Art History 120 Final

Friedrich

-1 of first northern European artists to depict the Romantic transcendental landscape -for him it led to a deeper understanding of god, natures creator -most of Friedrich's landscapes, the human figure plays an insignificant role -romantic notion of the sumblime in nature

Impressionism

-A late-19th-century art movement that sought to capture a fleeting moment, thereby conveying the elusiveness and impermanence of images and conditions. -turning away from mythology, and religious themes in favor of daily life of the newly industrialized french capital -conveying impermanance

Daguerreotype

-A photograph made by an early method on a plate of chemically treated metal; developed by Louis J. M. Daguerre.

The Horse Fair

-Bonheur, most celebrated female artist of 19th century, sponsered drawing school for women, realist passion for accuracy in painting, resisted depicting problamatic social and political themes, turned to the animal world -spent long hours studying carcasses of horses at slaughterhouse -she painted a panoramic composition,

The Oxbow

-Cole championed the idea of America having a landscape distinct from Europe's. Here, he contrasted dark wilderness on the left and sunlit civilization on the right, with a minuscule painter at the bottom center.

Third Class Carriage

-Daumier, realist artist, defender of working class, in his art he confronted authority with social criticism and political protest -provides a glimpse into the cramped and grimy railway cars of the 1860s -The riders are poor and can afford only third-class tickets. First- and second-class carriages had closed compartments, but third-class passengers had to cram together on hard benches stretching from one end of their carriage to the other

The Tub

-Degas, rejected classicism in favor of impressionism, specialized in indoor subjects, -emulated japanese compositional style and distinctibe angles that japanese printmakers employed in representing human figures -The Tub reveals the influence of Japanese prints, especially the sharp angles that artists such as Kiyonaga used in representing figures. Degas translated his Japanese model into the Impressionist mode.

Death of Sardanapalus

-Delacroix -Inspired by Lord Byron's 1821 poem, Delacroix painted the Romantic spectacle of an Assyrian king on his funeral pyre. The richly colored and emotionally charged canvas is filled with exotic figures. -romantic pictoral -king recieved news of army's defeat and enemy's entry to the city -he's committing suicide but wants to be destroyed along with his most precious items, women, slaves, horses, and treasure

The Gross Clinic

-Eakins, realist painter, wanted to record the realities of the human experience, studied medical anatomy, believed scientific knowledge were prerequisites for art -worked with the photographic study of animals, anticipating motion picture -inspired by rembrandt's "anatomy lesson" -reflects the public's increasing faith that scientific and medical advances could enhance and preserve lives

Christ's Entry into Brussels

-Ensor, leading belgium symbolist, socialist commentary on the decadence and alienation of urban life at the end of the 19th century -mural-sized canvas is an indictment of corrupt modern values. Christ enters Brussels on a donkey in 1889, ignored by the dense crowd of soldiers and citizens wearing grotesque, grimacing masks.

Third of May,

-Goya -On May 2, 1808, Spaniards attacked Napoleon's soldiers in a chaotic and violent clash. In retaliation and as a show of force, the French responded the next day by rounding up and executing Spanish citizens. This tragic event is the subject of Goya's most famous painting -commissioned by Ferdinand VII

The Kiss

-Klimt's paintings exemplify the Viennese fin-de-siècle spirit. In The Kiss, he revealed only a small segment of each lover's body. The rest of the painting dissolves into shimmering, extravagant flat patterning.

Olympia

-Manet, influential in articulating realist principles, developed impressionism -looslely based on titian's painting VENUS OF URBINO -subject is a young white prostitue, "olympia" was a common professional name for prostitutes -the public was horrified, did not like that she looked defiant, the combo of black maid and naked prostitute evoked moral depravity, inferiority, and animalistic sexuality, and conjured racial divisions

The Gleaners

-Millet found his subjects in the people and occupations of the everyday world -depicting 3 impoverished women, members of the lowest level of peasant societyperforming the backbreaking tast of gleaning -gleaning: the collection by peasants of wheat scraps left in the field after a harvest.

