AVIT 415 STAGE 18/20
When is a NAVAID underlined?
No voice is transmitted on that frequency
Is it legal to fly IFR with a non-WAAS GPS only?
No, aircraft using (non-WAAS) GPS navigation equipment under IFR must be equipped with an approved and operational alternate means of navigation appropriate to the flight.
Can you use glideslope in a LOC backcourse approach if you see a glideslope moving on your PFD?
No, because it's a false glideslope. Disregard all glideslope indications when doing a localizer backcourse approach.
Can you fly IFR if your currency has expired?
No, not even solo
Can you fly Cat II and Cat III approaches?
No, you need special training and equipment
How much ice is permissible on our wings?
None
Why are some route lengths boxed and some aren't?
Not boxed- mileage between fixes Boxed- total mileage between two navaids
Two typical messages you can receive from RAIM
Not enough satellites Error in signals
What do you need to do when your destination airport only has a GPS approach?
Nothing, as long as the 1-2-3 rule doesn't apply. However, if it does, then the alternate airport must have a non GPS approach
How can you identify marker beacons on a ILS approach?
OM- low pitched dashes at a rate of 2 per second (Blue) MM- alternate dot and dashes (Amber) IM- high pitched dots at a rate of 6 per second (White)
Marker beacon locations
OM: FAF, 4-7 sm MM: DH, 0.5 sm IM: just before passing the threshold
3 instrument scan errors
Omission Fixation Emphasis
Length and width of OROCA quadrant
One degree by one degree on the ConUS en route chart Also, 4 NM around each quadrant is analyzed for obstructions
Oxygen requirement above FL350
One pilot must always wear a mask unless there's a quick on mask
Can you use VOT in the air?
Only as authorized in the AFD
When do you need to abide by the IFR cruising altitudes?
Only in uncontrolled airspace
Some DME provide groundspeed information. When is that accurate?
Only when tracking directly to or from the station
Rate of climb/descent
Optimum rate to 1,000 feet above or below the assigned altitude, and then attempt to descend or climb at a rate of between 500 and 1,500 fpm until the assigned altitude is reached
How does 'Goals and values' affect perception?
Our perspectives reflect our personal interests
Syllabus
Outline of a course
When doesn't ATC provide traffic separation? [3]
Outside controlled airspace In VMC VFR-on-top
How can instructors cause a learning plateau?
Over practice
5 types of questions
Overhead Direct Rhetorical Reverse Relay
Pressure demand
Oxygen is supplied to the mask under pressure at cabin altitudes above 34,000' MSL
Symptoms of middle ear problems
Pain Reduction in hearing
Holding pattern entries
Parallel entry: fly outbound for 1min Teardrop entry: fly outbound for 1.5 mins at a 30º angle
4 ways to to develop learning material
Past to present Most frequently used to least used Simple to complex Known to unknown
Demonstration-performance method
People learn by doing. Instructor first shows the student the correct way to perform an activity and then has the student attempt the same activity
Cognitive
People learn by thinking and understanding differently
3P
Perceive Process Perform
Two types of training objectives used in aviation training
Performance based Decision based
3 stressors that can affect performance
Physical Physiological Psychological
Human needs and motivation [5]
Physiological needs (food, water, etc.) Safety and security Love and belongingness Self-esteem Self-actualization
PAVE
Pilot Aircraft Environment External pressure
In the airport information dialog, what does "L" in a circle mean?
Pilot controlled lighting available
Downside of blocked practice
Poor long-term performance
Positive transfer of learning vs. negative
Pos- If the learning of skill A helps the learning of another Neg- If the learning of skill B hinders the learning of another
Characteristics of a lesson plan [7]
Practicality- appropriate when/where Relation to course of training Instructional steps (PPARE) Unity- ultimately reach the objective Scope- how much in depth Flexibiliy- add more topics if the student is following well Content- new material that relates to old material
Deliberate practice
Practicing a set of maneuvers aimed at a particular goal
Blocked practice
Practicing the same drill until until it becomes automatic
Requirements for alternate airport
Precision approach- 600/2 Non-precision approach- 800/2 At the ETA at the alternate airport
What can be used to replace an inoperative OM or MM
Precision radar, compass locator, and DME (for outer marker only)
Steps in the teaching process/instructional steps[4]
Preparation Presentation Application Review and evaluation
Type of altitude Mode C transponder encodes?
Pressure. What's in the Kollsman has no effect.
Benefit of having static ports on each side
Prevents lateral movement of the airplane from inducing an error
Loss comm in VMC
Proceed VFR to the nearest suitable airport
Definition of human behavior
Product of factors that cause a person to act the way they do
Projection
Projecting your blame on somebody else
Benefits of using instructional aids [2]
Provide an accurate visual image Gain and hold student's attention
Purpose of defense mechanisms
Provides refuge when we can't cope
ODP
Published when obstacles penetrate the 40:1 obstacle clearance surface
Repression
Putting uncomfortable thoughts into an inaccessible area of your mind, so you can't recall what you've done
Application
Putting what you've learned to use
Types of questions to avoid [6]
Puzzle Oversize Toss-up Bewilderment Irrelevant Trick
Toss-up questions
Questions with two right answers
What are "Q" routes?
RNAV routes on high altitude en route charts
What are "Tango" routes?
RNAV/GPS routes around busy airspace to reduce pilot/controller workload
3 levels of RNP used in the U.S.
RNP 0.3- Approach RNP 1.0- Departure/Terminal RNP 3.0- Enroute
RNP
RNP value describes an accuracy
Requirement to re-take a practical test if there's a failure
Re-training Endorsement
Laws of learning
Readiness Exercise Effect Primacy Intensity Recency
What should you do if you observe a learning plateau?
