ARTH 103 Exam 3

Breakfast Scene (from Marriage a la Mode), by William Hogarth, 1745

(Enlightenment Style) Beginning of a popular British style: political satire "Marriage in the moment" Marriage that isn't for love but to get you ahead (money/image/etc) Shows a young couple having breakfast but their house is a mess This is after a night of them both going their separate ways (probably being unfaithful) Man has a mark on his neck that shows he has syphilis The butler has a huge pile of bills that aren't paid

Village Bride, by Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, 1761

(Enlightenment Style) Example of genre painting Wedding scene Father is handing off the dowry and the person on the right is notarizing (validating) the wedding Everyone's serious to show how important marriage is

A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery, by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1763-1765

(Enlightenment Style) Shows tenebrism in Caravaggio's style Conversion though is to science rather than religion

Paul Revere, by John Singleton Copley, 1768-1770

(Enlightenment Style) This was painted before Revere became famous Showed that the idea of nobility/power was not tied to birthright but instead of their image Revere is wearing an American made shirt to show his support for the Revolution

Royal ancestral altar of King Eweka II, palace in Benin City Nigeria

(From Africa) Clay, copper alloy, wood, and ivory All of these objects represent actions/characteristics of the King Everything is considered sacred The central figure represents the current king Smaller figures on either side of him represent attendants Shows hierarchic scale Proportions of figures differ to represent who's more important Figures on base of current king represent ancestors Not many of these shrines exist today

Reliquary Guardian figure (bieri), late 19th century

(From Africa) Reliquary held bones of the ancestors/relics of importance (container underneath) They were meant for protection and to oversee their descendents Bieri figures sat on top to ward off people from opening the reliquary

Olowe of Ise, doors from the King's shrine in the Royal Palace, 1910-1914

(From Africa) Shows narrative of British rule and invasion in Africa The king is being carried and is slightly bigger than the rest

Ophelia, Study No.2 , Julia Cameron, 1867

(From Early Photography) Both of these photos deal with portrait photography which was one of the most popular form of photography This one is more imaginative, Cameron would put her subjects into costumes

Still Life in Studio, by Daguerre, 1837

(From Early Photography) First successful daguerreotype Staked a claim that photography is an artform

Oath of the Hortaii, by Jacques-Louis David, 1784

(From Neoclassicism) Based on a Roman play where Rome was in a border dispute with Alba Three warriors from each side have to fight and are swearing an oath that they will fight to the death Shows that they are putting their duty over their families and personal desires On the right side are the women who are mourning

George Washington, by Jean-Antoine Houdon, 1788-1792

(From Neoclassicism) Considered to be the most accurate representation because the sculptor visited Washington and took his measurements Classical elements: Contrapposto pose Leaning on a bundle of 13 rods (represents original 13 states) Wearing contemporary clothes but he's missing a button on his coat (realism)

Rotunda and Lawn at UVA, by Thomas Jefferson, 1819-1826

(From Neoclassicism) Jefferson created UVA to make a more secular school for people to attend Promotes the importance of knowledge Provides housing for faculty and students in a central "village" (right and left sides) Jefferson based his rotunda on the Pantheon in Rome

Arc de Triomphe, by Jean Francois Therese Chalgrin, 1806-1836

(From Neoclassicism) Napoleon had this built to demonstrate his military prowess and everything that he did This shows how influenced Napoleon was by Classical elements Has names of soldiers carved into it as well (kind of like a tomb of the unknown soldiers)

Row of Moai on a stone platform, in Ahu Tongariki on Easter Island, 1200-1500

(From Oceania) Abstract, stylized human Thought to embody spirits of ancestors Oversees the actions/activities of the current village Will protect as long as they are honored

Ngatu with manulua designs, by Mele Sitani, by the Tonga people in Polynesia, 1967

(From Oceania) Example of barkcloth (woven fabric) Made primarily by women (they were forbidden to handle hard materials)

The Stone Breakers, by Gustave Courbet, 1849

(From Realism) Courbet was not liked by the Academy for his subject matter Created a private exhibition of his works Shows two regular people creating a road Tattered clothing, poor lunch This painting was created on the rising of riots between workers and employers Courbet was giving them a voice

Rue Transnonain, April 15, 1834, by Honore Daumier, 1834

(From Realism) During an uprising, a guard was shot and killed The other guards went into a tenement home and murdered everyone there (women, children, etc) This was a true event that french media tried to get a hold of these prints and destroy them

