ATR4610 - Exam 3 Review(Ch. 17, 18, 21, 22)

Short recall questionnaire:

5-15 items; classified into categories: inactive, insufficiently active, regularly active.

In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called A) experimental mortality B) statistical regression C) history D) selection bias

A) experimental mortality

Most frequently used study designs in epidemiology:

Analytic: case-control & cohort Experimental: randomized control study

Distribution of Epidemiology

Frequency & Patterns

single subject design

The subject serves as his/her own control, rather than using another individual/group

benefits of randomization

controls for history controls for maturation

switched replication design (quasi)

he implementation of the treatment is repeated or replicated. And in the repetition of the treatment, the two groups switch roles

nonequivalent control group design (quasi)

pretest-posttest design w/o random groups

randomized-group design (true)

resembles static group comparison, groups are random

Pretest-posttest randomized-group design (true)

same as pretest-posttest but groups are random

Early Epidemiology Studies

- Framingham heart study - London busmen/ BCS study (Morris) - Tecumseh Health Study ( Montoye) - College Alumni Study (Paffenbarger) - Early studies from Minn. (Taylor)

What are the types of programs used to monitor population health?

- Global Questionnaire - Short Recall - Quantitative History

Components of Epidemiology Research:

- distribution - determinants - application

What are the parts of an abstract?

1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated 2) the basic design of the study 3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis 4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions

Global Questionnaire:

1-4 items; general classification for habitual activity patterns

Quantitative history questionnaire:

15-60 items; reflect on intensity, frequency, & duration in categories: occupation household sport transportation family care liesure

Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed (and not necessarily because of any effect of treatment) are considered to be under the influence of the A) Hawthorne effect B) halo effect C) novelty effect D) expectancy effect

A) Hawthorne effect

Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiologic research, the shortest (one to four items) is the A) global questionnaire B) short-recall questionnaire C) quantitative history questionnaire D) wellness-ratings questionnaire

A) global questionnaire

The major weakness of epidemiologic studies is A) inability to experimentally establish cause and effect B) small numbers of people as participants C) insufficient information on diseases D) insufficient time to collect data

A) inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to A) other volunteers from similar populations B) randomly selected participants from similar populations C) paid participants from similar populations D) other volunteers of a similar age

A) other volunteers from similar populations

In comparison to the traditional chapter format, the body of a dissertation using the journal format is almost always A) shorter B) longer C) about the same

A) shorter

one-group pretest-posttest design (pre-experimental)

An experiment in which a researcher recruits one group of participants; measures them on a pretest; exposes them to a treatment, intervention, or change; and then measures them on a posttest.

double-blind study

An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo

A researcher finds that the control group performs above its usual performance when compared with the experimental group. This effect is named the A) Hawthorne effect B) Avis effect C) Pygmalion effect D) halo effect

B) Avis effect

The internal validity of an experimental design is concerned with what question? A) To what extent can the findings be generalized? B) Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable? C) How representative is the setting selected for the experiment? D) Will findings provide information about situations in which variations of the independent variable are present?

B) Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable?

Additional factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, and so on, are called A) control factors B) confounding factors C) cohort factors D) construct factors

B) confounding factors

Which of the following would be included in a grant proposal but not in a thesis proposal? A) review of literature B) curriculum vitae of the author C) description of how data will be analyzed D) description of instruments

B) curriculum vitae of the author

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to A) criterion validity B) external validity C) internal validity D) construct validity

B) external validity

Generally speaking, an oral presentation at a conference has A) more detail than a poster B) less detail than a poster C) about the same detail as a poster

B) less detail than a poster

A double-blind experiment is one in which A) both experimental and control groups are exposed to identical pretesting and posttesting conditions B) neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment C) neither the experimental nor control groups know which participants receive the experimental treatment, but the experimenter knows D) both experimental and control groups receive the same tests

B) neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of A) new cases of a disease, whereas incidence relates to the number who presently have the disease B) people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases C) new cases of a disease, whereas incidence relates to number who die in a certain period of time D) people who die from a disease in a certain period of time, whereas incidence relates to new cases

B) people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

Which of the following is not included in a proposal? A) significance of the study B) tables of results C) literature review D) methods

B) tables of results

The five-chapter format for theses and dissertations differs from the four-chapter model in that a separate chapter is devoted entirely to A) the discussion B) the literature review C) the statistical analysis D) tables and graphs

B) the literature review

Measurements are frequently made and then averaged across several participants. To what degree of precision should the average be reported in a research paper? A) to the nearest whole number B) to the precision with which it was measured C) to the tenths decimal place D) to the thousandths decimal place

B) to the precision with which it was measured

Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting? A) RPE B) BMI C) MET D) EKG

C) MET

Which of the following statements about constructing tables is not true? A) Similar characteristics should read vertically. B) The table should be understandable without referring to the text. C) The table should include whatever test of significance was used. D) The table should have clear and descriptive headings.

C) The table should include whatever test of significance was used.