Reassure that the plateau is normal Let the students do maneuvers they're good at to boost their confidence again
Endorsements required to take the practical test
Received and logged training time within 2 calendar months Prepared to take the test Knowledge test deficiency areas covered
What is RAIM?
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Perform error-checking on the GPS signal and alert the user if unreliable GPS information is being received
Benefit of doing an instrument takeoff
Reduce the disorientation that can occur during the transitional phase of quickly moving the eyes from the outside references inside to the flight instruments
How does a VOR work?
Reference phase sends out signals in all 360º Variable phase rotates one degree at a time
What should you do when you have a student you think is abnormal?
Refrain from instructing that student Don't get him/her certificated Have an unbiased instructor fly with them and see what they think
Denial
Refusal to accept the reality because it is too threatening
What would you do if ATC clearance would make you deviate from a regulation?
Refuse and inform ATC
4 steps of collaborative assessment
Replay Reconstruct Reflect Redirect
VOR limitations
Requires line of sight Interference from other VORs at high altitudes
Limitations of a VOR [2]
Requires line of sight May interfere with other VORs
What can cause sinus problems?
Respiratory infection Allergy
What can you do as a CFI when your student displays a defense mechanism?
Restore motivation and self-confidence
4 characteristics of learning
Results from experience Active process Multifaceted Purposeful
What is a roll upset?
Roll upset may be caused by airflow separation (aerodynamic stall) which induces self-deflection of the ailerons and loss of or degraded roll-handling characteristics. These phenomena can result from severe icing conditions without the usual symptoms of ice accumulation or a perceived aerodynamic stall.
4 levels of learning
Rote Understanding Application Correlation
Loss comm procedures
Route- AVEF (Assigned, vectored, expected, filed; in order of preference) Altitude- MEA (MEA, expected, assigned; highest of the following)
STAR
Routes that transition an aircraft from the en route phase to the arrival phase
REIL
Runway end identifier lights
Preflight action required
Runway length Alternates Weather Fuel ATC delay Takeoff/landing distances
Pre-flight action required
Runway length Alternates Weather Fuel reqs ATC delay Takeoff/landing data
If you hear another airplane declare an emergency on your frequency, what should you do?
STFU
Service volume of localizer back course
Same as localizer front course
Benefits of RNAV
Save time and fuel More efficient use of airspace Reduced dependence on radar vectoring, altitude, and speed assignments
Reaction formation
Say something the opposite of what you really want (e.g. saying "who cares what others think" to cover up feelings of loneliness
3 types of problem-based instruction
Scenario-based Problem-solving (group work) Case study
Narrower than usual runway
Seems higher than actual, thus flying a lower approach
Requirements of a lesson plan
Select important information Help relate information Improve confidence Provide uniformity Assign timetable Help instructor Provide an outline
3 types of memory
Sensory, short-term, long-term
Curriculum
Series of studies/courses to achieve a greater goal
Localizer service volume
Sfc to 4500' 35º 0-10nm 10º 0-18nm
Limitations of a NDB [4]
Shoreline- Refracts/bends radio signals thus providing incorrect ADF identification Twilight- ADF needle fluctuates around sunrise/set Terrain- Can provide incorrect ADF identification Thunderstorm- ADF points to the thunderstorms
CFI professionalism areas
Sincerity Acceptance of the student Proper language Personal appearance/habits Demeanor
Airplane class for CFI [2]
Single engine, multi-engine
Autokinesis
Single lights in dark areas are difficult to perceive so your eyes tries to get a better look and make it seem like it's moving
What sort of distance does the DME provide?
Slant range
Slip vs mistake
Slip- an unintentional mistake Mistake- when a person does the incorrect thing intentionally
Two types of decompression
Slow and rapid
How is Class B depicted on an en route chart?
Solid blue lines with a Mode C ring around it
How are compulsory reporting points depicted on en route charts
Solid symbols
What is an effective critique?
Something that considers good as well as bad performance
Acute stress
Something that happens in the short-term (E.g. a recent fight with your girlfriend)
3 principle components of the GPS
Space, control, user
What should you do if ATC tells you "squawk mayday"
Squawk 7700
How does 'Self concept' affect perception?
Student's perspective (confident or insecure) about themselves will affect their perception
What does guided discussion depend on?
Student's possession of the required knowledge
Pilot certificates issued under Part 61
Student, Sport, Recreational, Private, Commercial, ATP
Intensity
Students will have a stronger learning experience if it's exciting
Diluter demand
Supplies oxygen only when the user inhales through the mask
2 categories of questions
Supply Selection
Errors associated with an ILS [2]
Surface vehicles or aircraft below 5000' AGL can create interference with the localizer signals False glideslope
Halo error
Sympathy with a student that undermines objectivity
How can you provide adequate instruction?
Tailor your lessons to meet the needs of your student
How can you renew your certificate after it's expired?
Take a practical test for one of the ratings you've held
What can you do if you don't want to wait for "hold for release?"
Take off VFR
Instrument takeoff
Takeoffs only by reference to the instruments, generally after lining up with the runway centerline
"(T)" "(L)" " in a NAVAID box
Terminal VOR
What do you need to fly a SID?
Text or graphic
False glideslope
The 150Hz frequency can reflect upwards, above the 90Hz lobe
Exercise
The more you do something, the better you'll be at it
What are ground VOR checkpoints?
They are located at specific points on the airport
What are airborne VOR checkpoints?
