Articulations-Chapter 10

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Rheumatoid arthritis

(RA)- autoimmune, body attacks joints.

Knee joint:(Tibiofemoral joint)

-*Largest and one of the most complex joints.* -Most frequently injured. -supported by joint capsule, cartilage, ligaments, muscle tendons. -Flexion, extension. Also internal and external rotation (when knee is flexed) -The Patella="Knee cap"

Movements at synovial joints

-It's possible to measure a person's Range of motion, or "ROM". -This measurement is used to test the extent of a persons joint injury. -Measured with a goniometer.

radiocarpal wrist joints

-ONLY RADIUS- articulates distally w/ CARPAL BONES (scaphoid and lunate) -synovial joints -scaphoid fractured FREQUENTLY -portion of fractured scaphoid= avascular

Hip joint

-Stable "Ball-and-socket" Joint -Head of femur articulates with acetabulum of coxa. -Heavy joint capsule and ligaments contribute to joints stability -Movement is circumduction. (not as much as the shouler joint though)

Second example of cartilage joint is:

-Symphyses: joints that have a pad or disk of fibrocartilage that connects the two bones. (spine)

First example of cartilage joint is:

-Synchondroses: hyaline cartilage present in between bones. rib, manubrium)

Ankle joint

-Synovial-type hinge joint -Lower ends of tibia and fibula articulates with the upper part of the talus. -Joint is "wedge" (mortise) shaped. -Internal rotation injury usually leads to common "sprained ankle." -External rotation injury usually leads to bone fracture. (instead of ligament injury) -First-degree ankle injury: lateral malleolus fractured. -Second-degree ankle injury: both malleoli fractured. -Third-degree ankle injury: both malleoli fractured, and articular surface of tibia.

Vertebral joints

-Vertebrae bones are connected to each other by several joints to form a strong flexible column. -each vertebrae body is connecting to one another by intervertebral disks and ligaments.

Gliding movements:

-simplest of all movements. -one surface of bone glides over the other.

Thumb carpometacarpal joints

-unique and important functionally -loose fitting joint capsule -saddle shaped articular surface -movements: flexion, extension, abduction adduction, circumduction, and opposition (able to touch all fingers)

7 Structures of a synovial joint

1. Joint capsule 2. Synovial membrane 3. Articular cartilage 4. Joint cavity 5. Menisci 6. Ligaments 7. Bursae

Why is mobility if the upper extremity extensive?

1.Arrangement of bones in the shoulder girdle, arms, forearms, wrist and hand. 2.Locations and methods of attachments of muscle to bones 3.Proper functioning joints

Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

Condyloid joints Rounded heads of metacarpal bones articulates with the bases of proximal phalanges found between the metacarpals and phalanges. primary movements are flexion and extension.

DIP Joints

Distal Internphalangeal Joints: between middle and distal phalanges.

Usually a joint is Classified in two different ways

Functional classification and Structural classification.

Third example of fibrous joint is:

Gomphoses: between the root of tooth and alveolar process of the mandible.

Cycle of Life Articulations

Hand "reason of upper extremity" Thumb "reason for hand"

What else is affected bone development and the sequence of ossification between birth and skeletal maturity?

Joints

Interphalangeal joints

Joints which exist between heads of phalanges and bases of more distal phalanges. Diarthrotic, hinge-type, synovial joints.EX fingers and toes. There are 2 types: PIP and DIP

PIP joints

Proximal Internphalangeal Joints: between phalanges (second knuckle)

Result of aging and articulations?

ROM decreases and changes in gait

2 examples of elbow joints are?

Remember the humerous joints at both the ulna and the radius;single joint capsule and stabelized by collateral ligaments. humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint

Implant Resection Arthroplasty

Replacing joints. : implant

Rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

Second example of fibrous joint is:

Sutures: Only found in the skull.

First example of fibrous joints is:

Syndesmoses: a joint that connects two bones using ligaments.

Special movements

There are 6 types of special movements.

3 main groups of synovial joints are:

Uniaxial joints, biaxial joints and triaxial joints.

What is the elbow joint also classified as?

a classic hinge joint.

rotator cuff

a nearly complete circle of tendons around the shoulder joint, like the cuff on a shirtsleeve. Ball and socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula.

pivot synovial uniaxial joints

a projection of one bone articulates with a ring or notch of another bone; example joint between the first two vertebrae, and the radioulnar joint at the elbow; allows for rotation

Synovial membrane

a thin membrane in synovial (freely moving) joints that lines the point capsule and secretes synovial fluid

opposition

able to touch all fingers-movement of great signifiance

lipping

abnormal bone growth called lipping influences joint motion.

Each od the 3 main groups of synovial joints

are subdivided further into 2 sub types.

menisci

articular disks- pads of fibrocartilage located between articulating surfaces of the 2 bones of a joint.

2 types of multiaxial synovial joints are:

ball and socket and gliding

what is the most movable joint?

ball and socket synovial joint

Proximal radioulnar joint

between the head of the radius and the medial notch of the ulna; it is stabilized by the annular ligament. permits rotation of the forearm.

