Art History Exam 3

Jacque-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1800

10ftx13ft ultra ambitious history painting, was going for a huge commission. Measure of character as an artist is based on the kind of painting you choose. Made certain decisions regarding the painting of this piece. The romans are fighting their neighbors (Albans) Horatii wanted to uphold and fight for rome. Three Horatii will take on 3 brothers. There was a play being held in Paris that talked about this conflict. Understood that it would be viewed in a public context, let people into his studio in rome to see it before it's viewing. All the chatter preceded it's viewing in paris, building hype for the artist. Wanted this fortuitous sacrifice to be shown very very clearly to the viewer. Was fixated on contour while studying in Rome. Studied ancient armor very closely, learned through direct experience with the objects. Showing a juxtaposition of those willing to go to battle to uphold their nation, vs. women and children that have different gestural language showing personal loss, and a mourning for the people they know that are going to battle. Figures are staged, caravaggio lighting, primary figures absolutely lit, background is darkened. Uses history paintings to tell the audience about the need to sacrifice.

Pierre Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1900

A lot of these places for dancing and festivities were located in mont marte. Places of entertainment relocated to this area, modern phenomena of people partaking in leisure. Not aristocratic leisure, but middle class leisure, and working class leisure. Moulin means windmill and montmarte used to produce perfume, kept the windmill after the perfume shop closed to have it as a place of leisure. Went from afternoon to evening. Crops the scene once again to show that more is going on outisde of the frame to show movement. Shows a wide-array of social activity. Very little distinction between figure and groud. Shows light flitering through the trees. Everything is treated with this filtered brushwork effect, making things seem pretty flat.

Theodore Gericault, Raft of the Medusa, 1800

Absolutely looked to David for inspiration, wanted to seize the day with a painting with an important moral message. Also understood that he couldn't do it in the same way, past the french revolution. Napoleon has come and gone, and there was a restoration monarchy. stiff and modality. heroes willing to give up their personal life. in raft you can't identify everyone strong diagonals, isn't even a strong horizon line. composition is in something of an x really anti-classical to make composition in an x. went on tour with his piece when the government would not buy it.

John Constable, The Haywain, 1800, oil on canvas

Also had the mission to gain respect for landscape painting. He was perfectly content to stay within the region where he grew up. Didn't feel like he had to inject horrible tragedies, this is a common example to typify his work. Believed that a painter had to have a certain painting method for the different types of nature. Added lots of white spots, was called constable snow, adapting brushwork. Attention payed to the reflective surfaces of the water, the bark, the clouds, the leaves, the grass. Texture and painting methods was extremely important. The perfectly ordinary deserves merit as well.

Daguerre, Still Life in Studio, 1850

An image that was used to promote the benefits of daguerrotype. Brought together some objects, greek roman plaster cast cherubs and relief carvings. Taken little props, showing off lighting techniques

Jacques-Germain Soufflot, Pantheon (sainte-Genevieve), 1750

French architect, and amateur archeologist, Was transformed from a church to a secular mauseloeum. Colossal scale was something that soufflot picked up from the jupiter temple that was unearthed. Pantheon means all the gods, and referenced the pantheon in greece, instead of gods it's humans. To the great man, a grateful nation. Inside is famous writers, philosphers, statesman, and anyone that helped build the great state. french revolution created a seperation of church and state, to de-legitimize the power of the monarchy and church.

Daguerrotype

Daguerre, Paris. first "fixed" permanent image Put in a polished metal plate with the mirror and was able to make the first fixed permanent image. Fundamentally it's what puts him on the map for the history of photography. Not something that allowed you to produce multiples, created lots of details surface and textures.

Photography in the 19th century

Debates, eartly entrepreneurs Daguerre Talbot

The calotype

Didn't just produce a single image, the process involved a negative and positive image. What he used was paper, that was treated with certain chemicals, the image would transfer onto the paper and you would use that negative to produce photos. Early calotypes picked up on the textures and qualities of the paper. Became known as "wet plate" photography captured more detail than early calotypes.

Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures, or Mother of the Gracchi, 1800

Excelled in doing history painting that stradled genre in a way, tells a story about Cornelia in a domestic interior, very plain classical interior. Has three children presenting them to her friend. Her friend has a jewel box, necklace, Cornelia does not have jewels, because her children are her jewels. Painted portraits, wanted to paint history paintings because of the hierarchy of genres. had a two-tier production, portrait paintings to gain money, and history paintings to gain notoriety. Co-founder of royal academy of painting and sculpture in London. Her and Mary Moser, were co-founding members, they're on the wall and not with their peers because there is a nude model. Thusly it was considered inappropriate, in order to be a history painter you would need to know the human form and the nude.

Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic, 1900

Famous surgeon standing up, Dr. Samuel Gross. Bood on his hands, because they didn't wear gloves back then. Assistants holding the incision open, stopped to pause, in the background people are watching, and it's a surgical theater that is being painted. Longstanding tradition of these surgical theaters. Puts the viewer into the crowd as though they're one of the medical students. Mother of the patient, only one that is showing any reaction. Just a few decades earlier they used ether as anesthesia, very close scrutiny of the subject. Not idealizing or sugar coating, wants to capture the whole range.

Sen No Rikyu, Taian teahouse, Myokian Temple, 1600

First free-standing tea house, tea practice grew and there would be seperate tea ceremony buildings. "Though many people drink tea, if you do not know the Way of Tea, tea will drink you up." Use of simple, humble, rustic materials, roughtcut, unmilled lumber, and usage of bamboo, relatively dark, dimly lit. Floor includes Tatami, and tokonoma. creates democratic space. Leave worldly distractions behind, the social distinctions are erased,

Copley, Portrait of Paul Revere, 1750

Has a very serious air of gravitas, shown without a gentleman's coat. He wanted to be painted as a craftsman, didn't want to painted as a gentleman. Tea became a political issue at the time, and the blouse is contreversial because the british were forcing the colonists to buy their linen and pay taxes. The artist had close ties with England, he himself was somebody who aspired to be an english gentleman.

Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 1800

He did not arrive at his general dismissal of Neoclassicism without considerable thought about the Enlightenment and the Neoclassical penchant for rationality and order. This reflection emerges in such works as this from a series titled Los Caprichos (The Caprices). In this print, he depicted himself asleep, slumped onto a table or writing stand, while threatening creatures converge on him. Seemingly poised to attack the artist are owls (symbols of folly) and bats (symbols of ignorance). The viewer might read this as a portrayal of what emerges when reason is suppressed and, therefore, as an espousal of Enlightenment ideals. However, it also can be interpreted as his commitment to the creative process and the Romantic spirit—the unleashing of imagination, emotions, and even nightmares.

Greuze, Village Bride, 1750

He was a master of sentimental narrative, which appealed to a new audience that admired "natural" virtue. Here, in an unadorned room, a father blesses his daughter and her husband-to-be. In a notary's presence, the elderly father has passed his daughter's dowry to her youthful husbandto- be and blesses the pair, who gently take each other's arms. The old mother tearfully gives her daughter's arm a farewell caress, while the youngest sister melts in tears on the shoulder of the demure bride. An envious older sister broods behind her father's chair. Rosy-faced, healthy children play around the scene. The picture's story is simple-the happy climax of a rural romance. The painting's moral is just as clear—happiness is the reward of "natural" virtue.

Reynolds, Lord Heathfield, 1800

He was the first president of the royal academy in London, a very highly coveted position, was very learn-ed in addition to being a great painter, was very articulate. And was on a mission to elevate the status of British art. Actually complimented gainsborough by saying he paints like a painter but not like a poet. No high-minded thread or literary background or reference. Art should aspire to something noble, painters should not just be painters but should also be poets. (have something to say.) Pose is very important, He studied poses of grand poses of ancient sculptures. Assuming the oratorical poses that have historical resonance, high-minded general. First preside of the Royal Academy in Britain. Published Discourses on Art.