They are over specific landmarks or airports
Why do some VOR info boxes have a shadow behind them?
They have a FSS
Why is it important to use standards of performance when training students?
They provide means for assessment/critique. Meeting standards holds its own satisfaction for students. People want to feel capable and proud of their success.
Difference between thick and thin MTRs
Thin- width of 5nm or less Thick- width more than 5nm
Primacy
Things you learn first are always stuck in your head so make sure students learn the right thing on the first try
TCH
Threshold crossing height. Height below your glideslope antenna.
Why is the assessment of pilot ability so essential to the teaching process?
To determine how well a student is learning, so you provide the student with something constructive
What is the purpose of using distractions during flight training?
To determine if the student can maintain proper control of the airplane while managing the distraction
When must you file an IFR flight plan?
To fly in IMC conditions in controlled airspace
Missed approach procedure from a visual approach?
Tower will advice. If the airport is uncontrolled, remain clear of clouds and contact ATC asap.
2 types of assessment
Traditional (Rote) Authentic (LOFT)
Privileges of a CFI certificate [2]
Training for certification Endorsement for privileges
5 types of altitudes
True- MSL Absolute- AGL Indicated- as shown Pressure- above 29.92 inHg plane Density- Pressure corrected for non standard temperature
Coriolis illusion
Tumbling sensation caused when the previous instimulated semicircular canal is simulated
How can you identify a LOM
Tune the LOM frequency on the ADF
What instrument is this?
Turn/slip
Takeoff requirements for Part 121, 125, 129, and 135
Two engines or less- 1sm 2+ engines- 0.5sm
Back course marker
Two high pitched dots at a time (White) Located at a location similar to a OM
Localizer operation
Two lobes- 90Hz and 150Hz Your onboard instruments determine which signal is stronger and tells you whether you are left or right of the centerline
What is a transition altitude?
Typically FL180. Altitude at which you change your altimeter setting to 29.92 inHg
Background check required before you can provide training
U.S. Citizen- verify U.S. citizenship Foreigner- TSA background check
Waiting periods for drinking?
UND: 12 hours FAA: 8 hours
Displacement
Unconscious shift of emotion from the original object to something that's less threatening
How can you find preferred routes?
Use A/FD or FAA's website
Proper visual scanning procedures
Use a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements to scan for traffic
"L" on an IAP frequency means...
Use it to turn on runway lights
What can you do if you are doing an ILS and glideslope fails?
Use localizer minimums
CFI Dont's [Any 5]
Use profanity Disrespect the student Demand unreasonable progress Ridicule student's performance Say one thing but do another Forget personal hygiene
Remedy for DCS [2]
Use supplemental oxygen at 100% oxygen Begin an emergency descent and land as soon as practical
How can you use a VOT?
Use the AFD to find the frequency When CDI is centered, your aircraft should be on the 360º radial (From 360º, To 180º)
Assessment
Used to measure a change in behavior
What weather requirements do you need to operate VFR-on-top?
VFR cloud clearance requirements
What inspections are required under IFR?
VOR, Pitot-static system
VOR/DME vs. VOR or DME
VOR/DME = both VOR and DME required
VOR check error tolerances
VOT +/- 4 Ground +/- 4 Air +/- 6 Dual +/- 4
Remedy for middle ear problems
Valsava, yawn, swallow
3 sensory organs/inputs
Visual Vestibular (inner ear) Somatosensory
What equipment do you need to file an alternate airport that only has GPS approaches?
WAAS equipped GPS receiver
What does a "W" mean in the IAP remarks section?
WAAS vertical guidance may be inop often at this location. NOTAMS WONT(!) be published.
When can you log instrument time?
WHen the person operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments, whether it be simulated or actual
How does 'Element of threat' affect perception?
We treat a threat as something important so that's what we focus on
Upsloping runway
We'll fly higher
Downsloping runway
We'll fly lower
Requirement to list an alternate airport that doesn't have a IAP
Weather at ETA must be VFR and must allow descent from MEA in VMC
Risk management
Weighing the costs and benefits of taking a risk
Perception
When a person gives meaning to external stimuli
Runway incursion
When an unauthorized aircraft, vehicle or person is on a runway
Reports required in non-radar environment [3]
When leaving FAF inbound Compulsory reporting points ETA changes by more than 3 mins
What is a learning plateau?
When progress slows down
When is an instrument rating on your CFI certificate required?
When providing instrument training required for instrument rating
When do you need to log time?
When showing currency For certification
How should an instructor incorporate the use of distractions into flight instruction?
When teaching the student to divide his or her attention between the distraction and flying the airplane
When do PAPI lights flash?
When the runway is not clear
How can you tell if your student learned something?
When their behavior has changed
When do you have motion sickness?
When there's a discrepancy between what you're feeling and what you're seeing
When are you required to "see and avoid" traffic?
When weather permits
When is a course reversal NOT required?
When you are getting radar vectored When NoPT is shown on the IAP
Declaring minimum fuel to ATC
When you reach your destination, you wont have a lot of fuel remaining. This is not a declaration of emergency.
Leans
When you think you're banking, but you're not
In a conventional airplane, how can you check proper gyro operation?
When you turn the master switch on, listen to the gyros as they spin up. Any hesitation or unusual noises should be investigated before flight.
Empty field myopia
When you're flying through visual obscuration, your eyes will focus on something close, so objects in the distance will lose focus
Rotating beacon for seaplane port
White/yellow
How are MOCAs depicted?
With an asterisk sign
How is a part-time tower/ATIS depicted on an IAP?
