Art History Final

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Signboard of Gersaint, 18th century

A lot of different things happen; people packaging paintings, people painting, people looking at paintings, people talking, Earthy and pastel tones Linear perspective with the tiles Almost like a divide down the center with two different scenes on each side Very grand, luxurious clothing Paintings in paintings Almost feel like the audience is across the street looking in Juxtaposition between the interior and exterior space Sense of invitation to go in People behind counter selling jewlery maybe Watteau depicting a shift in visual arts at this time Art no longer sold exclusively by commision/patronage as finery shops began to open up which offer a different model for members of nobility to obtain art Includes part of the street to emphasize that these shops were open to nyone (who could afford)

Tronie vs. Portrait

A tronie is a sort of character type, aka, the person in the image is not represented as themselves. A portrait is a real person that once lived; the person is captured as themselves. (Rembrandt paints a lot of tronies of himself)

Rembrandt A Woman Bathing in a Stream (Hendrickje Stoffels) 17th century

Able to capture light, shadow and volume even with the much looser style Tactility still there even though he is so rough with the paint New style not very well received by the public

Benvenuto Cellini, Salt Cellar, 16th Century

Also in the collection of King Francis I Characterized by its extreme extravagance, flamboyance, and elegance Poses very exaggerated Two figures are of gods of land and sea, still an interest in antiquity, Juxtaposition of land and sea parallels the contrast between salt and pepper Salt was a product created through the mixture of both land and sea

Bronzino, An Allegory with venus and Cupid, 16th century

Ambiguity turns to straight confusion Meant to start a conversation Disturbing erotism and incestuous Aloofness showed through the coolness of the shadows Venus characterized by her golden apple Zigzag of body positions, reflects the zigzagging the audience eyes has to do looking at this piece May represent the consequences of indulgence For an elite audience and was commissioned by King Francis I

Jacques-Louis David Death of Marat 18th century

Bringing stylistic characteristics of neoclassicm into contemporary ideas Marat was a revolutionary journalist and he is killed in 1793 by a woman who is a royalist and sets out to assanate him through deciet Had skin condition so had to spend a lot of time in baths and converted bath into almost a desk David paints marat in the most private vulnerability and in a setting of production through his writing Skin is almost flawless and glowing which isnt what you would expect from someone with a skin condition Idealized version of marat even though he had just been stabbed Interest in idealizing the body and romatacising the feelings Era of the enlightenment which brings scientific observation to the forefront Culturally people begin to put less faith in religion and the monarchy and mor faith in science Scienec struggles to explain emotion and spiritual philosophy Romanticism s a response to the emotional/spiritual void that came iwth the enlightenment Quoting the work of caravagio in the hanging arm and quoting michelangelo's pieta Its a way for david to frame marat as a modern day political mardar Offers alternative to spirituality that had been monopolized by religioun Emphasizing violence and that he is killed not just for being a revolutionary but also that he was killed because of his kindness and devituion to sevre the cause

Diego Quispe Tito, The Last Judgement, 17th centry

Churches need images which means a new wave of painters and guilds are created Indiginous painters are very good and intimidate the colonizers Tito is an indgiginous painter Insane amounts of complexity and detail Text would have been appealing to the few who can read The text is used to divide the image

Peter Paul Rubens, The Raising of the Cross, 17th century

Churches needed new art after it was all gotten rid of very large altarpiece Was able to pull off this scale because he married into money which allowed him to build a large Italian-style art room Had many assistants to help him produce very large and complicated pieces Reflects Italian style by the range of poses, focus on anatomy, portraying weight in figures Feels baroque by the intentional use of diagonal to create a sense of instability, the selection of the moment that creates tension and action, and the use of tenebrism

El Greco, Adoration of the Shepherds, 17th cetury

Comes at the time of the counter reformation, a time in which the church doubled down on the importance of images and that all images about the church should be very clear Still trying to to maintain the freedom in their work El greco very highly characterized by extremely long figures Light has nothing to do with natural light Background very ambiguous Figures have almost a water body, not conveying a body that feels it has weight and mass Bodys feel fluid and expressive → real interest in exploring what you can do when leaving naturalism Maintains a sense of clarity in what the scene is actually portraying Catholic church so interested in the use of images for education as it is after the invasion of America so they are interested in conquering this new region; leaving europe to see how western art is used to convert the native Americans to catholicism

