicism?

his academic line and formal structure

What did Joseph Mallord William Turner try to capture with a mixture of fascination and fear?

Sublime

What social issue motivated David Wojnarowicz's Untiled (Hands)?

The AIDS crisis

The play of flickering light against mirrors in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles (Fig. 22-51) created

a tableau in which the king and courtiers saw themselves as they promenaded.

Which stylistic characteristic distinguishes fourteenth century figure painting in Siena from that produced in Florence?

an emphasis on jewel-like coloring and elegantly posed forms

In the fourth state of the Three Crosses (Fig. 23-38), Rembrandt modified the scene by

making it darker and simpler.

In the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution replaced the land-based power of the aristocracy with

the financial power of capitalists.

Winslow Homer employed an unadorned realism in depicting the heroic struggles of

the working poor

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's The Dance was disliked by members of the royal and elite class, but liked by new patrons in the industrial and merchant classes for its

less-idealized, more down-to-earth depiction of nudes

Which artist conceptualized the readymade?

Duchamp

Which of the following were major patrons of the arts in the nineteenth century?

Entrepreneurs

Which movement inspired Paula Modersohn-Becker's painting?

Primitivism

What did artist Franz Marc paint because they were "primitive"?

Animals

Thomas Cole developed what kind of an organizing composition in The Oxbow?

A centralized horizontal axis

Which kinds of characters did Delacroix include in Liberty Leading the People?

A lower-class revolutionary man A revolutionary schoolboy A middle-class revolutionary man

What are the steps of making a buon fresco?

A thick undercoat of plaster on the made Assistants copy the artist's drawing onto plaster

What is unique about Giotto's handling of the composition in his Lamentation scene?

ALL OF THE ABOVE Two figures are shown with only their backs facing the viewer Jesus is set off center The long, diagonal rock in the back draws our eye to Jesus and Mary.

Examples of contemporary Activist Art, such as Patricia Cronin's Shrine for Girls, address viewers as

Agents of social change

Which of the following is NOT true about fourteenth century guilds in Europe?

All sculptors belonged to the same guild as plumbers because both of theses professions required both physical strength and a precise understanding of material properties.

The text explains that Minimalist art is best understood when considered

Alongside the artists' manifestos

Watteau's Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera was categorized by the French Academy as a new type of painting called a "fête galante." What is a fête galante?

An elegant outdoor scene showing the aristocracy being entertained

What did Andy Warhol create with Brillo Soap Pads Box?

An ironic critique

What were typical architectural elements in French Rococo salon design of the 1730s?

Arabesques

A spare, geometric style of modern architecture in Europe developed in response to

Art nouveau

Shirin Neshat's "Women of Allah" series depicts Muslim women

As having identities more complex than usually assumed

What kind of art did the Nazi's attack as "degenerate" and unfit for the Nazi state?

Avant-garde art

Which of the following are characteristics of Surrealist art?

Biomorphic forms The use of automatism

In their temporary installations, artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude approach the topic of

Capitalism

Which Italian artist became known in the Netherlands because of the influence he had on Dutch painter Hendrick ter Brugghen?

Caravaggio

Which artist was admired by Denis Diderot; an Enlightenment philosopher who thought art should inspire refined manners?

Chardin

The art of Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg questioned the influential ideas of

Clement Greenberg

which of the following qualities of Donatello's sculpture of David are uniquely Renaissance characteristics that are different from Medieval norms?

Donatello made this large sculpture using the lost-wax cast bronze method formerly popular in antiquity. David is a freestanding nude sculpture David stands in contrapposto

American Marsden Hartley's Portrait of a German Officer was inspired by what European movement in art?

Cubism

Vast sculptures that alter the landscape permanently are called?

Earthworks

What structure that was erected for the 1889 Universal Exposition was intended to be temporary?

Eiffel Tower

Which elements were necessary for the development of a skyscraper that wouldn't collapse and could function at a larger scale?

Elevators A steel frame skeleton Artificial lighting

What does this picture represent?

Enrico Scrovengi offering the arena chapel as atonement for his sins of usury.