With the asterisk sign
When departing from an uncontrolled airport, within what time do you have to contact ATC if you're not off by clearance void time?
Within 30 mins of clearance void time
Abstractions
Words that are general rather than specific
If you dont want a STAR or a DP, what should you do?
Write No DP/STAR in remarks
Can you still get a visual approach into airports that don't have weather reporting capability?
Yes
Does a CFII need to be current to do an IPC?
Yes
Is course reversal required at WONIT?
Yes
Is special VFR weather considered IMC?
Yes
When doing the ILS, the glideslope stops working. Can you use the VGSI?
Yes
Can a private pilot with NO instrument rating log Actual IMC PIC time?
Yes as long as they are the sole manipulator of the controls when flying with an authorized instructor
Can ATC clear you through a MOA?
Yes if IFR separation can be provided
Can you start your descent if you are in your TAA?
Yes, if you are cleared for the approach
Is it legal to go flying with electronic charts only?
Yes, per AC-91-78
Compulsory reporting points are not required when..
You are in radar contact
Climb or descend at pilot's discretion
You can decide when you initiate a climb or descent May level off at any intermediate altitude Once vacated, you cannot return to an altitude
Recency
You do better at things you learned recently
What is the significance of time/hours on a route?
You may use the route only between the times specified
Symbol for RCO
You will also see the FSS info box nearby
It's very cold and raining outside. You're in cruise flight at 8000 and bring the throttle back for a descent. The altimeter and VSI shows you level. You call ATC for a second opinion and they show you at 8000. What is going on?
You're descending. Your static port has iced over. Remember, your transponder's mode C readout will only tell ATC what the static port tells it.
Elevator illusion
Your eyes roll down with an updraft so you think you're pitching up
Endorsements/records CFI needs to keep track of
((3 things for 3 years)) Initial solo privileges Knowlege test endorsements and their results Practical test endorsements and their results
Airspeed tolerance
+/- 10 knots of the restriction
8 defense mechanisms
- Compensation - Denial - Displacement - Fantasy - Projection - Rationalization - Reaction formation - Repression
Construtive
- Give positive guidance for correction - Praising can reinforce on things the student's did well and inspire the student to improve in areas of lesser accomplishment
Characteristics of effective questions [6]
- Has a specific purpose - Clear in meaning - Contains a single idea - Stimulates thought - Requires definitive answers - Relates to previously covered information
Normal reaction to stress
- Heart beats faster - Respond rapidly exactly within the limits of your experience/training
Requirement to descend beyond DA/MDA
- Normal rate of descent to landing using normal maneuvers - Required visibility met - Runway environment in sight
Why do some approaches end with "--A?" [2]
-Runway heading is more than 30º different from the final approach course - Runway heading and final approach course are within 30º, but straight-in landing is not possible due to obstructions
How does air pressure change per 1000' of climb?
1 inHg
When do you need an alternate? [2]
1-2-3 rule When the destination airport doesn't have an IAP
Approach aircraft category
1.3 x V_SO or V_REF; use higher minimums if applicable A: 90 and less B: 91-120 C: 121-140
VOR service volume (terminal)
1000 to 12000' 25nm
VOR service volume (high)
1000 to 14500' 40nm 14500 to 18000' 100nm 18000 to 45000 130nm 45000 to 60000 100nm
VOR service volume (low)
1000 to 18000' 40nm
Frequency range of the VOR
108 to 117.95 MHz
Localizer frequency range
108.1 to 117.95 (odd tenths)
Service volume of glideslope
10nm (typically)
How often must recurrent security awareness training be accomplished?
12 calendar months
Supplemental oxygen requirements
12,500 to 14000: Crew must use oxygen when staying at those altitudes for longer than 30 minutes 14-15000: Crew must use oxygen at all times 15000+: Everyone must use oxygen
How long is a temporary certificate valid for?
120 days Until the expiry date shown Letter of revocation arrives Permanente card arrives
Where do low altitude (V/NDB) routes begin?
1200' AGL to 17,999' MSL
Emergency frequency
121.5
Inbound leg times
14000 and below: 1min 14001 and above: 1.5 mins
Glideslope operation
150Hz on the bottom, 90Hz on the top. Works just like a localizer.
Service volume of LOM
15nm
What is the MEA on Jet routes if no MEA figure is listed?
18,000
Where do jet routes begin?
18,000' MSL
Service volume of a DME station
199 nm, 100 aircraft
Takeoff minmums for commercial operations
1sm for airplanes with 2 engines or less 1/2sm for airplanes with more than 2 engines
Climb gradient required for departures
200' per nm
How long is a CFI certificate valid for?
24 calendar months
Location of glideslope antenna
250 to 600' from the runway centerline
Range of barometric scale
28 to 31
3 digit vs. 4 digit MTRs
3 digit- above 1500 AGL 4 digit- below 1500 AGL
How long before expiry can you renew your certificate?
3 months
Course width of localizer
3 to 6º 700' at the arrival end threshold SDF- 6 or 12º LDA- 3º or 6º and may have glideslope
TRACON/RAPCON service volume
30nm from the facility and extends up to 10,000'
How far away from prohibited/restricted areas should you fly?
3nm
UND progressive maintenance
4 phase inspections every 60 hours
Pilots are expected to fly straight ahead to what altitude before making a turn?
400 AGL
How long do you have to submit a detailed report of your deviation if requested by ATC?
48 hours
Instrument rating requirements
50 hours XC, 10 in the airplane, 250nm, instrument approach at each airport, 3 kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems 40 hours of actual/simulated IMC time 3 hours of training with 2 calendar months before practical test
What altitude does night vision deteriorate as a result of hypoxia?
