Art History 202 Final
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Bill Viola, The Emergence, from the Passions, 2002 (Contemporary Video Art)
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Asmat bisj poles, Buepis village, Fajit River, Casuarina Coast, Irian Jaya, Melanesia, early to mid-20th century.
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"Beautiful Lady" dance mask, Senufo, Côte d'Ivoire, late 20th century
POP-ART
-a term coined by art critic lawerence alloway to refer to as art, first appearing in the 1950s, that incorporated elements from consumer culture , the mass media, and popular culture, such as images from motion pictures and advertising
AFRICA AFTER 1800
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CH. 36
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CHINA AFTER 1279
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CONTEMPORARY VIDEO ART
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FEMINISM
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JAPAN AFTER 1333:
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Abdul Hasan and Manohar, Darbar of Jahangir, ca. 1620
HABOKU
in Japanese art, a loose rapidely execute painting style in which the ink seems to have been applied by flinging or splashing it onto the paper.
LITERATI
scholars in China and Japan whose poetry, calligraphy, and paintings were supposed primarily to reveal their cultivation and express their personal feelings rather than demonstrate professional skill.
TATAMI
the traditional woven straw mat used for floor covering in Japanese architecture
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Reliquary guardian figure (biere), Fang, Gabon, late 19th century
Smithson used industrial equipment to create environmental artworks by manipulating earth and rock. Spiral Jetty is a mammoth coil of black basalt, limestone, and earth extending into Great Salt Lake
Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1970 (Earthworks)
BLAUE REITER
german- "the blue rider" an early 20th c. germ. expressionist art mvt. founded by Kandinsky and Franz Marc. WHAT: 3 main approaches: spiritual, expressionistic abstract. they wanted their work to embody spiritual concerns, which they thought had ben neglected by the impressionists SUBJECT MATTER: portraits, landscapes and animals along with non-objective scenes STYLE: extremely varied among the members: vibrant color, representational, abstract and non objective
KOGAN
Japanese: water jar.
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Forbidden City, Hall of Supreme Harmony and Throne Room, Beijing, China, 15th century and later
-It's a readymade sculpture, which is mass-produced common object. -In Fountain, Duchamp conferred the status of art on a urinal and forced people to see the object in a new light.
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917. (Dada)
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Sen No Rikyu, view into the Taian teahouse, Myokian temple, Kyoto, Japan, Momoyama period, ca. 1582
-She used the details of her life as powerful symbols for the psychological pain of human existence. -The painting represents both Kahlo's personal struggles and the struggles of her homeland.
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939. (Mexican Surrealism)
Pollock's painting technique highlights the most significant aspect of gestural abstraction-- its emphasis on the creative process.
Jackson Pollock, Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist), 1950 (Abstract Expressionism - Action Painting)
UKIYO-E
Japanese: pictures of the floating world, during the Edo period, woodcut prints depicting brother, popular entertainment and beautiful women.
SABI
Japanese; the value found in the old and weathered, suggesting the tranquility reached at old age.
Using craft techniques traditionally practiced by women, to celebrate the achievements and contributions women had made throughout history. Each woman's place has identical eating utensils and a goblet but features a unique oversized porcelain plate and a long place mat or table runner covered with imagery reflecting significant facts about that woman's life and culture.
Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party, 1979 (Feminism)
-Kandinsky was one of the first artists to explore complete abstraction. -It's one of the numerous paintings Kandinsky produced that convey feelings with color juxtapositions, intersecting linear elements and implied spatial relationships. -Kandinsky saw these abstractions as evolving blueprints for a more enlightened and liberated society emphasizing spirituality.
KANDINSKY, IMPROVISATION 28, 1912 (BLAUE REITER/BLUE RIDER)
Kirchner's perspective distortions, disquieting figures, and color choices reflect the influence of the Fauves and of Edvard Munch, who made similar expressive use of formal elements. It provides a glimpse into the frenzied urban activity of a bustling German city before World War I.
KIRCHNER, STREET, DRESDEN, 1908, (DIE BRUCKE/ THE BRIDGE)
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Kano Motonobu, Zen Patriarch Xiangyen Zhixian Sweeping with a Broom, from Daitokuji, Kyoto, Japan, Muromachi period, ca. 1513
-first time landscape is a major theme in map -personicifcaion of natue ias it seems intent on drowning the figures in boats -striking design contrasts water and sky with large areas of negative trade
Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, Edo period, ca. 1826-1833.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONSIM
Known as a American post- World War II art movement aka The New York School. First major American avante-garde movement. Artists produced abstract paintings expressing their state of mind trying to strike emotional chords in viewers.