Who commissioned Giotto to paint his groundbreaking images in the Arena Chapel?

Enrico Scrovengi, a money lender who built the Arena Chapel as his family's private place of worship.

In the years after WWII, Francis Bacon's paintings evoked the horrors of war and human suffering through

Expressive images of distorted figures

What term, based on the French word for "wild beast", was the name of an art movement that included Henri Matisse?

Fauvism

Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party pays tribute to the role of women in history be setting an imaginary dinner with places for 39 important females from different eras and places. On what did she base her designs of the porcelain plates?

Female genitalia

Allan Kaprow coined what term for a performance artwork based on chance and made up of the actions, movements, and gestures of the performers' own bodies?

Happenings

What did Robert Rauschenberg do to announce his desire to move away from the dominant ideas of the older generation of Abstract Expressionist artists?

He asked Willem De Kooning for a drawing, which he then spent over a month erasing, to create Erased De Kooning.

How does Bernini's David (Fig. 23-4) distinguish itself from Renaissance images of the same subject?

He captures the action of the figure moving through space.

What was innovative about Borromini's design for the interior of the Church of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane?

He created an elongated, central plan with an oval dome adorned with a complex pattern of geometric coffers atop undulating walls.

What was new about the way Jackson Pollock made his drip paintings?

He put the canvas on the flour He used industrial paints, like car paint He moved around the canvas while working, as if he were dancing

Artists Alfred Stieglitz and Georgia O'Keeffe were a married couple. How did Stieglitz describe his wife's works, in spite of her strong resistance to the interpretation?

He saw them symbols of a woman's identity, which he believed was deeply tied to her body and its curves and flows.

Piet Mondrian tried to create "dynamic equilibrium" in his art. What does this mean?

He sought to balance pure colors and different visual weights to establish a new, pure visual environment that could also apply to design outside of paintings.

How did French artist David's painting Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard differ from the artist's early works painted during the French Reformation, such as Oath of the Horatii?

He used artistic license to suggest romantic, heroic qualities beyond how things would have actually looked when Napoleon crossed the Alps.

More than two decades after completing his first set of Florentine baptistry doors, Ghiberti was asked to cast another. What is unique about his composition of scenes in this second set, like in his Jacob and Esau panel.

He uses linear perspective to create a stage set in which multiple events from different times in the story play out.

How did Robert Morris want viewers to experience a work of his like Untiled (Mirrored Cubes)?

He wanted the viewer to consider the interrelationship between the boxes, the gallery space, and their own physical body as they moved around.

How does artist Titus Kaphar hope his work will change audience's perceptions of famous historical works of art?

He wants to draw attention to the presence and role of people of color, who have historically been ignored or marginalized in the art historical canon.

In what way was Gustave Courbet's The Stone Breakers (Fig. 31-12) an explicit political statement?

His elevated his lower-class subject to the heroic status afforded history painting.

Monet's studies of Rouen Cathedral take a medieval, Gothic cathedral as their subject. What about Monet's treatment of the cathedral makes his painting modern?

His loose brushstrokes that convey the constantly changing, fleeting effects of light. His interest in optical perception.

According to art historians, what deeper subject is Manet exploring in his depiction of the Bar of the Folies-Bergère?

How the café-concerts offer people like the man with the top hat many objects on display and for sale.

What was this Florentine building used for?

I was where the rulers of the city met.

In The Calling of St. Matthew, which of the following elements contribute to the overall feeling of a scene as earthly as it is sacred? Check all that apply.

Jesus's halo is paper thin. The people, including Matthew, all wear clothing and hairstyles like the common people in Caravaggio's time. Jesus and Matthew, the two main figures, are no more prominent than the other people in the scene.

Which of the following is NOT true about this painting by Cimabue?

It is a small and intimate work that would only have been seen by the clergy.

Which of the following is true of egg tempera paint?

It is brittle and can crack, so it works best on wood panel rather than cloth canvas.

What is an advantage that buon fresco has over fresco secco?

It is more durable.

Why is Rembrandt's painting, The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq, called The Night Watch?

It once was covered in grime, which led people to believe it was a night scene.