5000'
If you lose your certificate and received a fax temp from the FAA, how long is that valid for?
60 days
Course width of the localizer
700' wide at the runway threshold (350' either side of centerline)
Operational frequency of marker beacons
75 MHz
Transponder codes
7500 hijack 7600 lost comm 7700 emergency
Squawk codes
7500- Hijack 7600- Lost comm 7700- Emergency
Alcohol wait time
8 hours
Hours of flight training a CFI is limited to?
8 hours of training in a 24 hour period
How long do you have to wait after scuba diving?
8000 and below - Controlled ascent: 24 hours - Uncontrolled ascent: 12 hours Above 8000 - 24 hours
Symptoms of hypoxia [4]
==Effects== Lack of alertness Lack of coordination ==Symptoms== Headache Cyanosis Lightheadedness Euphoria Numbness
What do these mean on the VOR information box? "A" "T" "H"
A = AWOS/ASOS H = HIWAS T = TWEB
How does a GPS work?
A GPS receiver determines a three-dimensional position in space by calculating multiple ranges from at least four satellites.
Astrick sign on a NDB info box means that...
A part-time NDB that may not be available continuously
VDP
A point where normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced
If there's fog inside your gyro instruments, what does that mean?
A seal on the system has been breached, allowing moisture and dirt to be sucked into the instrument. This may lead to potential instrument unreliability or failure.
TAA (Terminal Arrival Area)
A structure associated with RNAV apporaches tha allow aircraft to seamlessly transition from the enroute structure to the approach phase.
Integrated flight instruction
A technique of flight instruction in which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers by reference to both the flight instruments and outside visual references from the time a maneuver is FIRST introduced
Confusion between the symbol and symbolized object
A word is confused with what it is meant to represent
What can GPS be substituted for?
ADF DME
What do desicion based objectives measure?
ADM
How can you find airborne/ground VOR test sites?
AFD
Power instruments
ASI Manifold pressure Tachometer EPR, Engine pressure ratio (Turbine)
6 pack layout
ASI-Att-Alt Turn/slip-Hdg-VSI
Contact approach vs. visual approach
ATC cannot assign a contact approach without pilot's request To be assigned a visual appraoch: clouds > 1000' vis > 3sm Contact approach: 1sm vis
"Clearance on request"
ATC hasn't received your request from their computer system yet, so standby
"Hold for release"
ATC will still give you an IFR clearance, but you cannot depart until ATC gives you an amended clearance
In the airport information dialog, what does "A" mean?
ATIS is avialable
Memory
Ability of people to encode, store, and retrieve information
Transfer of learning
Ability to apply knowledge from one area to another
Understanding
Able to explain how/why
When should you use pressure demand?
Above 34,000' MSL
4 basic principles of risk management
Accept no unnecessary risk Make decisions at the appropriate level Accept risk when benefits outweigh the costs Integrate risk management into planning at all levels
Characteristics of effective assessment
Acceptable Comprehensive Constructive Organized Objective Thoughtful Specific Flexible
How can you renew your flight instructor certificate before it expires? [6]
Add a rating Practical test for one of the ratings you already have or an additional rating Present records to FSDO via 8710 that - 4/5 pass rate within the past 24 calendar months - Fight Instructor Refresher Course (FIRC) - If you are a company check airman (for Part 121/135) - Position to regularly evaluate pilots (checkride pilots)
Grace period
After 6 months of being current, you have another 6 months to become current again with a safety pilot
Position error
Air around the static port may be disturbed, so it can cause an error in the indication of the altimeter and airspeed indicator. Usually during slip and landing gear extension/retraction
How is a constant cabin pressure maintained?
Air is released from the fuselage through the outflow valve. By regulating air exit, it provides a constant inflow of air to the pressurized area.
What causes sinus problems?
Air pressure in the sinuses don't equalize with the outside
VOR error tolerances
Airborne check: +/- 6º Ground check: +/- 4º Dual VOR: +/- 4º
Malfunction report (FAR 91.187) [4]
Aircraft ID Equipment affected Degree to which you are impaired Assistance required from ATC
Requirements for being cleared for a visual approach
Airfield in sight Traffic to follow in sight
Aircraft category for CFI [4]
Airplane, rotorcraft, glider, powered lift
Airport with a brown symbol
Airport that doesn't have an IAP but the runway is 3000' or longer
Airport with a green symbol
Airport that has IAP
Airport with a blue symbol
Airport that has a IAP for military users
What airports are depicted on high altitude en route charts?
Airports that have a hard surface runway of 5000' or more Alaskan charts show airports with hard/soft runways of 4000' or more
What MTRs are depicted on en route charts?
All IR and VR MTRs except those that are entirely at or below 1500' AGL
Airports shown on en route charts [2]
All active airports that have a runway of 3000' or longer All airpots that have an IAP
When would you use an instrument takeoff?
Almost never
Pitot-static instruments
Altimeter VSI ASI
What's the cruising altitude you have to maintain when flying in controlled airspace?
Altitude assigned by ATC
Tricolor VASI
Amber- above Green- on glideslope Red- below glideslope
3 major levels of cognitive domain
Analysis, synthesis, evaluation
When is an instrument rating required? [4]
Any time you are the PIC of an IFR flight When operating in IMC weather Special VFR at night CPL cross-country more than 50nm
Runway environment [11]
Approach light system REIL Runway lights Runway itself Runway threshold Threshold markings Threshold lights VASI/PAPI Touchdown zone Touchdown zone markings Touchdown zone lights
What instruments can you count for currency as a CFII?