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and nonexercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a(n) A) ex post facto study B) experimental study C) cohort study D) participant observation study

C) cohort study

A variable in an epidemiological study that is tested for its relationship with the outcome of interest. A) determinant B) characteristic C) exposure D) contributor

C) exposure

According to the text, the proposal should be written in A) present tense B) past tense C) future tense

C) future tense

Which of the following should be included in the discussion section of a research report? A) tables but not graphs B) graphs but not tables C) implications of the results D) raw data

C) implications of the results

The lengths and contents of abstracts differ according to their intended use. The important parts of an abstract for a published research paper include the A) problem, design, analysis, findings B) problem, participants, analysis, findings C) problem, methods, results, discussion D) problem, brief review of literature, analysis, results

C) problem, methods, results, discussion

In the results section of a research report, the author should include A) information contained in tables B) information concerning statistical significance and meaningfulness C) conclusions D) a and b only E) a, b, and c

D) a and b only * information contained in tables * information concerning statistical significance and

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the appendixes contain A) acknowledgments B) a list of tables C) references D) an extended review of literature

D) an extended review of literature

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the A) experimental-control study B) repeated-measures study C) split-plot study D) case-control study

D) case-control study

A baseline in single subject research A) permits testing of all procedures B) tests initial hypotheses C) allows subjects to show how well they can do D) establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention

D) establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention

Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This threat to internal validity is known as A) statistical regression B) testing C) history D) instrumentation

D) instrumentation

In the alternative format for a thesis or dissertation, the body of the thesis or dissertation A) is divided into either four or five chapters B) contains an in-depth literature review C) includes a short curriculum vitae of the author D) is a paper in research journal format

D) is a paper in research journal format

A table of descriptive data should include which information for each group? A) sum of X, sum of X squared, and mean B) sums of squares, degrees of freedom, and mean squares C) sum of X, number, and mean D) mean, standard deviation, and number

D) mean, standard deviation, and number

The one characteristic of true experimental designs that preexperimental and quasi-experimental designs do not have is A) the use of a control group B) a pretest and posttest C) the application of parametric statistics D) random assignment to groups

D) random assignment to groups

Which of the following should not be included in the results section of a research report? A) figures B) tables C) inferential statistics D) raw data

D) raw data

Determinants of disease are often called A) symptoms B) syndromes C) epidemic stressors D) risk factors

D) risk factors

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the preliminary part A) contains materials that are typically required by the institution B) is left off when submitting the study for publication C) contains informed consent forms D) all of the above E) only a and b

E) only a and b * contains materials that are typically required by the institution * is left off when submitting the study for publication

An abstract for a published paper is much longer than one for a dissertation, usually between 200 and 250 words. True OR False?

False * An abstract for a published paper is much shorter than one for a dissertation, usually between 100 and 150 words. (pg. 415)

The independent variable in an analysis is the outcome. True OR False?

False * The outcome is the dependent variable in an analysis. (pg. 309)

What is the leading cause of death in the United States?

Heart Disease

threats to internal validity

History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Statistical regression Selection bias Experimental mortality

What is a curriculum vitae? Where does it belong?

It is a brief description of education, work experience, & qualifications.

What is the relationship between ethics & physical activity interventions?

It is unethical to conduct true experimental research on health behaviors. Observational studies are less invasive.

Which is thesis/dissertation format shorter? Journal format Traditional format

Journal format

How is intensity typically measured?

Measured in MET's

Which section of a proposal draws the most questions?

Methods

What is the use of epidemiology?

Study of distribution & determinants of health related states in specified populations. Used to control health problems

Odds Ratio (OR)

The odds that an individual with a prognostic (risk) factor had an outcome of interest as compared to the odds for an individual without the prognostic (risk) factor

What is the most important task during a proposal?

To convince that the problem is worth investigating.

What is the use of an appendix section?

To provide additional information not able to fit into main portion.

Tables and figures should be adapted from their paper version for use during a visual presentation. Paper versions typically contain too much information and are too small to read during visual presentations. True OR False?

True

The most frequent errors in oral research presentations are spending too much time on the methods and presenting the results poorly. True OR False?

True

The results section is the most important section because it presents the study's findings. True OR False?

True

Relative Risk (RR)

Used in cohort studies to determine how strongly a risk factor is associated with an outcome.

ex post facto design (quasi)

a type of design that contrasts groups of people who differ on some variable of interest to the researcher

Components of a Grant Proposal

abstract statement of problem methodology time frame budget

What are the harmful effects of low physical activity?

all-cause mortality CVD Osteoporosis Cancer Mental health

static group comparison design (pre-experimental)

an experimental design with two groups, no random assignment, and only a posttest

preexperimental designs

controls few sources of invalidity; no random groups one-shot study one-group pretest-posttest design static group comparison

Experimental Research Method

created differences rather than existing ones.

Determinants of Epidemiology

defined characteristics that change health condition.

Recall Bias:

differential accuracy of recall between cases and controls

Application of Epidemiology

ecological model for health promotion (motivate to change, or affect public policy)

Solomon four-group design (true)

experimental design in which the experimental and control groups are studied with and without a pretest Four groups: pretested/non-pretested, or treated/non-treated

internal validity

extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

Is a pilot study written in future tense? true or false

false

Literature Review Appendix

first appendix always demonstrates knowledge (comprehensive & meta analysis)

Additional methods appendix

for a thesis turn the methods section into a thesis

Additional results appendix

for journals, put extensive results in appendix

true experimental design

groups are randomly assigned & controls invalidity randomized-group design pretest-posttest randomized-group design solomon four-group design

time series design (quasi)

involves the observation of units (e.g., people, countries) over a defined time period

One-Shot Study (pre-experimental)

one group of participants receives a treatment followed by a test to evaluate the treatment

reversal design (quasi)

participant tested baseline, tested with treatment condition, then returned to baseline

threats to external validity

selection effects reactive effects multiple treatment interference

single-blind study

study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group

quasi-experimental design

tries to fit real world settings

Is a proposal written in future tense? true or false

true

Selection bias

unintended differences between the participants in different groups

Observation Research Method

using existing differences in factors for disease