Nicolas Poussin, Saints Peter and John Healing the Lame Man, 17th century

Depicting people in clothing from other times Heavy ficus of horizontals and vertices to establish stability, unlike rococo Pulls heavily from the school of athens Bold vibrant primary colors

Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the "Medusa", 17'5" x 23'7", 19th century

Depicts a raft full of people in rough seas Medusa was a ship carrying colonists for senegal 150 people are to take refuge on shotty raft while elite passengers get to take lifeboats Almost everybody aboard dies Of the 10 that survive they share stories of killing men to conserve enegry and people eating eachother The whole work is a critism of the aristocracy for dooming all of these people History painting that unlike other history paintings are all common people not famous historical figures Not like other historical paintings because it is not a heroic event Framing makes it feel like we are aboard the raft Piule of people forms a pyramid desperately trying to get the attention of people on a ship far away Metaphor for france that france right now is a hot mess just havinggone through revolution and now their problems a re still struggling but there is hope Man at the top is a black senegalese man which reminds us that it is often those who occupy the margins of society who are the ones who actually are the ones who actually create change in society Huge physically

Miguel Cabrera Altarpiece of the Virgin of Guadalupe with Saint John the Baptist, Fray Juan de Zumárraga and Juan Diego 18th century

Grafting catholic/ european ideals overtop of the already established indiginous landscape Painting in a painting

Rembrandt, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, 17th century

Group portraits were very popular at the time Group portraits usually have a very clear sense of hierarchy but rembrandt turns this group portrait into a narrative painting Dissections now a welcomed way of learning about the human body Different eye directions keeps our eye moving

Cuzco School Painter Our Lady of Cocharcas 17th century

Indigious granted to start their own guild which allows them to have their own innovative style Another virgin image, she is absolutely collasal A lot of attention to surface detail Almost bruegel style Depicts an image of an image of the virgin mary (kinds of scultures that would be installed in churches) Mary is extremely triangular; by inhabiting triangular form, it portrays her as thus almost mountainous figure Mountains were viewed as dietys of the andean religion Conflatiuon between what the virgin mary means and what the earth means to the andeans

Anonymous Cuzco Painter The Coronation of the Virgin by the Holy Trinity 18th Century

Inspired by a european painting of the same subject Concept of three in one is also in the andean culture Precedent for the concept An attempt to clarify the idea of three in one Three figures still have identifying characteristics

Luis de Riaño, The Paths to Heaven and Hell, San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas, c. 17th century

Interest in creating an immersive environment Last judgement depicted as if ur actions directly effect you which helps people make better choices Passing through the mural which makes you confront your choices Based off a flemish engraving

San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas, Peru, 16th century

Looks very modest Encased by mountains Spanish style church out of adobe Looks modest on the outside but the inside is inanely detial and covered in gold Very baroque style of architectural sculpture One of ultimate dieties is the sun so the gold brings in a sense of divinity to this sacred place Church uses local indiginous techniques

Caravaggio, Martyrdom of St. Matthew, very end of 16th century

Matthew almost being trampled by a soldier about to be killed Captures this moment of tension Approach is to capture the scene so closely cropped that we have little background and we feel like a witness

Rembrandt Aristotle with a Bust of Homer 17th century

Meditation on fame and success Style gets rougher as her ages; style still doesnt sacrifice anything in the way of naturalism

Rembrandt, The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (aka "The Night Watch"), 17th century

Militias at this time werent super active in wars, more enthusiast club Rembrandt though it would be appealing to display these people in action They dont like the painting, not what they were expecting Everyone is kind of in shadow and there is a lot of chaos Unclear who is who, which is not what the commissioner wanted Rembrandt pushes his career past the mainstream, which ends up hurting his income

Caravaggio The Entombment 17th century

Moment after Christ has been taken off the cross Cinematic lighting, verys harp lighting and definition Using an almost artificial lighting with hyperrealism You can feel the weight of the bodies Loose information with shadow but gain perspective Christ figure almost feels like he is about to be dropped, adding weight and tension