Approaches in actual IMC until FAF
What is RNAV?
Area navigation
What is a MEA gap?
Area where you might not receive navigational coverage. Use dead reckoning.
When must you do a missed approach? [4]
Arrival at MAP Safe landing not possible Instructed by ATC Avionics failure
When should you contact Departure after takeoff?
As soon as practical
When should you contact departure control when departing from an uncontrolled airport?
As soon as practical
5P
Assess the risks associated with each of these variables Plan, plane, pilot, passenges, programming
Correlation
Associating what have been learned with other areas
When are CAS and TAS the same?
At standard temperature and pressure
Location of localizer antenna
At the other end of the runway
Holding speed
At/below 6000: 200 6001 to 14000: 230 14001 and above: 265
Attention getter vs. motivating statement
Attention getter- something interesting that can retain attention Motivating statement- explaining why the lesson is important
Pitch instruments
Attitude indicator Altimeter ASI VSI
Bank instruments
Attitude indicator Heading indicator Compass Turn and slip indicator
What is an ATC clearance? [3]
Authorization by ATC To proceed under specified traffic conditions For the purpose of preventing collision
What is ADS-B?
Automatic dependent surveillance broadcast Allows aircraft to broadcast its GPS location to nearby aircraft using datalink
What should you do if you have motion sickness? [3]
Avoid turbulent conditions Open air vents/window Look outside
What can cause chronic fatigue?
Bad circadian rhythm
How does 'physical organism' affect perception?
Be physically fit
CFI Do's [Any 5]
Be professional at all times Be sincere Maintain a calm demeanor Avoid profanity Minimize student frustration Motivate the student Keep student informed
Readiness
Be ready to learn physically (be awake, etc.) and mentally (excited to learn)
Why does blood cells like to take in CO over O2?
Because CO molecules are smaller than O2, so the hemoglobin would prefer CO
Why shouldn't you join an approach at an intermediate fix?
Because doing so wont assure obstacle clearance
Why is it important to remove frost?
Because it degrades lift, adds drag, and increases stall speed
Why does ice/snow on the wing increase stall speed?
Because it disrupts smooth airflow over the wing and adds drag
Why do you need to continuously listen to NDB frequency when using it?
Because it doesn't have a flag to warn the pilot of an error
Why do we have MAAs?
Because when you go high enough it is possible to tune in a faraway station that has the same frequency as the desired NAVAID.
Behaviorism
Behavior is affected by what happened in the past (thus conditioned by the environment)
2 learning theories
Behaviorism Cognitive
When should you use a diluter demand?
Below 40,000' MSL
Benefit of random practice
Better retention
Color of Victor Airways
Black
Waiting periods for donating blood? plasma?
Blood: 72 hours Plasma: 12 hours
What color are "Q" routes?
Blue
Color of LF/MF airways
Brown
How are MTRs depicted?
Brown linse
Who can give an IPC?
CFII in appropriate category and class
Carbon monoxide poisoning
CO molecules attach to the hemoglobin and reduces the oxygen carrying capacity
How can you close an IFR flight plan when landing at an uncontrolled airport?
Call FSS
What can you do when you are about to land at an uncontrolled airport?
Cancel IFR and land VFR if weather permits
Use of portable electronic devices on an aircraft during IFR
Cannot use portable electronic devices on IFR flights or on flights with an air carrier license
3 categories of ILS approaches
Cat I Cat II Cat III
What is a Technical Standard Order?
Certification requirements for equipment in the airplane
Learning
Change in behavior as a result of an experience
Most dangerous aspect of structural icing
Changes the airfoil of the wing
How can you obtain RAIM information at your ETA?
Check NOTAMs for GPS outages Ask FSS for RAIM information
In the airport information dialog, what does the letter in the box mean?
Class of airspace
Contents of an IFR clerance?
Clearance limit Route Altitude Frequency Transponder
What do the green shaded lines in the IFR enroute chart mean?
Coastlines
3 stages of knowledge acquisition
Cognitive- learning in theory Associative- learning through practice Automatic response- when the procedure becomes automatic
3 domains of learning
Cognitive- thinking Affective- feeling Psychomotor- doing
How can you maintain the highest level of knowledge in the field of aviation? [3]
Commit to lifelong learning process Professional development through study, service, and membership in professional organizations
Lack of common experience
Communication is only effective if both parties know what is being talked about
How are they depicted differently?
Compass locators have fewer dots
Course of training
Complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal
Characteristics of a good written test
Comprehensiveness Usability Validity Reliability Objectivity Discrimination
Barriers to effective communication [4]
Confusion between the symbol and symbolized object Overuse of abstractions Interference Lack of common experience
How can you determine if your student is ready for their first solo flight?
Consistent use and increased accuracy of performance When the student can do a pre-flight to engine shutdown consistently without instructor assistance
Training course outline (TCO)
Contents of a course within a cirriculum
Proceed direct when able
Controller becomes responsible for terrain and obstruction clearance
Compensation
Covering your lack of skills in one area with another area you do well in
When is an assessment more appropriate than a critique?
Critique is better to improve skills. Assessment is better before a student takes their final checkride.
What can GPS be used for in IFR operations? [4]
DME DME arc NDB navigation NDB holding
DME operation
DME transmits interrogating frequency to the DME ground facility. Ground receiver responds back to the interrogating aircraft. The airborne DME equipment measures the elapsed time between the interrogation signal sent by the aircraft and reception of the reply pulses from the ground station. This time measurement is converted into nautical miles distance from the station.
