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FERMENTATION An anaerobic cellular process in which organic foods are converted into simpler compound; ATP produced

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LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy that is captured by light-absorbing pigments to be converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light to proceed, and ultimately produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide

CHLOROPHYLL The green pigment found in the chloroplasts of higher plants and in cells of photosynthetic microorganisms

CHLOROPLAST Chlorophyll-containing plastid found within the cells of plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes

CITRIC ACID CYCLE "Krebs Cycle" It involves eight step processes in which the Acetyl Coenzyme A is converted to Citrate, Isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate. For every one pyruvate molecule a total of 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP are produced

COENZYME A small molecule essential for the activity of some enzymes

COFACTOR Inorganic complement of an enzyme reaction

CONSUMER An organism that generally obtains food by feeding on other organisms or organic matter due to lack of the ability to manufacture own food from inorganic sources; a heterotroph

ACETYL-COA Condensation product of coenzyme a and acetic acid

ACTIVATION ENERGY Energy required to start a reaction

ACTIVE SITE A specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place

ANABOLISM The process involving a sequence of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller units

AEROBIC RESPIRATION A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION A form of cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is absent or scarce

AUTOTROPH An organism capable of making nutritive organic molecules from inorganic sources via photosynthesis

CALVIN CYCLE A cyclical series of biochemical reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis

CHEMIOSMOSIS The subsequent movement of ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through transport proteins

CATABOLISM The process involving a series of degradative chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units, usually releasing energy in the process.

CATALYST A substance capable of initiating or speeding up a chemical reaction

CELLULAR RESPIRATION A series of metabolic processes that take place within a cell in which biochemical energy is harvested from organic substance and stored as energy carriers (ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell

DENATURATION A process in which the folding structure of a protein is altered due to exposure to certain chemical or physical factors, causing the protein to become biologically inactive

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN A group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of proton across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis

GLYCOLYSIS The cellular degradation of the simple sugar, glucose, to yield ATP as an energy source

ENTROPY The amount of disorder in a system

ATP "Adenosine triphosphate" It contains a large amount of chemical energy stored in its high-energy phosphate bonds

ENZYME REGULATION Control of the rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme by some effector

ENDERGONIC REACTION A chemical reaction that consumes energy

EXERGONIC REACTION A chemical reaction that proceeds with the release of free energy

ENZYME A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions

FEEDBACK INHIBITION The process of the end product of a particular metabolic reaction inhibiting an allosteric enzyme involved in that reaction as the reaction starts again, thus breaking the reaction cycle

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK The process reduces the output of a system in order to stabilize or re-establish internal equilibrium. There are several negative feedbacks in biological system to regulate and maintain homeostasis

NAD "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide"; a coenzyme involved in redox reactions

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis consists of light reactions and dark reactions. This process can be simplified in this equation: 6CO2+12H2O+energy=C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O.

PHOTOLYSIS The splitting or decomposition of a chemical compound by means of light energy or photons

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION A metabolic pathway that generates ATP from ADP through phosphorylation that derives the energy from the oxidation of nutrients

POSITIVE FEEDBACK A feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal