Art History Final

A post-World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s; The varied work produced by the Abstract Expressionists resists definition as a cohesive style; instead, these artists shared an interest in using abstraction to convey strong emotional or expressive content

Abstract Expressionism

The traditional blanket designation for European art from 1600-1750. The stylistic term Baroque, which describes art that features dramatic theatricality and elaborate ornamentation in contrast to the simplicity and orderly rationality of Renaissance art, is most appropriately applied to Italian art of this period.

Baroque

an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century; in Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context

Cubism

the style and techniques of a group of artists, writers, etc., of the early 20th century who exploited accidental and incongruous effects in their work and who programmatically challenged established canons of art, thought, morality, etc.

Dada

a loose group of early twentieth-century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism

Fauvism

A New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the United States. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration, and the largest of the New Deal art projects. It was created not as a cultural activity but as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photography, theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The WPA Federal Art Project established more than 100 community art centers throughout the country, researched and documented American design, commissioned a significant body of public art without restriction to content or subject matter, and sustained some 10,000 artists and craft workers during the Great Depression

Federal Art Project (Works Progress Administration)

an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized speed, technology, youth, and violence, and objects such as the car, the aeroplane, and the industrial city.

Futurism (NOT ON TEST)

a number of related creative movements beginning in Germany before the First World War that reached a peak in Berlin during the 1920s. These developments in Germany were part of a larger Expressionist movement in north and central European culture in fields such as architecture, dance, painting, sculpture, as well as cinema

German Expressionism

The name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars. Many had come from the South, fleeing its oppressive caste system in order to find a place where they could freely express their talents.

Harlem Renaissance

1839

Invention of photography

1793-1794, a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins (jacobins) and The Mountain, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution". The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris), and another 25,000 in summary executions across France.

Jacobins/The Reign of Terror

French word for fascination with things from Japan; the influence of Japanese art, fashion and aesthetics on Western culture

Japonisme

he promotion of, mural painting starting in the 1920s, generally with social and political messages as part of efforts to reunify the country under the post Mexican Revolution government; From the 1920s to about 1970s a large number of murals with nationalistic, social and political messages were created on public buildings, starting a tradition which continues to this day in Mexico and has had impact in other parts of the Americas, including the United States where it served as inspiration for the Chicano art movement

Mexican Muralism

a style that uses pared-down design elements; Minimalism in the arts began in post-World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s; It derives from the reductive aspects of Modernism and is often interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism and a bridge to postminimal art practices.

Minimalism

Modernity/Modernism in art history: Begins around the mid 1850s, big developments around the world in the mid-19th century, stems from Industrialization, ideology of Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, railroad boom, cars, steamships, telegraphs/telephone, radio, electricity (1860s-1870s) Nothing is stable and fixed: Even human beings! (evolution), world is rapidly changing, no sense of tangibility, fixed reality Modernity: art calling attention to itself as art Artists create their own vision of the world, not perfect reflections of the real world Willingness to admit that art is artificial, a construct--people become more cynical, skeptical, empirical What is reality?

Modernism (art-historical)

NOT ON TEST Artist: Umberto Boccioni Name: Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Date: 1913 Art Style/Period: Futurism Type: Facts:

NOT ON TEST

1769-1821, Gains celebrity in the early 1790s, gains fame from his revolutionary military campaigns In 1799, Napoleon stages a coup and takes over the French government from the Directory, becomes the First Consul of the New French Consulate (borrowing from Rome) Consulate lasts from 1799-1804, when Napoleon declares himself/crowns himself Emperor (kidnaps/invites the Pope to his coronation) Napoleon kicked out of France, and then he comes back 100 days in 1815, and then he's kicked out for good Napoleon is a master of using the visual for his own purposes: Dominique-Vivant Denon is the "architect" of Napoleon's image and overseer of arts under Napoleon; helped garner support for propagandistic efforts Under Denon, artists "fashioned" the image and created the myth of Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte

A movement with audio, visual and literary manifestations that had similarities in method or intent with earlier Dada artwork; Neo-Dada was exemplified by its use of modern materials, popular imagery, and absurdist contrast

Neo-Dada

an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and the late 1950s in the United States; a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising and news. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, and/or combined with unrelated material; Pop art employs aspects of mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects. One of its aims is to use images of popular (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques.

Pop Art

idealism of a preindustrial world and fictional subjects

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in England

ordinary manufactured objects that the artist selected and modified, as an antidote to what he called "retinal art". By simply choosing the object (or objects) and repositioning or joining, titling and signing it, the Found object became art.

Readymade

An American realist modern art movement that included paintings, murals, lithographs, and illustrations depicting realistic scenes of rural and small town America primarily in the midwest and deep south. It arose in the 1930s as a response to the Great Depression, and ended in the 1940s due to the end of World War II and a lack of development within the movement. It reached its height of popularity from 1930 to 1935 because it was widely appreciated for its reassuring images of the American heartland during the Great Depression. Despite major stylistic differences between specific Regionalist artists, Regionalist art in general was in a relatively conservative and traditionalist style that appealed popular American sensibilities, while strictly opposing the perceived domination of French art.

Regionalism

A style, primarily of interior design, that appeared in France around 1700. Rococo interiors featured lavish decoration, including small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, easel paintings, tapestries, wall paintings, reliefs, and elegant furniture.

Rococo

artwork created to exist in a certain place. Typically, the artist takes the location into account while planning and creating the artwork

Site-Specific Art

Social Realism is a naturalistic realism focusing specifically on social issues and the hardships of everyday life. The term usually refers to the urban American Scene artists of the Depression era, who were greatly influenced by the Ashcan School of early 20th century New York.

Social realism

1808-1814, Peninsular War, Spanish Guerra de la Independencia ("War of Independence"), Peninsular War: the part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces. Napoleon's peninsula struggle contributed considerably to his eventual downfall; but until 1813 the conflict in Spain and Portugal, though costly, exercised only an indirect effect upon the progress of French affairs in central and eastern Europe. The war in the Peninsula did interest the British, because their army made no other important contribution to the war on the continent between 1793 and 1814; the war, too, made the fortunes of the British commander Arthur Wellesley, afterward duke of Wellington.

Spanish War of Independence

a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.

Surrealism

negative and positive image impressed onto paper

calotype

a unique image impressed onto a copper plate

daguerrotype

a phrase borrowed from the French equivalent meaning "open (in full) air". It is particularly used to describe the act of painting outdoors, also called French: peinture sur le motif ("painting of the object(s) or what the eye actually sees"), where a painter reproduces the actual visual conditions seen at the time of the painting. This method contrasts with studio painting or academic rules; those might create a predetermined look

en plein air

French for "amorous festival," a type of Rococo painting depicting the outdoor amusements of French upper-class society

fête galante

invented by Alois Senefelder in 1798, a print method of mass printing/reproducing text/artwork onto paper for mass consumption

lithography

A technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism. The term "Pointillism" was first coined by art critics in the late 1880s to ridicule the works of these artists, and is now used without its earlier mocking connotation

pointilism

the Salon, an annual exhibition of works of art by living artists, originally held at the Salon d'Apollon: it became, during the 19th century, the focal point of artistic controversy and was identified with academicism and official hostility to progress in art

salon (art-historical)

Painting in the "shadowy manner," using violent contrasts of light and dark, as in the work of Caravaggio.

tenebrism

Latin, "vanity." A term describing paintings (particularly 17th century Dutch still lives) that include references to death

vanitas