How is Class C depicted on an en route chart?
Dashed blue lines
VOR check log contents [4]
Date, place, bearing error, signature
Fantasy
Daydreaming about how things should be rather than focusing on the reality. They will stop trying to focus on the reality.
Remedy for sinus problem
Decrease descent rate Consult a doctor
Decompression sickness
Decreasing ambient pressure results in nitrogen saturation so it comes out as bubbles
3 types of practice
Deliberate, blocked, random
Elements in a performance based objective
Description of skill or behavior Conditoins Criteria
DECIDE
Detect an anomaly Estimate the need required Choose the desired outcome Identify actions to have the desired outcome Do Evaluate
Initial steps in planning a course of training
Determine objectives and standards Develop blocks of learning
ADM definition
Determining the best course of action to a given set of circumstances
Exceptions to portable electronic device regulation
Devices that the has PIC determined will not cause interference
VSI operation
Diaphragm connected directly to the static port Case connected to the static port via a calibrated leak During a climb, the diaphragm is compressed and vice versa
3 types of oxygen systems
Diluter demand Pressure demand Continuous flow
What does the arrow coming out of a VOR, VOR/DME, TACAN, VORTAC indicate?
Direction of magnetic north
Distress vs. urgency situation
Distress- emergency (fire, failure, etc.) Urgency- fuel endurance, weather, etc.
Advantage of NDB
Doesn't require line of sight
What causes middle ear problems?
During climbs/descents, gas in body cavities expands and if the gas is impeded, pain is experienced
When should you be concerned with density altitude?
During takeoff and climb
Significance of calibrated airspeed
Dynamic pressure acting on aircraft surfaces regardless of density altitude, wind, and other conditions. At the same weight, an aircraft will rotate and climb at approximately the same calibrated airspeed at any elevation
Requirement for initial security awareness training
Each flight school employee or independent instructor must receive initial security awareness training within 60 days of being hired
Major places for trapped body gases [4]
Ear Sinus Stomach Teeth
Privileges of having a CFI-I
Endorse for Instrument Rating knowledge test Endorse for IR practical test Conduct an IPC
Fuel requirement for IFR
Enough fuel to go to the destination airport, then to the alternate, and additional 45 mins
GPS CDI sensitivities
Enroute: 5nm on either side Approach/'TERM' (30nm from the airport): 1nm on either side Within 2nm of the FAF/"APPR": .3nm
How can you prevent St. Elmo's fire?
Ensure that static wigs are installed properly
What should you do if you reach your clearance limit and no further clearance is received and there's radio congestion?
Enter a standard holding pattern at the clearance limit fix. Make a right turn after passing the fix and proceed to the outbound leg.
Steps for making an instructional aid [3]
Establish the objective Gather supporting material Organize into a lesson plan
Critique vs. Evaluation
Evaluation is seeing where the student stands Critique is offering guidance on how to improve
Losing sight of the runway while circling
Execute missed approach procedure
SRM grades [4]
Explain- can verbally explain the risks Practice- apply SRM principles to the flight, but need some instructor guidance to make proper decisions Manage/decide- apply SRM principles probably and make good decisions without instructor guidance Not observed
Demonstration-performance method steps [4]
Explanation Demonstration Student Performance + Instructor supervision Evaluation
Abnormal reaction to stress
Extreme over-cooperation Painstaking self control Inappropriate laughter Rapid changes in emotion Severe anger
Who can inspect your logbook?
FAA NTSB Federal, state, local law enforcement officer
Requirements for straight in (non-circling) approaches
FAC within 30º Descent from FAF is not excessive
Regulations pertaining to medical certification
FAR Part 67
Highest flight level of jet routes
FL 450
Common obstacles to learning during flight instruction [5]
Fatigue Anxiety Dehydration Illness Physical discomfort
Anxiety
Feeling of nervousness, worry, or unease
What should you do if an approach at your arrival airport is listed as "unreliable?"
File an alternate
Requirement to take a practical test
Finished the required training and the required aeronautical experience
How many satellites do you need for RAIM to work?
Five satellites or (4+baro altimeter) is required to detect a bad satellite Six satellites (5+ baro altimeter) to exclude a bad satellite (only if you have that function)
Required IFR reports (FAME Performance)
Fixes: arriving or leaving - Reaching holding fix - Reaching clearance limit - FAF inbound (non-radar) - Leaving holding pattern (time + altitude) Altitude changes - Vacating altitude to newly assigned altitude - Altitude changes during VFR on top Missed approach Equipment: loss or problems - Loss of navigation instrument - Unforecast weather Performance: poor climb/descend, TAS change - Unable to climb/descend at at least 500fpm - TAS change by 5% or 10 knots (whichever is greater) - ETA changes by more than 3 mins (non radar)
How is Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA) depicted?
Flag with a "R"
How is a Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA) depicted?
Flag with a "X"
Additional responsibilities of flight instructors
Flight instructor endorsements Additional training/endorsements Evaluation of student pilot ability Pilot proficiency Pilot supervision Practical test recommendation See and avoid Student's pre-solo thought process
Who is required to complete security awareness training? [4]
Flight instructor, ground instructor Chief flight instructor Director of training Any person employed by a flight school who does direct contact with a student
"Cruise"
Fly at any altitude between minimum IFR altitude to the cruise altitude - Climb or descent may be made - Cannot go back to an altitude if you report leaving
Executing a missed approach before MAP
Fly to MAP at or above MDA/DA before making a turning maneuver
When is an IFR clearance required?
Flying IFR in controlled airspace in IMC
ADF homing
Flying the needle to the station
If there are LOM and LMM, what coded identification can you hear from each of them?