Marshal Field wholesale store, Chicago

-Richardson was a pioneer in designing commercial structures using a cast-iron skeleton encased in fire-resistant masonry. This construction technique enabled the insertion of large windows in the walls

The Thankful Poor

-Tanner, realist painter, african american artist, combined eakin's belief in careful study from nature with a desire to portray with dignity the life of working people -lighting reinforces the painting's reverant spirit

Post Impressionism

-The term used to describe the stylistically heterogeneous work of the group of late-19th-century painters in France, including van Gogh, Gauguin, Seurat, and Cézanne, who more systematically examined the properties and expressive qualities of line, pattern, form, and color than the Impressionists did.

Raft of the Medusa

-Théodore Géricault -shipwreck of the mauritanian coast of french frigate medusa, cannibalism happened, only about 15 people survived from the original 147 -presented a jumble of writhing bodies in every attitude of suffering, despair, and death -neoclassical with romantic spirit

Starry Night

-Van Gogh, expressed his emotions as he confronted nature, he bagan by copying japanese prints -painted starry night a year before his death, communicating the electrifying vastness of the universe filled with whirling and exploding star, with the earth and humanity huddling beneath it

Daguerre & Talbot

-announced the 1st practical photo processes -talbot made negative images by placing objects on sensitized paper and exposing the arrangement to light, then created positive images by exposing sensitized papers inside simple cameras -dauguerre did still lifes with camera

The Child's Bath

-cassatt, inspired by degat -Cassatt's compositions owe much to Degas and Japanese prints, but her subjects differ from those of most Impressionists, in part because, as a woman, she could not frequent cafés with her male friends.

Mount Sainte-Victoire

-cezanne, wanted to make impressionism something solid and enduring -In his landscapes, Cézanne replaced the transitory visual effects of changing atmospheric conditions—the Impressionists' focus—with careful analysis of the lines, planes, and colors of nature.

The Haywain

-constable -industrial revolution had an impact on romantic landscape painting -he devoted his career to painting english countryside -His subjects are Romantic but not sublime. Here, a small cottage sits on the left of a serenely pastoral scene of the countryside. In the center foreground, a man slowly leads a horse and hay-filled wagon (a hay wain) across a shallow stretch of the Stour River. -reflects dissapearing rural pastoralism

La Madeleine

-constructed by napolean as a "temple of glory" for his armies -neoclassical design

Stone Breakers

-courbet, realism painting, painted working class and laborers -Using a palette of dirty browns and grays, he conveyed the dreary and dismal nature of menial labor in mid-19th-century France. -he suggested those born to poverty will remain poor their entire life -his paintings got rejected so he set up the pavillion of realism and he was the 1st artist to do that

Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (La Marseillaise)

-decrates one of the gigantic piers of the arc de triomphe that was designed for naploean -sculpture depicts the volunteers of 1792 departing from Marseilles to defend France's borders against the foreign enemies of the revolution -This historical-allegorical sculpture features the Roman war goddess Bellona, but the violent motion, jagged contours, and densely packed masses typify Romantic painting compositions. -dramatic romanticism

House of Parliament

-ex of revival of gothic style (neo-gothic) -During the 19th century, architects revived many historical styles, often reflecting nationalistic pride. The Houses of Parliament have an exterior veneer and towers that recall English Late Gothic style

Sublime

-feelings of awe mixed with terror -Burke observed that pain or fear evoked the most intense human emotions and that these emotions could also be thrilling -Accompanying this taste for the sublime was the taste for the fantastic, the occult, and the macabre—for the adventures of the soul voyaging into the dangerous reaches of the imagination.

Thomas Cole

-founder of the hudson river school -members drew their subjects primarily from the uncultivated regions of NYC's hudson river valley -presented romantic panoramic landscape views -championed that america's landscapes are distinctive of Europe because nature had been left untouched at that point

Japonisme

-french fascination with all things japanese -featured broad areas of flat color with limited amount of modulation or gradiation -japanese artists used diverging lines to organize flat shapes of figures and to direct the viewers attention into the picture space

Paris Opera House

-garnier, built two wings resembling baroque domed central plans churches, festive and theatrical, gathering place for fashionable audiences, corinthian capitals -beaux arts: incorporated classical principles, such as symmetry in design, and included extensive exterior ornamentation. -neo-baroque: the revival of Baroque style in later, especially 19th-century, architecture.

Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

-guaguin, moved to tahiti to escape a materialistic europe and have an opportunity to connect with nature, found out tahiti was under french control and had been extensively colonized, then moved to tahitian countryside -used tropical colors to present a pessimistic view of the inevitablity of the life cycle

Sullivan

-human experience of military life -impress on people the high price of war -Wet-plate technology enabled photographers to record historical events on the spot—and to comment on the high price of war, as in this photograph of dead Union soldiers at Gettysburg in 1863

Impressionism

-incorporates the qualities of sketches, appreviation, speed, and spontaneity, the sketch-like works are mean to be finished paintings, a modernist idea at the time -based around what an artist saw and felt, soley subjective

Romantic Transcendental Landscape

-increased tourism which came courtesy of improved and expanded railway systems both in Europe and America, contributed to the popularity of landscape painting -as cities expanded people toon interest in picturesque paintings

Reading Room of Saint-Genevieve Library

-labrouste, mix of renaissance revival style and modern cast-iron construction, two story facade, arched windows recalls renaissance palazzo designs, esposed the structure's metal skeleton on the interior, columns support the iron roof arched -romanitc designs abandoned, steel adopted

At the Moulin Rouge

-lautrec, devoted his life to depicting the city's after hours entertainment centers such as Moulin Rouge -influences of degas and japanese prints, expressionsim = brighter colors, bolder lines,

Moreau

-loved exotic settings and rich colors, his subjects often drawn from mytholgy and the bible, transcend those of romanticism

A Bar at the Folies-Bergère

-manet, impressionist painting, sketchy application of paint -was a popular cafe, one of paris' most fashionable gathering places -barmaid looks out from the canvas, back is a mirror with reflection of man

Impression Sunrise

-monet, joined a painters union consiting of impressionist artists -represents a sharp break from traditional painting, made no attempt to disguise the brushstrokes or blend the pigments to create a smooth tontal gradiation and optically accurate scene -landscape painting, painted outside Fascinated by reflected sunlight on water, Monet broke with traditional studio practice and painted his "impression" en plein air, using short brushstrokes of pure color on canvas without any preliminary sketch.

The Scream

-munch, jealousy, fear, loneliness, desire, despair became the them of most of his art -symbols of the unbearable pressure of modern life on individual people -Although grounded in the real world, The Scream departs significantly from visual reality. Munch used color, line, and figural distortion to evoke a strong emotional response from the viewer.

The Crystal Palace

-paxton -glass and metal roof construction -prefabricated architecture: structural elements manufactured in advance then shipped to construction site -primarily consited of glass panes in wood frames and cast iron pillars and beams -borrowed from traditional architecture, especially roman and christian basilicas -had a central flat-roofed nave and barrel-vaulted crossing "trancept"

Realism

-realist artists represented the subject matter of everyday life (especially subjects that previously had been considered inappropriate for depiction) in a relatively naturalistic mode. -advances in industrial technology during the 19th century reinforced enlightenment faith and the connection between science and progress -intellectuals and the general public embraced empericism and positivism -empiricism: the search for knowledge based on observation and direct experience. -positivism: a Western philosophical model that promoted science as the mind's highest achievement.

Karl Marx

-rise of the urban working class was fundamental to his ideas -wrote the communist manifesto, called for the working class to overthrow the capatalist system -believed that in all societies those who controlled the means of production conflicted with those whose labor they exploited for their own enrichment = dialectical materialism -advocated for a socialist state in which the working class seized power and destroyed capitilism -modernism: combo of social conflict, and evolution (darwin), goal of realism, modernism uses art to call attention to art vs illusionist art masking the fact that it's a painting

Delacroix

-romantic colorist -He observed that pure colors are as rare in nature as lines and that color appears only in an infinitely varied scale of different tones, shadings, and reflections, which he tried to re-create in his paintings

Symbolism

-seeking to express individual spirit, rejected the optical world of daily life in favor of a fantasy world -the idea that the artist was not an imitator of nature but a creator who transformed the facts of nature into a symbol of the inner experience of that fact

Sunday on La Grande

-seurat, impressionost themes, -used pointillism, tiny dots that make the image become visible from a distance -depicted modern people from various classes

Goya

-spent time in italy -became an official artist in the court of Charles VI and produced portraits of the king and his fam

Carson Pirie Scott Building

-Sullivan's architectural motto was "form follows function." He tailored the design of this steel, glass, and stone Chicago department store to meet the needs of its employees and customers.