Sublime

(From Romanticism) Awe mixed with terror; or an experience of fascination and fear simultaneously

The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on), by J.M.W. Turner, 1840

(From Romanticism) Based on a real event where slavers on a ship threw over the sick and dying slaves when supplies were running low They had taken insurance out on the slaves who were lost at sea, so he made sure they were lost at sea Example of the sublime The figures in the sea were slaves, sea animals that are circling them, and even cocker spaniels

Raft of the Medusa, by Theodore Gericault, 1818-1819

(From Romanticism) Based on a true event in 1816 Medusa was a french ship carrying men and colonists to an African colony Ship struck a sandbank and they were stranded A storm came along and they had to abandon ship Not enough lifeboats so they had to make a raft The life boats, driven by the Captain and crew members, cut the ropes that was carrying this raft Out of 147 people, only 15 survived This painting shows the survivors on the raft floating around The moment is where they see a rescue ship in the distance Somber colors, emphasises torment of the sea Political painting, blames the captain for all of these people's death Shows heroism but not in the typical way

Third of May, by Francisco Goya 1808, 1814-1815

(From Romanticism) Goya was a spanish painter Napoleon went to Spain and wanted to take it over This shows the execution of Spanish soldiers by Napoleon's men Shows suffering of death and how it affects other

The Oxbow, by Thomas Cole, 1836

(From Romanticism) Shows the idea of Manifest Destiny where people were moving west

The Nightmare, by John Henry Fuseli, 1781

(From Romanticism) Woman is sprawled out asleep Demon (called an incubus) is sitting on her chest Said to prey on women and suffocate them Strange composition that had a lot of people interested The horse in the background with glowing eyes supposed to add to the weirdness Dark background

Great Temple (Templo Mayor), Tenochtitlan, 1400-1500

(From the Native Americas) Built numerous time but nothing was ever torn down, they just build on top of/around the original There were 7 iterations This temple was dedicated to the gods The top of the stairs was used for human sacrifices The victim were pushed down the stairs to land on a disc, inscribed with a picture of a god/goddess, to appease them

The Founding of Tenichtitlan, frontispiece of Codex Mendoza, 1541-1542

(From the Native Americas) Ink and color on paper Charles the V wanted Mendoza to make this codex and document the history of the Aztec people The people were probable coerced into making this for him Most of these codex pages would have pictures and not words Each founder of the city has a symbol attached to them

Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People), by Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, 1992

(From the Native Americas) Oil and mixed media on canvas. Juane was a prominent female Native American artist. 1992 was the 500 year anniversary since Columbus arrived in North America. After Columbus and other settlers arrived, they would trade land with the Native Americans for cheap tourist trinkets (lined across top). What this piece of art means: First Europeans came and destroyed the native culture and then turned them into a stereotype (false assumptions). Turned this stereotype into a marketable (can make money) opportunity (ex: sports teams like the Red Skins, selling dream catchers, etc)

Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing, 1766. Oil on canvas

(From the Rococo Style) Originally titled "Happy Accidents on The Swing" On the right is a Bishop who was asked to push the swing On the left is her lover/husband who is looking up her dress About young love/scandal/flirtation

Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1717. Oil on canvas

(Rococo Style) Fête-galante style Lighthearted piece where people are meeting up to be together This was Watteau's piece he submitted to be accepted into the Academy There was no set category that this fit into, so the Academy created one (Fête-galante) Cythera is the birthplace of Venus Figures in the painting are representative of the gods/goddesses of love Influenced by Venetian pastoral painting

Reliquary

(from African Art) the container that people put their their ancestor's bones along with relics into (objects of importance)

Bieri Figures

(from African Art) these are guardian figures that sat on top of a reliquary and were meant to act as protectors of the ancestors and to oversee their descendants.

Malanggan ceremony

(from Melanesia) This is a ceremony done by various tribes to transition dead souls to the afterlife.

Asmat Bisj Poles, from Omadesep village in Papua province, mid 20th century

(from Oceania) Made to honor the deceased and even to avenge their deaths This culture believes that no death is natural, it's from magic/murder/etc These poles are a way to get back that spiritual power lost through the death and as a pledge to avenge their death After the death has been avenged, they would have a feast and then put the pole in the swamp to deteriorate

Dreamings/Dreamtime

(from Oceanic Art) Dreamings are spiritual beings that existed before humans inhabited the earth. Dreamtime was the time period before humans

mana

(from Oceanic art) spiritual power typically known in Polynesian society that can either protect or harm someone.