Gustave Caillebotte's Paris Street, Rainy Day is an example of an Impressionist work even though it does not have the loose brushstrokes characteristic of so many other Impressionist paintings. What other effects identify it as a modern, Impressionist painting?

It shows modern, fashionably dressed members of the upper-middle class. It shows the modern boulevards created in Paris in the late 19th century by Baron Haussmann. It abruptly cuts off the man's form on the far right, like a modern photograph would do. It addresses the effects of light, such as the reflections on the wet pavement

What motivated Picasso to create his large-scale painting Guernica?

It was a response to the German bombing a small Basque town, sponsored by Spanish Nationalists.

How does Picasso's treatment of space in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon dramatically change the practice of painting in the West?

It was an alternative to traditional systems of perspective

How did Bernini's design for the Piazza at St. Peter's Basilica reflect the principles of Counter Reformation architecture?

Its long porticos were meant to represent "the motherly arms of the church" welcoming heretics and the faithful alike.

The best-known artist to emerge from the Harlem Community Art Center was

Lawrence

A painting long thought to be the work of Franz Hals was recently discovered to be the work of

Leyster

The art of Joseph Kosuth examined the conceptual relationships between visual images and

Linguistics

What is the name of the printing process used by French artist Honoré Daumier created by drawing on a stone surface with a greasy substance (like a greasy crayon) and then following a number of steps to print the image?

Lithography

Because her figures are all silhouettes, which does not identify race, artist Kara Walker forces the viewer to read the narrative by

Looking for other visual markers.

How does Manet's Olympia diverge from traditional academic paintings of female nudes?

Manet's work depicts a real, imperfect woman rather than Venus. Manet paints the nude looking directly at the viewer. Manet puts the viewer in the position of being a customer for the high-class prostitute.

David's Death of Marat (Fig. 30-39) echoes the pose of Christ in a sculpture by

Michelangelo

When compared to paintings by Diego Rivera, those of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo are considered

More personal

Kandinsky believed that looking at a painting should be comparable to experiencing

Music

To emphasize the abstract nature of his paintings, James Abbott McNeill Whistler often chose titles that were more commonly used in

Music

What style did American-born sculptor Edmonia Lewis employ to address modern issues such as slavery?

Neoclassical

A style of 19th c. art that depicted detailed, colorful fantasies of exotic lives in the Middle East and that developed after Napoleon's invasion and looting of Egypt is referred to as:

Orientalism

What impact did the suppression of the Paris Commune have on art?

Overt political commentary in French art diminished.

What does the form of Eva Hesse's No Title reference?

Paint drips

In contrast to Donatello, Verrocchio portrayed his David as a

Proud, engaging adolescent

What ideals are reflected in Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye, Poissy-Sur-Seine in its geometric design and avoidance of ornamentation?

Purist

Art historians know of less than 40 works by the famous painter Johannes Vermeer. What is the subject matter of most of these scenes?

Scenes of women at home

What did Duccio include in his scene of the Betrayal of Jesus on the back of the Maesta?

Several subsequent moments in the story

How does Mary Cassatt depict the relationship between mothers and children in her paintings?

She focuses on the sense of touch between mother and child. She was inspired by Japanese ukiyo-e prints and set her figures in backgrounds covered with flat decorative patterns.

Judith Leyster's Self-Portrait presents her success as a skillful artist in all of the following ways except:

She signs her name in large print at the bottom of the work to indicate her self-importance.

How does Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty reflect his interest in entropy?

Smithson deemed that the work not be kept up over time to preserve its original condition, but rathe that it change as the nature around it did.

Nicolas Poussin was known for creating ideal "Classical" landscape paintings that became a standard for other French artists to follow. Which of the following are elements of the Classical landscape seen in his Landscape with St. John on Patmos? Check all that apply.

St. John holds a Classical reclining pose. Ruins of Classical architecture The landscape is organized and rational with a clear foreground, middle ground, and background.

Which of the following was a significant factor in providing New York with the foundation to supersede Paris as the center of the world of Modern art?