Rembrandt, Portrait of Nicolaes Ruts, 17th century

More of a real person rather than a tronie Shows why he is able to establish himself as one of the best portraits Very attentive and engaging with the viewer Appears a little bit grumpy, impatience, intimidating Was a buisnessman and was doing well at the time; commanding of that industry Able to capture not only humanity but also his inner state Tendency to capture people as if they were caught in a moment, sense of urgency Very successful at promoting this brand and style so its often hard to tell whether a painting was actually done by him, his workshop, or someone who was just following the style

Rembrandt, Portrait of the Shipbuilder and His Wife, 17th century

Much more candid in the moment; a real moment rather than posed Capturing the dynamic of the people Sense of a couple that supports eachother/ workswell together

Antonio Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus, 19th centry

Napoleans sister marrys italian man and commissions this sculpture to be made of marble (antiquity) Wants to be represented as venus (antiquity) Holding apple like venus Not venus of antiquity more so the venus of renaissance Venus ends up being a code of a female erotic nude

Cuzco School Painter Trifacial Trinity 18th Century

One body with three distinct faces to convey the idea of three in one

Pontormo, Entombment, 16th century

One of the earliest mannerist paintings (a style characterized by its departure from high renaissance) No sense of weight, perspective, correct anatomy, or an illusion of space Exaggeration of anatomy emphasizes this departure from high renaissance Composition is a circle to keep the eye moving Some say the people are lowering christ onto the ledge of the chapel that the painting is actually in, playing with the idea of physical space Color palette does not aim to portray natural light

Bernini, David, 17th century

One of the early baroque works Considered to be one of Italy's greatest sculptures and architects in Italy during the baroque period Inserting himself in this centuries-long conversation about depicting this subject matter Bernini's sculpture feels very lively and feels like it is actually moving The whole energy of the piece seems to be alive Chooses to capture David in the mist powerful instance Sculpture has multiple viewpoints (need to walk around to really appreciate) Interest in wanting to push past what has accomplished the renaissance (goes back towards naturalism but more realism, energy, and drama) Bernini studied ancient greek statues to understand how to capture movement, however, heightens the movement and adds drama (especially in the face) Uses a real face that is imperfect and flawed, he is tapping further into that sense of visceral reality - adding to its lifelike quality

Bernardo Bitti, Coronation of the Virgin, 16th Century

Painting about importance of virginity Holy trinity crowning the virgin mary as the queen of heaven Trying hard to convey the awkward idea that god is 3 but also one to a population that believes in different things

Parmigianino, Madonna with the Long Neck, 16th century

Paints classic themes in a new way Not accurate proportions, steering away from high renaissance Reference to michelangelos pieta with the position Anatomy was perfected during the high renaissance so by purposefully altering the anatomy, they are are heightening this extreme elegance Limbs are impossibly long and positions for the sole purpose of adding drama Bold lighting almost feels like a play/ stage light Not trying to depict figures in an earthly relatable way

Virgin of Guadalupe 16th century

Parallel figure to the virgin mary Story goes that juan diego was walking on a hill had an apparition where he saw her and then she told him to ask for a shrine to be built in her honor, bishop didnt believe her so she asked him to pick rose (which were out of season) to give to bishop and then an Acheiropoieta was created of the virgin

Judith Leyster Self-Portrait 17th century

People often mistook judiths work for frand hals because they were so similar Only realized it was judith once it was cleaned Once again rare for a woman to be successful Popular for her genre paintings; seen painting one of these genre paintings that she is known for Her brush and palette parallel the violin and the bow Baroque by the diagonals, the freeze frame moment, and the drama especially in the clothing Captures her almost as if she has just been interrupted Delivering almost an inside joke with what she is wearing Painting paint with paint

Rembrandt Woman Wearing a Gold Chain, 17th century

Personality is the focal point of the painting

Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, very end of 16th century

Places the biblical scene in a contemporary setting of a sketchy tavern in Rome Figures are also dressing in the clothing of contemporary rome The church is trying to reach the people in those sketchy taverns and bring them into the church, which is why it is set in contemporary Almost done even see cgrist at all Not a very powerful point, a sort of peculiarity to it, very directly quoting Michelangelo's gesture in The creation of Adam Light being used as a symbol for the presence of Christ

Rembrandt Man in a Turban 17th century

Portrait study that inspired the look of the main figure in balshazzars feast Extremely lifelike but not representative of who the person really is Portrait made o look exotic and other Exotic subjects are more popular now that more trade is taking place

kinsantin

Quechua* term meaning "three together as one" *Quechua is an indigenous language of South America, and served as the official language of the Inka Empire.