Fibrous joints /synarthroses

bones of the joint are very close together, leaving little to no movement.

A joint

can be immovable or limited movement, but for the most far they are mostly movable.

Angular movements:

changes the size of the angles between articulating bones.

ball and socket synovial (spheroid) joints

considered multiaxial, includes shoulder and hip, most movable joint, ball shaped head of one bone fits in another concave socket

Flexion

decreases angle between bones.

Dorsiflexion

decreases angle between top of foot and the front of the leg. Toes pointing down.

Pulled elbow

dislaocation of the radial head.

Olecranon bursa

eases the movement of tendons over the joint; independent of elbow joint space

what type of movement does condyloid joints permit?

flexion, extension in one plane and abduction adduction in the other plane.

what type of movement does saddle joints permit?

flexion, extension in one plane and abduction adduction in the other plane. opposing the thumb to the fingers

Diarthroses

freely movable.

Synovial Joint (diarthoses)

freely moveable joint

Articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers the surface of articulating bones

Synarthroses

immovable joint.

Plantar flexion

increases angle between top of foot and the front of the leg. Toes pointing up.

Olecranon bursitis

inflammation from the bursa surrounding the elbow, and infection is started by trauma to nerve results in unpleasant sensations in the fingers and part of the hand supplied by the nerve. Symptoms don't start for weeks and can cause hardening of the bursa, tenderness, and erythema. Severe injury may cause paralysis of the hand muscles or reduction in wrist movements.

Bursitis:

inflammed bursa

Osteoarthritis

is most common: wear/tear aging

Hinge synovial uniaxial joint

joint allowing movement in one plane only;flexion and extsension only eg, elbow and knee joints

what is an example of a menisci?

knee joint

humeroradial joint

lateral articulation of the capitulum of humerus and head of radius

Depression

lowers a part

What are externally palable landmarks of the elbow joint?

medial and lateral epicondyles.

humeroulnar joint

medial articulation of the trochlea of the humerous with the trochlear notch of the ulna; surrounded by a single joint capsule and stabilized by collateral ligaments.

Retraction

moves a part backward

Protraction:

moves a part forward

Circumduction

moves a part so that it's distal end moves in a circle.

Elevation

moves a part up

extrinsic muscle

muscle that acts upon a designated region but has its origin elsewhere

Extension

ncreases angle between bones. Returns from being flexed back to the anatomical position.

Arithritis

over 100

Rotation

pivots a bone on its own axis.

Distal radioulnar joint

point of articulation between the ulnar notch of the radius and the head of the ulna; acting with the proximal radioulnar joint permits pronation and supination of the forearm

Articulation

point of contact between bones. A joint.

gliding synovial joints

relatively flat articulating surfaces; that allow limited gliding movements without any angular or circular movements. Ex: vertabrae and wrist

2 types of biaxial synovial joints are:

saddle joints and condyloid joints

humeroscapular joint

shoulder joint; most mobile joint because of the shallowness of the glenoid cavity,creates depth; structures that strengthen the shoulder joint are ligaments, muscles, tendons and bursae; loose joint capsule, easily dislocated-however ligaments try to prevent dislocation

Joint capsule

sleevelike small space,casing around the ends of the bones that binds them together

Amphiarthroses

slightly movable.

Joint cavity

small space between the articulating surfaces of the two bones of the joint

Hyperextension

stretching or extending a part beyond its anatomical position

Ligaments

strong cords of dense white fibrous connective tissue that connect bones or cartilage and support the synovial joints and joint movement

condyloid synovial joints

synovial joints in which a condyle fits into an elliptical socket. joints at the base of your fingers (radius and carpal bones);

Uniaxial synovial joints

synovial joints that permit movement around only one axis and in only one plane. 2 types of these are: hinge joints and pivot joints.

Multiaxial synovial joints

synovial joints that permit movements around three or more axes in three or more planes

Biaxial synovial joints

synovial joints that permit movements around two perpendicular axes in two perpendicular planes

bursae

synovial membranes filled with synovial fluid; cushion joints and facilitate movement of tendons

saddle synovial joints

synvial joints in which the articulating ends of the bones resemble reciprocally shaped minature saddles; only example in the body is in the thumb

Cartilage Joints (amphiarthorses):

the bones within the joint is held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage; very little motion or movement.

Functional Classification-

the joint is named by the amount of movement is allows. Three mains types.

Structural Classification

the joints are named according to: 1 Presence of a fluid-filled joint capsule /a synovial joint 2.-the type of connective tissues that joins the two bones together. Ex. fibrous joint, or a cartilage joint

Circular movements:

there are 4 types.

carpometacarpal joints

total of 3 joints 1 for the thumb-wide range of movements 2 joints for the fingers-movements are largely gliding type

Inversion:

turning sole of foot inwards

Eversion:

turning sole of foot outward

Supination

turns hands palm side up.

Pronation

turns the hand palm side down.

humeroscapular joint

wide range of movement-circumduction


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