Romanticism and History

It's relationship to history, is reviving things, also interested in the past. Approaches history through rigorous erudite knowledge, but also how the individual can reconcile the present with the past. Belief in the individual, also interested in alternative, exotic or fictional pasts. interested in nordic, scandinavian mythologies, and histories Roman= novel, literature. History painting is redefined

The Hudson River School

Landscape painting in the US, a school where people shared similar traits and ideas. Most of these artists painted along side the Hudson river. Most landscape painters came from Europe but they settled in the US. How does the american landscape distinguish itself from Europe.

Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners, 1850

Long-standing gentleman's agreement where wealth land owners would let itinerant peasants come in and collect the scraps. The newly wealthy were not as comfortable with the gleaning. In some parts of France gleaning was actually being banned. He came from farming, but really felt that the peasant deserved to be portrayed in art. Bending down in unison, labored figures. Doesn't give them glossy treatment, pays a lot of attention to the detail of the peasants. Traditional painting would put a conventional peasant in the background instead of the foreground. Made some viewers a little bit uncomfortable. What does the peasant represent? Peasants are the true representatives of France, industrialists and bankers produce wealth through abstract means. Class of people that had participated and were exploited for the revolutionary cause. In the 19th century having dark skin meant you were an outdoor laborer. Models that were playing peasant, viewers enjoyed the idealized version of peasants instead of the realist version. He portrayed the peasant realistically,

Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1650, Shah Jahan

Monumental tombs were not part of either theHindu or Buddhist traditions but had a long history in Islamic architecture. The Delhi sultans had erected tombs in India, but none could compare in grandeur to the fabled temple at Agra. Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658), Jahangir's son, built the immense mausoleum as a memorial to his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal, although it eventually became the ruler's tomb as well. The dome-on-cube shape of the central block has antecedents in earlier Islamic mausoleums and other Islamic buildings such as the Alai Darvaza at Delhi, but modifications and refinements in the design of the Agra tomb have converted the earlier massive structures into an almost weightless vision of glistening white marble. The Agra mausoleum seems to float magically above the tree-lined reflecting pools that punctuate the garden leading to it. Reinforcing the illusion that the marble tomb is suspended above the water is the absence of any visible means of ascent to the upper platform. A stairway does exist, but the architect intentionally hid it from the view of anyone who approaches the memorial. The temple follows the plan of Iranian garden pavilions, except that the building stands at one end rather than in the center of the formal garden. The tomb is octagonal in plan and has typically Iranian arcuated niches on each side. The interplay of shadowy voids with light-reflecting marble walls that seem paper thin creates an impression of translucency. The pointed arches lead the eye in a sweeping upward movement toward the climactic dome, shaped like a crown (taj). Four carefully related minarets and two flanking triple-domed pavilions enhance and stabilize the soaring form of the mausoleum. The architect achieved this delicate balance between verticality and horizontality by strictly applying an all-encompassing system of proportions. The temple (excluding the minarets) is exactly as wide as it is tall, and the height of its dome is equal to the height of the facade.

Realism

More of an attitude in art rather than a "style" Rejection of "grand manner" of History painting Rejection of fantasy, the sublime, and the exotic of romanticism The everyday (and humble, ordinary) is worthy of being painted Realism as social and artistic critique usually mundane or banal objects or activities being painted.

The reconstruction of Paris

Napoleon the 3rd was asked to give Paris a face-lift. Paris was pretty medieval before this period, no plumbing, garbage being dumped anywhere. Idea was to restructure the city by making it more efficient, accomodate tourists, better public transportation. Accomodated social gatherings with cafes and window shopping.

William Blake, Ancient of Days, 1800, metal relief etching, hand colored

Never partook or trained with the royal painting academy in london. All of His work was in books or prints. Has a compass in hand, first image you see in a book is known as the frontispiece, which evokes the concept about what the book is about. He was a prolific writer as well as a poet. Also wrote america the prophecy, artists or poets can foresee into the future. Juxtaposition of intense linearity with color, past and the future. Much more rigorous recti-linear typography. He invented the technique of intaglio etching. Had to etch away all of the negative space, reversed the process. Was well known for a famous piece alled the Tyger, and was his approach of reconciling the future.