Moai

(from Oceanic art) stone statues that represented people's ancestors. They oversee the village and and provide protection.

Barkcloth (Ngatu)

(from Oceanic art) type of woven fabric made primarily by women

African Art Themes:

-Ancestors and spirits (ancestors remained after death and had power over their families. They could protect them or harm them. The living family had to keep them happy) -Reliquaries, altars, and statuary. (Meant to protect the dead and to honor them) -Leadership and royalty (African societies were typically run by kings) -Architecture, ceremonial objects, statuary (examples of this are the nail figures, the shrine, bieri figures) -Masquerade Generally mediate some sort of transition or renewal. (People would create and wear masks/costumes to wear during celebrations/festivals) -Textiles Enduring tradition of Kente cloth (Kente cloth was handwoven cloth)

Oceanic Art (a summary)

Although it is made up of hundreds of diverse islands, we can identify a few common themes in art due to similar ideologies and practices. For instance, "art objects" are typically not created purely for "art's sake," but for fulfilling practical, ceremonial, and rituals functions. Many peoples believe that ancestor spirits continue to influence and mediate in daily life; art is one of the ways they can appease these spirits and channel their spiritual power to benefit the living community.

Jean-Baptiste Belley, by Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, 1797

Anne was a student of David This is a double portrait Portrait of John Monck, by Pompeo BatoniJean-Baptiste was sold from Africa and bought his own freedom enlisted in the French army to support American troops during the Revolutionary War Highly respected (as much as he could be) In 1794, he gives a speech to ask that slavery be abolished in all the colonies His figure is highly sexualized (tight clothes, hand placement) The bust is of William Raynal French european who wrote a lot of literature to pave the way for abolition High contrast between black and white and both figures are looking in different directions Perhaps they should be looking at the viewer like the next painting to establish authority

Enlightenment

Applying rationality to everyday human life Wanting to overthrow the monarchy and establishing a democracy Emphasising science Advocated empirical evidence and the democratization of knowledge for the sake of Progress Idea that humanity can be perfected through experimentation Question why things are the way they are Rejected blind authority Enlightenment thinking is the root of democracy Paved the way for the American Revolution, French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution

Native American Art (a summary)

Before Spanish arrival, the Aztec Empire dominated Central America. At the heart of their capital (Tenochtitlan) was the empire's sacred precinct, where important sacrifices took place. In Aztec belief, life and death are intertwined, so human sacrifice was necessary for ensuring the continuity of life. Over in South America, the Inka (Inca) Empire dominated the western coast. In addition to textiles and small metal works, the Inka were especially known for their impressive masonry, which has withstood centuries of earthquakes without using any mortar. Native North American cultures were more varied, and their displacement due to European arrival was more gradual (but no less traumatic). Many artistic traditions live on while adapting to trade and tourism. Contemporary artist Jaune Quick-to-See Smith uses her work to confront the exploitive practices (from politics to pop culture) that Native communities continue to face.

18th Century Rococo

Began as style of interior design in aristocratic salons in Paris, setting the scene for sophisticated parties (as in the Hôtel de Soubise and the Amalienburg) Compared to Baroque, the Rococo style is softer: Graceful, curvy, natural shapes (like plant tendrils & shells) Ivory and pastel colors Intimate scale In painting & sculpture, subject matter is often playful, frivolous, & sensual. Themes focus on love & pleasure.

Rococo Style (a summary)

Begins more or less with the death of Louis XIV as aristocrats leave Versailles and return to Paris. Initially a style of interior design, but also applies to painting and sculpture. Compared to the Baroque, these interiors are smaller (more intimate) and we see an emphasis on delicate and graceful motifs (pastel colors, swirling forms). In painting and sculpture, subject matter is frivolous, playful, and sensual, often set in lush gardens. Themes focus on love, pleasure, and carefree indulgence. Stylistically, this style owes much to Rubens and to earlier Venetian pastoral paintings.