Judith Leyster The Merry Trio 17th century

Quoting this work in her self portrait

Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 18th century

Really brings neoclassism into the mainstream Antithesis of rococo Bold primary colors against stonework unlike pastels of rococo Symbol of the revolution which is ironic bc the wirk was commissioned by king louis 16th Painting depicts story of border dispute in which three sons from each country will fight to the death to settle the dispute Three brothers pledging the oath to their father with courage and oyalty Very stable stances Women are collapsing in their grief which refernces the intermarriages of the city states Risk your life for the greater good

Frans Hals Catharina Hooft and her Nurse 17th century

Separating from the church and from Spain Rising middle to upper class and what they really want is portraits Baroquness seen through the drama of the outfit and the clear diagonal line Being presented as if she is already a member of high society Desire to capture humanity in portraits and the brightness of their personality Almost like photorealism in dutch portraiture

Sfumato vs. Tenebrism

Sfumato is a technique that creates smoky shadows that gradually transition. Tenebrism, on the otherhand, is categorized by its harsh edges and lack of transition from shadow to highlight. Tenebrism creates the drama that is often found in baroque style art.

Diego Velázquez, Waterseller of Seville 17th century

Spain setting colonial roots in America Spain becomes very wealthy through looting and raiding of silver and gold mines Genre Painting- a painting of nothing really in particular just a painting of things Watersellers stereotyped as cheats but valasquez chooses to depict water seller as almost monumental Whole scene has a sense of integrity and trustworthiness to it No sense of direct engagement with the viewer Most compelling part of the painting ist he objects; allows painters to show just how good they rae at painting Tremendous focus on the texture Very inspired by the northern renaissance artists and their attention to detail and surface texture

Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus with the Head of Medusa, 16th century

Subject matter refers back to antiquity Perseus stands on medusas dead, mangled body; juxtaposes the violence of the action and the beauty of the male nude Created through a Lost-wax casting: a technique that was used all over the world where the sculpture would first be carved in clay then covered in wax and then encased in clay to make a mold. The wax is melted leaving a cavity and then is filled with some sort of metal Was told he would not be able to make the sculpture but added pewter and made the flame hotter to make the metal more liquidy Statue stands next to the david and hercules, almost as if the medusa head turned them into statues; represents how the medici family has once again defeated the republic Medici were able to take the power away from the david

Miguel Cabrera, Virgin of the Apocalypse, 18th century

Sun is almost embracing her Squashing dragon head with her foot Has no reflection Chooses to clothe her is blue and white (parallels the virgin mary but not her) Interpreted as being the personification of the catholic church and the birth of her child symbolized the birth of christianity Defeat of dragon may be defeat of aztec empire Very closely resembles european paintings, especially Peter Paul Ruben's Woman of the Apocalypse Similar to european style based on dynamic poses and diagonal lines yet cabrera's fits more comfortably in the landscape in the space it occupies Americas results in artists that pick and choose from different aspects of all the art in the americas Renaissance grace and beauty mixed with theatrical drama of the baroque Virgin of the apocalypse inform how the virgin of guadalupe is percieved, always framed in this radiant glow with a blue mantle

Artemisia Gentileschi, Susannah and the Elders 17th century

Susannah is a young lady bathing alone when she is accosted by two lude men and they blackmail her into having sex with them Men typically focus on the sexual appeal of sussanah however, she paints it in a way that the men are in the wrong Very gaurded, almost trying to cover herself up, vulnerable Artemisia was raped by her painting instructor, very familiar with this kind of treatment, relatablility to this subject matter takes her piece to the next level Sort of shame about what savannah is doing even though she is doing nothing wrong Woman very rarely become artists

Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, The Corano Chapel, 17th century

Tasked with designing the chapel exterior as well as creating the altarpiece St. Teresa was a nun and a mystic who wrote about her experiences in an autobiography (talking about her rapture and levitation) St. Teresa describes her moment of ecstasy as similar to an orgasm which is how Bernini depicts it Representation puts forward her emotional state No visible base to the sculpture which makes it feel like its levitating Gold striation bathes the whole sculpture in this divine light cleverly tucks a skylight by the olden beams so that natural sunlight comes down where the divided light is

Bernini, Cornaro Chapel Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, 17th century