Associationism

Not the portrayal of god directly, but by association you're communicating with god. The idea of using landscape as a way of indirectly referencing god's presence and our relationship to nature.

(Jean-Auguste-Dominique) Ingres, Grande Odalisque, 1800

Orientalism gains popularity, fantasized view of the orient, recumbent nude. Face is informed by Raphael, idealization of the face. Woman in a harem, is what odalisque refers to. A western nude in orientalist trappings. Water pipes, orientalist bong, fan with peacock feathers around, jewels, textiles, headdress. Long, stretched out body, but very flat, done it to increase elegance of the curve.

Salon de la Princesse, Hotel de Soubise, 1750, Boffrand

Original meaning of hotel meant townhouse, or private residence within the city. Still formal but they don't have the scale of a palace. Meant, the princess' room, were from french nobility. All the molding was gilded wood, complicated shapes in frames, that was done by the artist Natoire. All of the ornamented molding, even the stuff that crawls up onto the ceiling. Medallions, cartouches, scrolls, foliage, scalloped forms, that are then stylized. Fanciful, decorative, language. complexity, and intricacy pervades the entire work. feminine quality to rococo, usage of pastel, lightening up from the baroque

Robert Adam, Etruscan Room, Osterley Park House, 1750

Scottish architect that was very well versed in archeology, also saw finds in the western part of Italy. Participated in the grand tour as part of the middle class, and part of a person's education you would tour through Italy while reading about classical sights and seeing them. Also cultivated a network of future clients. Returned to England, and along with his two brothers started an architectural firm. Created multiple patterns and plates that became very popular and caused him to receive many commissions.

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Charlottesville, 1750

Self-taught architect. located up on a hill, wanted a sweeping view of the surrounding land. 5000 acres, also wanted a view of the blue bridge mountains. Projecting portico, entirely open porch, without grandiose steps. Used local materials, staying away from marble that would have had to be imported. Front part of house is the "public" part of the house. The back half accomodated his family. Wanted garden areas to appear open and free to reflect ideas of democracy. Slaves kept up most of gardening work,

Gustave Caillebotte, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1900

Shares the interest in impressionism and displaying the changing infrastructure of Paris. Ground floors had businesses, and the above floors were apartments. Talks about what it's like for the human body to navigate through these spaces. Cropping figures to show bodies in movements in urban space. Showing the sensation of being part of a very large crowd. Freedom of the urban space, but also the loneliness of it.

Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1850

She's a prostitute and the flowers are from one of her clients. Critics talked about the flatness of the figure, that it's crude, she loks like death, the hand looks like a gorilla hand. Blank stare, looks right out, showing a feeling of nonchalance. In common nudes the female was usually looking away from the viewer, so the viewer could view the work without any guilt. Manet exposes the myth of the nude, to talk about something happening during his time period. See himself as continuing the trajectory of classic painters, but understands that he is a painter of modern times.

Basawan and Chatar Muni, Akbar and the Elephant Hawai, 1600, watercolor on paper

The Mughal rulers of India were great patrons of miniature painting. This example, showing the young emperor Akbar bringing the elephant Hawai under control, is also an allegory of his ability to rule. Miniature Painting," above) in the emperor's personal copy of the Akbarnama was a collaborative effort between the painter, who designed and drew the composition, and the artist, who colored it. The painting depicts the episode of Akbar and Hawai, a wild elephant the 19-year-old ruler mounted and pitted against another ferocious elephant.When the second animal fled in defeat, Hawai, still carrying Akbar, chased it to a pontoon bridge. The enormous weight of the elephants capsized the boats, but Akbar managed to bring Hawai under control and dismount safely. The young ruler viewed the episode as an allegory of his ability to govern— that is, to take charge of an unruly state. For his pictorial record of that frightening day, the artist chose the moment of maximum chaos and danger—when the elephants crossed the pontoon bridge, sending boatmen flying into the water. The composition is a bold one, with a very high horizon and two strong diagonal lines formed by the bridge and the shore. Together these devices tend to flatten out the vista, yet at the same time He created a sense of depth by diminishing the size of the figures in the background. He was also a master of vivid gestures and anecdotal detail.Note especially the bare-chested figure in the foreground clinging to the end of a boat, the figure near the lower-right corner with outstretched arms sliding into the water as the bridge sinks,

Goya, Third of May, 1800

The Spanish people, finally recognizing the French as invaders, sought a way to expel the foreign troops. On May 2, 1808, in frustration, the Spanish attacked Napoleon's soldiers in a chaotic and violent clash. In retaliation and as a show of force, the French responded the next day by executing numerous Spanish citizens. This tragic event is the subject of his most famous painting. In emotional fashion, he depicted the anonymous murderous wall of French soldiers ruthlessly executing the unarmed and terrified Spanish peasants. The artist encouraged empathy for the Spanish by portraying horrified expressions and anguish on their faces, endowing them with a humanity absent from the firing squad.Moreover, the peasant about to be shot throws his arms out in a cruciform gesture reminiscent of Christ's position on the cross. he enhanced the emotional drama of this tragic event through his stark use of darks and lights and by extending the time frame depicted. Although he captured the specific moment when one man is about to be executed, he also

Thomas Cole, The Oxbow, 1850, oil on canvas

The blasted tree in the landscape to provide rugged texture and framing. Foreground, middleground and background. Lush foliage, painter is secluded. Rugged terrain, aspects of the sublime enter into the works. Cultivation begins to show, presence of little smoke stacks, juxtaposition of the raw and rugged with the cultivated. Never did he say it should stop, but he wanted to capture the transition.

Outermost Gopuras, Great Temple, Madurai, India, 17th century

The outermost towers reached colossal size, dwarfing the temples at the heart of the complexes. The tallest gopuras of the Great Temple at Madurai, dedicated to Shiva (under his local name, Sundareshvara, the Handsome One) and his consort Minakshi (the Fish-Eyed One), stand about 150 feet tall. Rising in a series of tiers of diminishing size, they culminate in a barrel-vaulted roof with finials. The ornamentation is extremely rich, consisting of row after row of brightly painted stucco sculptures representing the vast pantheon of Hindu deities and a host of attendant figures. Reconsecration of the temple occurs at 12- year intervals, at which time the gopura sculptures receive a new coat of paint, which accounts for the vibrancy of their colors today. The Madurai Nayak temple complex also contains large and numerous mandapas, as well as great water tanks the worshipers use for ritual bathing.

Hasegawa Tohaku, Pine Forest, late sixteenth century, ink on paper

The screen serves multiple functions in japanese culture. Subdivided rooms, but also provided a backdrop. panels with lots of space are just as important as panels with lots of ink on them. because they're necessary for the composition.

Thomas Cole on landscapes

The single most impressive fact of america's landscape is it's wildness. The undefiled works of god, the mind is cast into the idea of eternal things. There's an urgency to capture the wilderness before mankind cultivates and industrializes the land. Many people looked to the US as a new Eden, experimental society trying to build a new system of governance. The ideology of manifest destiny, cultivation as part of evolution. Part of white man's destiny to civilize the west. Christian but it's a little bit broader than that.

Impact of the Enlightenment (the Age of Reason)

To examine traditional institutions and powers; question the great chain of being is mankind inherently good and therewfore only corrupted by society? (Rousseau)

Thomas Eakins

Used realism as empirical tool for truth. Took the painting of real things, real subjects, very seriously. Was a professor at the academy of art in Philidelphia, was so committed to having his students learn everything about nature. Lost his job because he lifted up the dress of a model in a studio so people would learn the anatomy of a leg.

landscape painting during romanticism

Used to be below portraiture and below genre. Nature became a worthy subject in art. The longing for the purity of nature, after people start seeing the industrial expansion of cities. Thought they would find value in nature instead of mankind. In painting landscapes you could speak to audiences in an entirely new way. Nature as worthy subject The longing for the purity of nature Mankind's relationship to nature A way to investigate non-narrative themes Address viewers directly but intuitively, emotionally.

