Assessment- Intelligence, Achievement, Aptitude
Stability of Intelligence
-Kids have least stable intelligence -After climbing, intelligence is steady in adulthood -Declines occur in fluid intelligence (processing speed and mental manipulation)
Psychometric Approach
-Model of Intelligence -Premise=description of intelligence using mental factors so... figure out what the factors are and then measure them
Issues in Achievement Testing
-NCLB Act -high stakes testing
Achievement Assessment types
-Survey achievement batteries -Individual and Diagnostic -Criterion-referenced and minimum-level skills -Subject Area
Individual and Diagnostic Achievement Tests
-help screen for learning disabilities, mental handicaps, behavioral disorders or measure academic progress -example: Woodcock-Johnson III (and bunch more)
Cattel-Horn-Carrol Model
-model of intelligence -most influential G = FLUID + CRYSTALLIZED
Gardner's theory of multiple inteligences
-related to intelligence -culture mediates what is considered intelligence -9 "Frames of mind"
Developmental Progression
-related to intelligence -not really about measuring -Piaget and Ceci
Sternberg's triarchic theory
-related to intelligence and informaiton processing -composed of 3 subtheories (only 1st deals w/ info)
Piaget's theory
Children move through 4 STAGES of intelligence development using 2 FUNCTIONS -Sensorimotor>Preoperational>Concrete>Formal operation -Assimilation (incorporate) and Accommodation (create)
Mental Factors
Mental skills that mediate mental performance in different situations
Aptitude test
PREDICTS performance and learning ability
Continuum of Psychometric Approach Complexity
Spearman > Thurstone > Guilford odd dude out=Vernon
Validity Generalization
concept came out of study with GATB and predictions of job success -same test score predictive for all jobs -If test valid for a few occupations, it is valid for all jobs in one cluster
Guilford's Approach (Structure-of-intelligence Theory)
measure intelligence with 3 DIMENSIONS (most complex approach- he was a complicated dude) -mental operations -content areas -products
Thurstone's Approach
measured intelligence using 7 PRIMARY ABILITIES, but of course they are all related, so kinda like Spearman's general ability under a microscope (see more detail)
Spearman's Approach
measured intelligence with 2 FACTORS- general ability and something else that was specific, but still relates to g "Smart ppl are smart and unintelligent ppl are not smart"
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
-Age range: 2yrs-85 years -Has 3 IQs and 5 factors for verbal and nonverbal
Survey Achievement Batteries
-Assess person on wide-range of subjects -Typically given in schools (can be for adults) -Have subtests for certain academic areas - Normed with general ability or intelligence tests -Example: TerraNova
What predicts college success
-Combo of SAT/ACT scores and high school grades -Grad school= GRE w/ undergrad GPA
Criterion-Referenced and Minimum-Level Skills
-Measure if an academic standard has been met (can you go on to 3rd grade?) -Technically any test with predetermined range that equates to A, B, etc -Minimum-level is a "criterion" -Lots of controversy bc can't decide what is the criterion/minimum -Examples: ISTEP+ and ECAs
Subject Area Tests
-This exam!
Coaching
-Training on questions same/similar to test items -Differs from education (broad coverage of test material) -Barely improves scores (better with longer programs and more similarity to test)
Individual Intelligence Testing tools
-Wechsler Scales -Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale -Kaufman Instruments -bunch more
Luria's theory
-describes intellect with: -SIMULTANEOUS (visualizing an image) processing -SEQUENTIAL (recalling phone number) processing
Ceci's theory
"There are no intelligent people; there are only people who are intelligent in certain domains" Bioecological model (related to developmental) -All about CONTEXT (where and how you learn)
Wechsler Scales
- WAIS-III (Adult: 16yrs-90yrs) - WISC-IV (Children: 6yrs-17yrs) - WPPSI-III (Preschool and Primary: 2.5yrs-7 yrs)
Information Processing
-related to intelligence -HOW information is processed -Luria and Sternberg
Vocational/Career aptitude tests
-used in career counseling to predict performance -"accurate" prediction of success is hard for many reasons
Heredity of Intelligence
Can't say for sure -Nature and nurture both play a role -Heritability index is 0.5
Vernon's Approach
HIERARCHICAL with a general factor at the top which influenced the second-order factors and these influenced the third-order and so on...
Kaufman Instruments
KABC for children KAIT for adults
Aptitude Assessment
Scholastic (SAT, GRE) and Vocational (ASVAB, DAT)
Flynn effect
We're all getting higher IQ scores, but we're not gaining in achievement
Achievement test
tests what has been LEARNED and ACQUIRED