The masterpiece in the Cornaro Chapel, to the left of the altar, is Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Scipione's favored sculptor, Bernini. The statues depict a moment as described by Saint Teresa of Avila in her autobiography, where she had the vivid vision of a Seraph piercing her heart with a golden shaft, causing her both immense joy and pain. The flowing robes and contorted posture abandon classical restraint and repose to depict a more passionate, almost voluptuous trance. Although artistically a tour de force, nonetheless, during Bernini's lifetime and in the centuries following till this very day, Bernini's Saint Teresa has been accused of crossing a line of decency by sexualizing the visual depiction of the saint's experience, to a degree that no artist, before or after Bernini, dared to do: in depicting her at an impossibly young chronological age, as an idealized delicate beauty, in a semi-prostrate position with her mouth open and her legs splayed-apart, her wimple coming undone, with prominently displayed bare feet (Discalced Carmelites, for modesty, always wore sandals with heavy stockings) and with the seraph "undressing" her by (unnecessarily) parting her mantle to penetrate her heart with his arrow.[4][5]

Jean-Honoré Fragonard The Swing, 18th century

Theme of love and flirtation very typical of rococo See influence of baroque because of diagonal and and the theatrical drama Rococo are not paintings meant to challenger he viewer Commissioner wanted a painting that wanted to be viewed as sexually explicit Woman is very elegantly dressed but shes kicking her legs which givs the guy on the ground a very intimate view Statue of cupid with figer to mouth like its a secret Economic hardships are hitting the rest of society very hard but yet the aristocracy is so cut off from this reality

Jacques-Louis David, Death of Socrates, 18th century

Using subject matter fromantiquity and in a style of antiquity Recounts howbc socrates was spreading ideals that were contrary from what the athenian empire wanted they imprisoned him and gave him an ultimatum Rather die than stay quiet which emphasizes the spirit behind the french revolution Idealizd physique

Diego Velázquez Las Meninas 17th century

Velazquez paints himself into the painting A sort of genre painting of the royal family Tremendous focus on the act of looking in this painting If you crop into the princess margarit it is exactly what a classic portrait would look like Painting is kind of a portrait of her The surface texture of the back painting/ mirror is very different than the painting it surrounds which mounts to the idea that it is a mirror The people in teh mirror ar the people getting their portrait painted Portraits of people in the mirror are portraits of people he has already painted portraits of Similar to the arnolfini duble portrait, painting in the collection of the spanish, velazsquez engaging in this conversation with jan van eyck Whole work is this meditation on painting, looking, portrait, genre scenes Painting is really about the complexity of the act of painting

Peter Paul Rubens Self-Portrait with Isabella Brandt 17th century

Very detailed clothing; a lot of lace which is important to dutch fashion Depicting the intimacy of their relationship Ruben was able to launch a very ambitious painting career

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes 17th century

Very dramatic scene, emphasizing the brutalitity and violence Family presses charges which results in a very messy trial- put under pain while giving testimony which adds more trauma You can see the passion in Judiths expression, very determined and not trying to maintain her daintyness Maid is much less passive in this depiction and the rolled up sleeves make her feel like she is actively helping

Peter Paul Rubens Henry IV Receiving the Portrait of Marie de'Medici 17th century

Very skilled at getting the attention of high-profile persons The Queen of France commissioned 24 enormous paintings of her life Marriages are political and arranged and this is the moment he is seeing what she looks like for the first time Angels presenting the picture of Marie (cupid and himin) Jupiter and his wife (two of the highest gods of roman mythology) look down approvingly, paralleling intimacy The personification of France dressed in France pushing henry toward the portrait Henry takes off his helmet and shield (franc in one war after another at this time); being told to turn away from war and turn towards other ways of finding alliances Framed as though this is a marriage of love Marie is literally an object in this work (being objectified); she sees this as a key moment in her life Commissions crafts a narrative of her role in Frances's history She feels just as lifelike and present as the other figures also looks straight out at the figure Occupies the dead center of the painting (imbues her as a sentient being and hse is control) Queen Marie becomes sole monarch over france fro about 7 years before her son was of age in a time where women were not allowed to have power Commenting on her role in holding power

genre painting

painting in which scenes of everyday life are depicted

iconoclasm

the action of attacking or assertively rejecting cherished beliefs and institutions or established values and practices.