Caspar David Friedrich, Abbey in the Oak Forest, 1800

Was a painter that only did landscapes, highly specialized and sought after for his landscapes. Painter of nothingness. A shift in attitude. Nationalist element, germany, and england. Landscape painters embraced the unique features of their nation. In the 19th century people pick their own landscapes. Underlying theme of humility in his work, nature teaches us to be humble before the works of god. Idea of the ruin, past is revoked, this fragment that reminds us of a time long past. The gothic style was seen as a distinct from the italian version of classicism. The choice of the oak tree, is for it's long standing associations. Remnant from the past. Very deliberate in his choice of tree, the oak predates christianity as a symbol of strength and endurance. Procession of monks lining up into a crumbled ruin. Shows a funerial march, and the state of man's soul. In his work you confront the abyss or humility that man is not in control.

Claude Monet, Impression" Sunrise, 1900

Was displayed at the first independent exhibit of the impressionists. Impressionists were sick of not being let into the salon. Artists didn't embrace the usage of the word impressionist. Critic thought that artists were insubstantial, that there work was unfinished and unskilled. Encaustic strokes resting on the canvas, hard to tell the difference between the reflections on the water and what's in the water. Task was to create and capture the effects of that moment and day.

Edouard Manet, Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), 1850

Was friends with most of the impressionists, looked to him as the father of impressionism. Every single time he was invited to the impressionist exhibits that didn't believe in the salon, he refused. Repeatedly would submit works to the salon, and repeatedly he ran into trouble. But he just kept at it no matter how many people made fun of his work. Where will my art fit one day in a museum. Submitted it into the salon, but was rejected. Still believed in the salon, so it sorta crushed him. So many people were rejected from the salon that they petitioned Napoleon the third, commanded the officers than ran his cultural affairs, to exhibit the rejected piece in the Salon des Refuses. Was hugely popuar, 7000 people a day attended. People gathered in huge crowds to laugh and jeer at the painting. Broke some conventions, but was absolutely thinking of art history. Was channeling the Venetian painters, who painted lots of idealized landscapes with nudes. The female model in the foreground is not nude, she's naked. Reminds us that maybe just a moment before something happened. Points at the prevalence of prostitution. The whole thing high-lighted the fact that it wasn't going to behave like a proper nude. Very flat figures, which was one of the aspects that was made fun off by critics.

Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1850

Was his lifelong mission for landscape to get respect. Even by 1840 the painting academy in London still upheld the fact that history painting was more important. his added historical narrative, weather, and strong brushwork that shows the drama of the paint itself. Sub-Genre that happens in romanticism with the storm-tossed boat. In 1839 a book came out that detailed a horrific event in the late 18th century. The owner of the ship realized he wouldn't be able to collect insurance on the sick slaves. But you could collect insurance if they fell into the water, so the slave owner threw the slaves overboard. Boat went down anyways with the horrific storm. he takes landscapes and weaves in a weather event, but implies anguish. Coined a special category for his landscape painting, historical sublime. When you're confronted with horror-inducing scenes or scenes of vast space or events of nature anything beyond comprehension is sublime. Very anti-classical composition with the line of light down the almost center. Viewer is dangling above the horrific spectacle. Would put himself into horrific weather conditions so he would know what it would feel like, and so he could see it first hand. Boundlessness in the way the viewer is placed in the scene.

Monet, Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun), 1900

Wasn't about capturing the cathedral, it's treated as a reflective surface that shows the color of the sun. Painted Rouen Cathedral 30 times, wasn't about creating a stable structure. In certain lighting conditions the limestone is transformed, and that it what monet is concerned with. Some people say his studies are the beginning of abstraction.