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Kogan (tea-ceremony water jar), Momoyama period, late 16th century.
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Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion, ca. 1760
-Rothko created compelling visual experiences consisting of two or three large rectangles of pure color with hazy edges that seem to float on the canvas surface, hovering in front of a colored background. -Like the other Abstract Expressionists, Rothko produced highly evocative paintings reliant on formal elements rather than on specific representational content to elicit emotional responses in the viewer.
Mark Rothko, No. 14, 1960 (Abstract Expressionism - Color Field)
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Matisse, The Joy of Life, 1905-1906, FAUVISM
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Meera Mukherjee, Ashoka at Kalinga, 1972
-The painting takes on an anthropomorphic quality, animated by the quirky combination of the fur with a functional object. -The sculpture captures the Surrealist flair for alchemical, seemingly magical or mystical, transformation. -It incorporates a sensuality and eroticism that are also components of much of Surrealist art.
Meret Oppenheim, Object (Luncheon in Fur), 1936 (Surrealism)
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Nail figure (nkisi n'kondi), Kongo, from Shiloango River area, Democratic Republic of Congo, ca. 1875-1900
-African and ancient Iberian sculpture and Cezanne's late paintings influenced this pivotal work, with which Picasso opened the door to a radically new method of representing forms in space. -Instead of depicting the figures as continuous volumes, he fractured their shapes and interwove them with the equally jagged planes representing drapery and empty space.
PICASSO, LES DEMOISELLLES d'AVIGNON, 1907 (PRECUBISM)
PRE-CUBISM
Picasso's LES DEMOISELLES D'AVIGNON
-Picasso used aspects of his earlier Cubist discoveries to expressive effect, particularly the fragmentation of objects and the dislocation of anatomical features. -To emphasize the scene's severity and starkness, Picasso reduced his palette to black, white, and shades of gray, suppressing color once again, as he had in his Analytic Cubist works.
Picasso, Guernica, 1937 (Cubism)
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Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632-1647
-Boccioni's Futurist manifesto for sculpture advocated abolishing the enclosed statue. -The figure is so expanded, interrupted, and broken in plane and contour it almost disappears behind the blur of its movement. -In its power and sense of vital activity, this sculpture surpasses similar efforts in Futurist painting to create images symbolic of the dynamic quality of modern life.
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913 (Futurism)
BISJ POLES
an elaborately carved pole constructed from the trunk of a mangrove tree. The Asmat people of New Guinea created those poles to indicate their intent to avenge a relative's death.
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Walking Buddha, from Sukhothai, Thailand, 14th century
NATIVE ART OF THE AMERICAS AFTER 1300:
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ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
..., A painting movement that involved the expression of feelings and states of mind through abstract means, first coming together in New York City in the 1940s.
AMERICAN REGIONALISM
..., art movement characterized by the idea that artists in the US could find their identity by focusing on subject matter that was uniquely american
EARTHWORKS
..., artworks created by altering a large area of land using natural and organic materials. Earthworks are usually large-scale projects that take formal advantage of the local topography.
FUSUMA
: Japanese painted sliding doors panels.
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Ancestral screen (nduen fobara), Kalabari Ijaw, Nigeria, late 19th century. Wood, fiber, and cloth, 3' 9 ½" high. British Museum, London.
-The Plum Estate, Kameido is a woodcut print that focuses on the branch of a plum tree with a background consisting of varying washes of color. -A reddish-pink sky gradually fades into white, in turn transferring once more into the green hue of the ground. -The middle ground of the piece shows twelve people on the other side of a fence and it appears as if they are going about their daily business. -The middle ground also possesses several other plum trees, all of which seem in the beginnings of their bloom. -Closest to the viewer, the focal point of the piece, stands the main Plum tree with its branches swinging from the left at sharp angles and moving to the right. Although most of the shapes appear flat, with limited shadows, the estate contains greater depth through an incoporation of proper scale, perspective, and overlapping qualities. -Near the top of the piece small green and red rectangles add to the design, their locations in the upper right and lower left corners playing upon one another in a pleasing manner. -The scroll-like shapes contain Japanese script, said to contain the artist's name and other information.