Disillusionment

By the early 1800s, many people felt let down when the Enlightenment ideals failed to solve the world's problems The French Revolution caused chaos and bloodshed and produced a tyrant (Robespierre/Napoleon) The Industrial Revolution created overcrowded cities, disease, poverty, pollution Jean-Jacques Rousseau became popular "Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains."

Denis Diderot, by Louis-Michel van Loo,1767

Diderot wrote art critique about Rococo style as indecent and too indulgent

Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre

Discovered "latent development"

Romanticism

Disillusionment By the early 1800s, many people felt let down when the Enlightenment ideals failed to solve the world's problems The French Revolution caused chaos and bloodshed and produced a tyrant (Robespierre/Napoleon) The Industrial Revolution created overcrowded cities, disease, poverty, pollution Jean-Jacques Rousseau became popular "Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains." Counterpoint to Enlightenment rationalism Embraces personal feelings/emotions and imagination Open to exploring the irrational underbelly of human nature Themes: Fantasy, orientalism; the supernatural and macabre; horror; human psychology; senseless injustices; nature; the Sublime Stylistically more expressive than Neoclassicism Strong emotive colors, loose brushwork; compositions embrace disorder

Ancestor Figure (male), by the East Alliagtor Rivers, Northern Territory, 1913

Done in an x-ray style (shows inner organs of figures as well as figure themselves

Realism

Emerged in france in the mid 1800s and emphasized mundane subject matter Commitment to dealing with real life Challenged Neoclassical sensationalism Often shows harsh conditions of the poor but not always critical of society

Themes of Romanticism:

Fantasy, orientalism; the supernatural and macabre; horror; human psychology; senseless injustices; nature; the Sublime Stylistically more expressive than Neoclassicism Strong emotive colors, loose brushwork; compositions embrace disorder

View from the Window at Le Gras, by Joseph Niepce, 1826

First known photographic image His process: Used a camera obscura and coated a plate in a light sensitive solution that would develop the image as light hit it Left it out for 8 hours

Le Boulevard du Temple, by Daguerre, 1839

First photo with a clear human image Man getting his shoes shined Exposure time was about 30 minutes and this was a busy street Looks like a ghost town because no one stayed still long enough After this, Daguerre sold the rights of his process commercially

Calotype

Henry Fox Talbot created this method in 1841 Produced a negative form which several positives could be printed Enabled paper prints Different from early daguerreotype which could only produce a single image

Parthenon in Rome

Jefferson based his rotunda on the Pantheon in Rome:

Monticello, by Thomas Jefferson, 1770-1806

Jefferson was inspired by Classical styles and used them to in his home Inspired by the Villa Rotunda and the Chiswick House and used those in his home

Neoclassicism

Late 18th century style of art/architecture characterized by a revival of Classical (ancient Greek/Roman) styles Stimulated by The Enlightenment The Grand Tour Where young people would travel across Europe to better their education Excavations at Herculaneum and Pompeii

Camera Obscura

Latin for "Dark Room" Darkened room or box with a tiny pinhole on one end where light passes and projects an inverted image onto the opposite wall In the beginning, it would just be an image and someone would trace it on paper Eventually, with the creation of lenses, the image was no longer inverted

Fete-galante style

Lighthearted piece where people are meeting up to be together There was no set category that this fit into, so the Academy created one

African Art (a summary)

Like Oceania, these art objects tend to serve important ceremonial, ritual, and social functions beyond mere aesthetics. The most prestigious objects, including the three listed above, are made for spiritual contexts (like venerating/worshipping ancestors) and for use by leaders/royalty. Masks and textiles are also popular art forms, with rich and complex meanings that vary with cultures.

18th Century Enlightenment (a summary)

One of the most immediate impacts of this on European art was that it gave way to more moralizing and restrained subject matter that rejected Rococo decadence and frivolity. (Make sure you understand the basic values and ideas associated with the Enlightenment.) Audiences started to prefer art that reinforced things like simple living, virtuous behavior, and enthusiasm for science and learning.

Garden of Fugitives

People poured plaster into where the bodies were and created casts of the positions that they died in

Early Photography (a summary)

Photography ("light-writing") evolved out of the camera obscura. The first known photographic image was made by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826, but it was Daguerre who made the first clear, fixed photograph (a Daguerreotype) in the 1830s. (Make sure you know what his improvements were.) The next major contribution came from Henry Fox Talbot, who invented a way to make reproducible negatives (whereas Daguerre's method only produced a single positive). Daguerreotype and Calotype.) From there, other photographers quickly began developing new techniques and opening private studios. Although photography was celebrated for its scientific accuracy, many photographers embraced it not as a merely mechanical technology but as a medium for creative expression. Portrait photography was incredibly lucrative, and photographers worked hard to differentiate their own personal artistic style. Meanwhile, documentary photography began to transform how people saw the world around them.

Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard, by Jacques-Louis David, 1800-1801

Portrays Napoleon leading his troops over the Alps This wasn't commissioned by Napoleon but had a lot of say about how this looked He's on a horse but factually, he was riding a donkey Though his horse is frantic, Napoleon is calm Tight brush strokes, emphasis on colors like the Baroque/Classical style

Realism (a summary)

Realism emerged in mid-19th century France as a rejection of both Neoclassical rationalism/restraint and Romantic sensationalism/emotion. Realism was all about straightforward, frank depictions of ordinary life in the real world. The invention of photography contributed to this new outlook; recording the "everyday" became a central concern to many artists. In France, Realism tends to be perceived as social criticism, since Realists like Courbet and Daumier weren't afraid to engage Socialist concerns and expose the harsh realities of the poor and disenfranchised. Outside of France, Realism is also taken up in other parts of Europe, including Germany and Russia; but it's in the United States that depictions of everyday life came to have a particularly enduring appeal.

Romantic Landscapes Trends:

Spiritual Sublime Awe mixed with terror; or an experience of fascination and fear simultaneously Tranquil Manifest Destiny

Romanticism (a summary)

Unlike Neoclassicism, Romanticism rejects Enlightenment faith in reason and progress. It embraces the irrational, as in personal feelings, subjective emotions, and the imagination. Themes & subject matter include: fantasy, supernatural phenomena, the Sublime, nature, injustices & and the dark side of humanity. Stylistically, Romanticism usually involves emotive colors, loose brushwork, and off-balance compositions.

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg PA July 1863, by Timothy O'Sullivan, 1863

Used a wet plate which was susceptible to dust The Civil War was one of the first documented wars Gripping subject matter

Ashlar Masonry

Used shaved stones and put them together to build architecture No mortar (they're not attached) They're fitted very closely together, like puzzle pieces Many pieces of Inkan architecture still stand today Add or Remove Terms

George Washington, by Horatio Greenough, 1840

VERY classical Used Washington's face but based the body off of a sculpture of Zeus Not well recieved

Sequence of Influence:

Watteau = Rubeniste (influenced by Reubens) (Venetian pastoral → Rubens → Watteau)

William Mumler's "Spirit Photography"

Would edit photos to "reunite" people with their dead loved ones Was brought to court for his crimes

French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture Founded 1648 during Louis XIV reign

Would have exhibitions for artists Would provide scholarships for rising artists Really strict with what type of art that can be made Hierarchy of Subject Categories: -History painting -Portraiture -Genre -Landscape -Still life -Animals

latent development

You see the image after it is exposed to chemicals Prevented further development with a salt bath Made the first Daguerreotype in 1837 and the first commercially successful camera in 1839

Exemplum Virtutis

an example of someone to look up to. Show's the ideal morals of a society

colorito

color

Oceanic Art Recurring Themes

importance of ancestor spirits, concept of mana, link between art and ceremony

disengno

line

Neoclassicism (a summary)

refers to the conscious revival of classical styles and themes in 18th-century art and architecture. Because the Greco-Roman past was still considered the benchmark of civilization and achievement, Neoclassicism was clearly well-suited to Enlightenment values. In the US, Neoclassicism (and its associations with the Roman Republic) became the preferred style for state buildings, universities, and public sculpture. Meanwhile, over in France, Napoleon favored Neoclassicism because of its association with the Roman Empire. In painting, Neoclassicism is characterized by crisp forms, orderly compositions, and stoic figures. These scenes are meant to inspire virtue and reason.

Henry Tanner

was a favorite student of Eakins and was the only African American student admitted into the Academy of Art Moved to Paris after a while Loose and colorful style (similar to impressionism) Portrays the racial tensions in the USA and what black Americans had to deal with in everyday life Showed them normally rather than something of a spectacle

Superimposition (From early photography)

what Mumler would use in his "spirit photography". He would insert different figures into the photo that were not originally there.