Thomas Jefferson

ambassador: widerly traveled, gentleman-architect, interested in natural sciences, erudite scholar, knowledge is verified independently, learned through doing. advocated that we should not use baroque style, but rather neo-classicism. Baroque style was associated with kings so neo-classicism broke away from the artiocracy, the language of early democratic forms. was important to him to reflect those values, and mirror social values of a democratic society. Had books on architecture, Palladio; Neo-Palladianism,

wabi sabi

an appreciation of simplicity and imperfections, embraces the idea of nothing lasts, nothing is finished, and nothing lasts forever. Influenced by zen buddism,

Cuvillies, Hall of Mirrors, The Amalienburg, Munich, 18th century

built as a summer retreat, famous palace. major aristocrats embrace it. publish designs. circular room. complexity of Rococo. organic forms snake up wall. relief, not flat. elastic, stretched. silver finish. pastel color shifts. mirrors play major role. lightness in space b/c has forms of nature. movement. incredible skill of carvers and craftsman. lush. rich. but designed for small, intimate gatherings.

rococo

decorative style, furniture, interior design, lamps, objects that inhabit the interior, comes from the word Rocaillle, which means pebble. Both depart from irregular natural forms, that have rough textures, iridiscent surfaces, associated w/ grottos, sensual references, new style coincides with increased demand for privacy in post Louis XIV era

Honore Daumier, Rue Transnonain, 1850, lithograph

extremely critical of the government, was in jail lots because of this. most of his images were diseminated in newspapers. Shows a horrific event form an 1830 revolution, similar to goya's work. Monarchy's military was marching through the streets and an anonymous sniper shot one of the soldiers on this street. So they stormed the apartment buildings and killed every single inhabitant. Shows the aftermath of the killings. Dead father covering a dead child, everyone dressed in sleepwear. Elderly man, younger man, child, female, no discrimination, utter act of brutality. Set it up so that we're witnesses to the scene. Lithograph wasn't really considered an artistic medium, but he wanted to spread his work decided it worked very well for his works. The process works on the principle of how oil and water do not mix. Wet the rest of the plate, ink is drawn to the grease but the water repels it. Images were more dangerous than text, because it reached illiterate people as well. And the meaning it implied was communicated immediately. Government was really worried about prints circulating in the streets, because they were worried about riots.

Impressionism

has a lot to do with the urban environment, lots of social and politcal changes were happening during this time. People wanted to escape the dense urban center. New forms of entertainment become accessible most classes. Could escape the city-life by looking at these scenes. Develop a new visual language to capture the effects and subjects of modern life. Refused to treat the surface of the painting as an illusion of three dimensional space.

hierarchy of genres

history painting portrait painting genre painting landscape still life

Vigee-Lebrun, Self-Portrait, 1800

is another variation of the "naturalistic" impulse in 18th-century French art. In this new mode of portraiture, she looks directly at viewers and pauses in her work to return their gaze. Although her mood is lighthearted and her costume's details echo the serpentine curve Rococo artists and wealthy patrons loved, nothing about her pose or her mood speaks of Rococo frivolity. Hers is the self-confident stance of a woman whose art has won her an independent role in her society. She portrayed herself in a close-up, intimate view at work on one of the portraits that won her renown, that of Queen Marie Antoinette (1755-1793). Like many of her contemporaries, she lived a life of extraordinary personal and economic independence, working for the nobility throughout Europe. She was famous for the force and grace of her portraits, especially those of highborn ladies and royalty.

Eugene Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1800

legible, clear, unambigous, opposites, smooth blended into the canvas, in neoclassicism you don't want to draw attention to your medium. very vivacious brushwork, lush colors, tactile in it's quality. Source of work was a piece of fiction from Lord Byron's work. Romanticism poet. Ancient Syrian kings were known for decadent lifestyles, well-stocked harem, lots of riches & jewels. Mostly was able to repel enemy attacks. He did not want his enemy to enjoy his goods. can be ambiguous or actually unpleasant. Anti-hero can be showns.

Courbet

trained in an alternate school because of the difficulty of getting into the academy. Said, "show me an angel, and I will paint one". Would show his art to push some buttons.

Neo-Classicism

movement that takes place in several different locations, has to do with a revival, bringing back classical art, meaning art of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, but it's done in a very different way. Very different orientation to the past, deep interest in history and their investment in it. it's a reconstruction being put together in bits and pieces. Discoveries in Baalbek syria, archeological digs as herculaneum and pompeii.