Ando Hiroshige, Plum Estate, Kameido, from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, Edo period, 1857. Woodblock print, ink and color on paper, 1' 1 1/4" X 8 5/8". Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn (gift of Anna Ferris).
-He selected an icon of mass-produced, consumer culture, and then multiplied it, reflecting Coke's omnipresence in American society. -The silk-screen technique allowed Warhol to print the image endlessly.
Andy Warhol, Green Coca-Cola Bottles, 1962 (Pop)
TAJ
Arabic and Persian: "crown"
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Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida, 1980-1983 (Earthworks)
-means "she of the serpent Skirt' -massive figure of the earth goddess, mother of the gods -snarling features of the face, 2 repent heads that are symbolic of flowing blood -necklace of human hearts hands and a skull; an insatiable goddess who feasts on peoples bodies -hands and feet are claws for digging graves -skirt of writhing snakes -theme of blood sacrifice is important in aztec sculpture
Coatlicue, from Tenochtitlán, Mexico City, Mexico, Aztec, ca. 1487-1520
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Coyolxauhqui (She of the Golden Bells), Aztec, from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán, Mexico City, ca. 1469. Stone, diameter approx. 10' 10". Museo del Templo Mayor, Mexico City.
MEXICAN SURREALISM
Despite the economic hardships facing artists during the Great Depression, the United States became a haven for European painters, sculptors, and architects seeking to escape from Hitler and the Nazis.
DIE BRUCKE
Die brucke artists believed their work WHAT: to be a kind of bridge between revolutionary elements and the art of the future. first group of german expressionist painters SUBJ MATTER: city streets, landscapes, sexuality STYLE: flat, linear, rhythmical expression; simplification of form; and brilliant color
-It presents basic geometric boxes constructed of brass and red Plexiglas, undisguised by paint or other materials. -It is a straightforward declaration of sculpture's objecthood. -Judd used Plexiglas because its translucency enables the viewer access to the interior, thereby rendering the sculpture both open and enclosed.
Donald Judd, Untitled, 1969 (Minimalism)
She captured the mixture of strength and worry in the raised hand and careworn face of a young mother, who holds a baby on her lap.
Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley, 1935. (Farm Security Administration documentary photography)
-Hanson used molds from live models to create his Superrealistic life-size painted plaster sculptures. -His aim was to capture the emptiness and loneliness of average Americans in familiar settings.
Duane Hanson, Supermarket Shopper, 1970 (Hyper-Realism)
-The seeming indifference of Hopper's characters to one another, and the echoing spaces surround them, evoke the overwhelming loneliness and isolation of Depression-era life in the United States.
Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942. (American Scene Painting)
-This painting exemplifies Analytic Cubism. -Braque dissected the man and his instrument and placed the resulting forms in dynamic interaction with the space around them. -The way Braque treated light and shadow reveals his departure from conventional artistic practice. -Letters and numbers are flat shapes but they enable the painter to play with viewers' perception of two- and three-dimensional space. -Analytical Cubist paintings radically disrupt expectations about the representation of space and time.
Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911 (Analytic Cubism)
-At a 1931 arts conference, Wood announced a new movement developing in the Midwest, known as Regionalism, which he described as focused on -American subjects and as standing in reaction to the modernist abstraction of Europe and New York. -Wood and Regionalists,sometimes referred to as the American Scene Painters, turned their attention instead to rural life as America's cultural backbone. -Wood's Regionalist's vision extended to a rejection of avant-garde styles in favor of a clearly readable, Realist style. -long oval heads; narrow chins; sloping shoulders -seem to have an expression or disapproval or hostility -pitchfork reflected in farmers shirt -artist resisted interpreting ht epainting, some see it as n expression of american hardihood; others as a satire.
Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930. (American Regionalism)
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Guan Daosheng, Bamboo Groves in Mist and Rain, Yuan dynasty, 1308
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Head of Lono, from Hawaii, Polynesia, ca. 1775-1780
-Dali painted "images of concrete irrationality." In this realistically rendered landscape featuring three " decaying" watches, he created a haunting allegory of empty space where time has ended. -Dali rendered every detail of this dreamscape with precise control, striving to make the world of his paintings convincingly real.
Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931 (Surrealism)
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Sesshu Toyo, Splashed-ink (haboku) landscape, detail of the lower of a hanging scroll, Muromachi period, 1495. Tokyo, National Museum.
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Shen Zhou, Poet on a Mountaintop, ca. 1490-1500
SOUTH AND SOUTH EAST ASIA
South and Southeast Asia is a vast geographic Area Comprising, among others, the Nations of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Bangladesh, and Indonesia.
SURREALISM
WHAT: Although similar to Dada in irrationality, Surrealism is more positive in spirit. The movement is mostly concerned with different aspects of the unconscious mind and representations of the dream state. SUBJECT MATTER: Everyday objects in absurd situations, often mixed with psychoanalytic thinking. Other works are non-objective. STYLE: Three main stylistic divisions of Surrealism are evident: Automatism, wherein the artist attempts to disengage conscious control in the creative act; Veristic, in which the style is very realistic and detailed although the subject matter appears irrational; and Assemblage, in which unrelated objects are juxtaposed in suggestion of an alternate reality.
FUTURISM
WHAT: Marinetti's fururist manifesto of 1909 (the first of many by the group) outlined the groups aims: the destruction of museums and libraries, and the glorification of speed, machinery and violence. the group hoped for a new world order to emerge from the destruction of the status quo SUBJ MATER: figures and objects in motion STYLE: visiual embodiment of dynamism. speed represented by the merging of objects or figures with their backgrounds. vivid colors
AMERICAN SCENE PAINTING
WHAT: Rejecting European modernism and abstraction, American Scene Painters wanted to create a largely realistic style in the depiction of subjects and scenes related to American life. Two main groups emerged: Regionalists, who painted mostly scenes of midwestern and southern life and history , and the mostly New York, urban Social Realists. Edward Hopper is one of the few artists who can be connected with either group SUBJ. MATTER: Scenes from American history or contemporary America, portraits, landscapes, etc. Social Realists concentrated on urban, city scenes STYLE: realistic
DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY
WHAT: The movement represented a reaction against late 19th century Pictorialism, in which photographers sought to copy the effects of painters. To do this, photographers rejected darkroom tricks in favor of the basic properties of the camera and printing process. SUBJ. MATTER: Usually identifiable, representational subjects: portraits, landscapes, still lifes, etc. STYLE: Straight photography looks so familiar it is easy to forget that it is a conscious style. Usually, Straight Photographers produce black-and-white pictures. This style is often employed in Photojournalism and Documentary Photography.
CUBISM
WHAT: an earlier 20th c art mvt. that rejected naturalistic depictions, preferring compositions of shapes and forms abstracted from the conventionally perceived world
ANALYTCAL CUBISM
WHAT: earlier phase elf cubism-subject shown as if seen from several angles simultaneously (traditional perspective is abandoned -the first phase elf cubism -developed jointly by Picasso and Braque in which the artists analyzed from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pictorial whole
FAUVISM
WHAT: first modern mvt. of the 20th cent. in style and attitude. Mvt. composed of a number of individual styles. Bold color was a unifying element among the fauves SUBJ MATTER: images of contemporary life (influence of impressionism) STYLE: violently contrasting, non descriptive colors and flat patterns
DADA
WHAT: having seen the horrors of "modern" society in bringing about WW, the dadaist embraced irrational, intuitive, nihilistic, absurd and playful qualities; anything anti-modern and anti-rational. Dada has even been referred to as "anti-art" dada isn't a stye but a world view SUBJ. MATTER: every day objects placed n an absurd combos; found objects; abstract compositions STYLE: photo montages, colage; realism; abstractoin; importance of chance
WABI
a 16th century Japanese art style characterized by refined rusticity and appreciation of simplicity and austerity.
ZEN
a Japanese Buddhist sect and its doctrine emphasizing enlightenment through intuition and introspection.
SULTAN
a Muslim ruler.
GOPURAS
a massive, ornamented entrance gateway towers of southern Indian temple compounds.
REALISM
a mvt that emerged in the mid 19th c france, realist artists rep. the subject matter of everyday life ( especially subjects that previously had been considered inappropriate depiction) in relatively naturalist mode
BUDDAH
a person who has attained enlightenment; in Sanskrit: "awakened".
MINIMALISM
a predominantly sculptural american trend of the 1960s characterized by works featuring severe reduction of form, often to single, homogenous units
TOKONOMA
a shallow alcove in a Japanese room, which is used for decoration , such as painting or stylized flower arrangements.
MUDRA
a symbolic hand gesture.
NISHIKI-E
brocade picture; it refers to Japanese multi- colored woodblock printing.