The Federal Arts Project

What is the subject of Jacob Lawrence's series of 60 painted panels held by the MOMA and The Phillips Collection?

The Great Migration

Which of following elements were part of Yoko Ono's work of art, Cut Piece:

The actions of audience The artist's own body The audience members

In Artemisia Gentileschi's Judith Beheading Holofernes, which of the following is an effect of the composition?

The angles of the characters' arms and legs all serve to bring the viewer's attention to Holofernes's head.

Giotto focused on human empathy and emotions in his paintings of biblical events. What specific emotional drama does he emphasize in his composition The Kiss of Judas?

The contrast between Jesus's clam and the chaotic aggression surrounding him.

As fourteenth century Europe moved away from Medieval traditions, which of the following was NOT an overall socio-cultural shift that helped inspire the growth of the Renaissance?

The healthy competition among Catholic and Protestant versions of Christianity.

Which of Dadaist idea would have a radical influence on art of the later twentieth century?

The notion that art was not precious but could exist as conceptual ideas and actions

How does Botticelli's Birth of Venus reference Classical art?

The pose of its central figure is based on a famous Classical statue

How does Synthetic Cubism reference the real world?

The suggestions are of discernible subjects

Jasper John's Target with Plaster Casts is cerebral work that brings up several different puzzles. Which of the following are examples of the questions it brings up?

The work presents body parts in hierarchical order, with no one part drawing more attention than the others. But then the target is quite hierarchical, drawing attention to its center. The work is not clear not whether it is a painting of a target, or a target itself. With the body parts being separated into different boxes, the work suggests anxieties about how body parts can come together as a whole person and identity.

All of the following are symbols in Gerard ter Borch's The Suitor's Visit except

The young woman as a symbol of Saint Anne.

Why did the U.S. government hire Dorothea Lange and other photographers during the Great Depression?

They hoped to build public support for federal assistance for rural America

How did the artist convey that the angel Gabriel is speaking to Mary in the Annunciation by Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi?

They incised scriptural text into the gold-leaf gesso.

How do Picasso's analytical cubist works represent their subject?

They show their subjects from various angles and view points that are assembled together

How did Warhol's paintings of Marilyn Monroe attempt to reflect the world of his time?

They took a celebrity as their subject, indicating that the icons of the world now came from pop culture rather than religion.

What is demonstrated in Théodore Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa (Fig. 30-51)?

a painting that takes a politically-controversial contemporary event as its subject.

Which movement was led informally by Damian Hirst, among the most sensational of modern artists?

Young British Artists

Al of the following were potential patrons who might hire a 15th century Italian artist, EXCEPT

a company making a product for mass production

In Malle Babbe (Fig. 23-33), how did Frans Hals stray from his formal portraits?

a looser manner

What does Fragonard's The Swing (Fig. 30-6), which was commissioned by an unknown patron, suggest about the artist's aristocratic clientele?

erotic interests

What detail of Bernini's Cornaro Chapel (Fig. 23-5) helps viewers identify with the event?

portrait sculptures on both sides, witnessing the event

Which of the following is NOT depicted in Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Effects of Good Government in the City and the Country?

patients dying from the bubonic plague

The Le Nain brothers are best known for their paintings of

peasants

How did Benjamin Latrobe incorporate new symbolic forms in his design for the U.S. Capitol building?

representations of indigenous plants on columns

William Morris's reaction against the mass production of furniture and other functional objects was rooted in his

socialist concerns for industrial workers.

Despite the extravagant surroundings and clothing in Hyacinthe Rigaud's portrait of Louis XIV, the artist also made the king appear

surprisingly human.

Genre scenes were popular in the Netherlands for their

symbolic references to moral virtues.

what kind of illusion did linear perspective help Masaccio create in this piece?

that there is a deep barrel vault extending behind the figure

What detail in Ghirlandaio's Nativity and Adoration of the Shepherds references the new interest in Classical subjects?

the architectural details surrounding Mary

How do the landscape paintings of John Constable evoke themes of Romanticism in art?

the nostalgic emphasis on nature as idyllic

What is the term for still-life paintings with a moralizing theme that were very popular in the seventeenth century?

vanitas