Chardin, Saying Grace, 1750, oil on canvas

not a super heavy handed narrative, telling a kind of moral, printed page had the added benefit of the captions, little boy is impatient and just wants to eat. Captures glowing light with amazing subtlety. Subject matter is humble and simple

Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 1800

typical portraiture focused on the social standing of the individual, not just exterior but also their inner state. capturing liveliness and natural poses. full-length portrait, painter that actually wanted to paint a different subject matter than what he became famous for. specialized in full-legth portraits outside. The figure in the portrait was a person of high status, that was also a singer soprano, eloped with a very famous politician in the countryside.

Hogarth, Breakfast Scene, from Marriage a la Mode, 1750

usually genre shows a modest domestic interior, in this piece the upper crust in their homes and they're not being held up as good examples, rather his approach used genre to expose greed corruption, especially among upper classes.

ukiyo-e prints

very affordable, easy to reproduce, were extremely popular because every class of citizen was able to afford

Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1700, oil on canvas

scale=modest. so called morceau de reception. isn't fit in category. made him his own: Fete Galante= galant outdoor gathering, ppl inside. not identifiable. well dressed figures. evokes mood. cythera= dates to classical poetry. island of love, statue of venus. no narrative. evoking a solemn gathering. ppl interacting = lighthearted. embracing. intimate. engaged. evocative brush work. lack of clarity and complexity. more about mood rather than narrative.

manga

scenes of everyday life, whimsical drawings, woodblock printing was used, images of a floating world

camera obscura

several individuals were feverishly experimenting with this device, shapes of leaves or traces of landscape. Image was never fixed or permanent, provisionally get a photograph, but couldn't capture it in any way. Was often used to trace and setup a composition.

Fragonard, The Swing, 1750, oil on canvas

small scale. cabinet picture= hang in private quarters. lover looking up her dress. wink wink. man of church doesn't know. statue saying shhh. work about= not narrative= pure visual, sensual delight and making fun of clergy. no deep seated moral. Rococo about erotic pleasure. high degree of skill in texture and light (silver) mist like space. Rococo- embraces artificiality. nature put through prism to highlight erotic content.

salon culture

speaks of new social gatherings, rather than formal pomp and circumstance. the salon is usually in a person's home and is about the art of conversation. about the interaction between individuals.

Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare, 1800, oil on canvas

sublime Originally trained to go into the church, very broadly trained. Moved to England where Sir Joshua Reynolds encouraged him to go into painting full time. Sir Joshua Reynolds published the discourses on art and was the first president of the painting academy in London. Reynolds upheld grand manner painting, He picked very different topics. A way of explaining sleep paralysis, visual manifestation of this woman's turmoil. Critters called Mara, the demon like creature sitting on her chest. Came to people at night when they're not fully concious. Demonic expression, horse, even vein is kind of electrified. Mare bursting through, Using the body in a certain way to display the idea of a nightmare with body gesture. expressing mental views through gestural poses. He is using the pose to convey similar ideas. What happens to you in a physical and emotional state where you are excercising no control.

woodblock printing

the areas that you see printed stick up from that surface, a relief style of printing.

Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1850

very very large scale (23 ft long), shown at the salon, viewers were a bit unnerved by the imagery. Villagers dressed in their sunday best, gravedigger kneeling down looking at the priest reading the official sacrament when you bury some one. Men in red known as deedles. Mood that not many people really care about the person that has died. Boredom is shown in the expressions of the faces, not even the dog is paying attention. Playing into the fact that it's an everday ordeal that they're going through. Calculated attempt to not make this an uplifting painting, wanted to show an everyday event that took place in Ornan. A dull and monotonous look, and people were a bit infuriated by this picture, because viewers felt like he wasn't delivering to what viewers were used to from history paintings.

Chardin

who was influenced by these aspects of art? -art that is deemed more "natural" -art with a moral component

Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, from Thirty-Six views of Mount Fuji, 1800

woodblock part of series of 36. among first to use imported colors. stylized wave, like hand coming off. decorative curves of waves. fishermen in boat. detail in background-texture on woodblock text. calligraphy. mt. fuji in background.