For I-GFK, LOM- GF; LMM- FK
SID
For better traffic flow
Formal review vs. informal review
Formal- block exams, stage checks Informal review- random quizzes
Somatogravic illusion
Forward acceleration = pitch up illusion
Ability to retrieve information depends on... [2]
Frequency Recency
Different types of RNAV
GPS DME/DME
What happens if you lose RAIM?
GPS accuracy is no longer assured
Trapped body gases
Gases trapped in the body will expand as ambient pressure decreases
Equipment required for IFR flight (91.205)
Generator Radio Altimeter (Sensitive) Ball/turn coordinator Clock Attitude indicator Rate of turn indicator Directional gyro (Heading indicator)
Components of the ILS
Glideslope Localizer Marker beacons Approach lights
What should you do if you lose RAIM before reaching FAF? After FAF?
Go missed on both occasions
Factors that affect perception [5]
Goals and values Element of threat Physical organism Self concept Time and opportunity Acronym: GEPST
How does 'Time and opportunity' affect perception?
Good timing is important; no use teaching a 102 student about how to shoot an approach
Rotating beacon for civilian airport
Green/white
Rotating beacon for military airport
Green/white/white
Rotating beacon for helipad
Green/white/yellow
Authorized instructor [3]
Ground instructor Flight instructor Air carrier captain
How does WAAS work?
Ground stations collect GPS satellite data. They determine GPS errors and send them to geostationary satellites that then transmit the error information to the aircraft WAAS receivers.
What can be used in lieu of RVR?
Ground visibility
What is MRA?
Guaranteed NAVAID reception used to identify
3 functions of the ILS
Guidance: localizer, glideslope, Range: marker beacons Visual: approach lights
Benefits of having an AHRS over traditional instruments
Gyros dont tumble Some has solid-state gyros, but some have MEMS which has moving parts
NDB service volumes
HH- 75nm H- 50nm MH- 25nm
St. Elmo's fire
Happens when the aircraft is going through precipitation static. Aircraft develops a negative charge.
Graveyard spiral
Happens when you spin without visual reference because you stop feeling the spin after about 20 seconds into the spin, so you think you're spinning when you recover
Continuous flow
Has a reservoir bag that collects oxygen from the continuous flow system when the user is exhaling
Symptoms of DCS [5]
Headache/dizziness Itching Skin rash Joint pain (Most common symptom) Extreme fatigue
Symptoms of dehydration
Headache/dizziness Sleepiness
Symptoms of CO poisoning
Headache/dizziness/drowsiness Loss of muscle power
Interference
Hearing loss, illness, outside noise, etc.
5 main responsibilities of aviation instructors
Help students learn Provide adequate instruction Demand adequate standards Emphasize the positive Ensure aviation safety
Self actualization
Help the student achieve what they were born to do
How can an instructor ensure that a student develops insight during flight training?
Help the student understand how each piece relates to all other pieces
What does the OROCA represent?
Highest elevation figure in a given quadrant +1000' in non-mountainous terrain and +2000' in mountainous terrain
Flight visibility
Horizontal distance you can see from the cockpit
What kind of hypoxia does CO poisoning cause?
Hypemic
Dangers of decompression
Hypoxia Decompression sickness Lung expansion GI gas expansion
4 kinds of hypoxia
Hypoxic- Lack of oxygen Hypemic- Loss of oxygen carrying capacity due to CO poisoning Histotoxic- Loss of oxygen carrying capacity due to tissue poisoning Stagnant- Hindered blood flow due to abnormal G forces
Two types of MTRs
IR- IFR military training routes VR- VFR military training routes
6 steps in risk management process
Identify Assess- determine the probability and severity of the accident that could happen Analyze- investigate strategies to mitigate the risk Make decisions Implement your decision Supervise and review
Risk management process
Identify Eliminate Reduce
Minimum IFR altitude
If there's no minimum altitude, you can give yourself proper obstacle clearance (1000 or 2000' as appropriate) within 4nm from the course to be flown
Effects of alcohol
Impaired judgment, attention, and coordination
Considerations when you have a vacuum pump failure in flight
In IMC or VMC? Nearest airport? Radar coverage? No gyro approach?
When can a CFI-I log instrument time?
In actual IMC
How is runway length indicated on the airport information dialog?
In hundreds If it ends in "S," it means the runway is a soft surface
When can you deviate from ATC clearance?
In response to a traffic alert In an emergency New clearance received
IFR recency requirement
In the preceding 6 calendar months - 6 approaches - Holding procedure - Intercepting/tracking a navigation course Must be done in the same category of aircraft/simulator
ICE-T
Indicated Calibrated- Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position error Equivalent- Calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility effects True- CAS corrected for non standard temperature/pressure
If the weather is colder than standard, how will the altimeter indicate?
Indicates higher than true altitude
If your emergency situation made you deviate from ATC clearance, what should you do?
Inform ATC and get an amended clearance
Requirement to use a EFB instead of a paper chart
Information displayed must be functional equivalent of the paper reference material Information being used for navigation or performance planning is current, up-to-date, and valid.
What are these wig/wag lights for?
Installed at some taxiway/runway intersections to make it more obvious you are intersecting a runway
Types of critique [6]
Instructor/student Student-led Individual student by another student Small group Self-critique Written critique
3 fundamental skills to instrument flying
Instrument crosscheck Instrument interpretation Aircraft control
How does a DME work?
Interrogation signal is sent from the aircraft to the ground station, and a response signal is sent from the station to the aircraft
When is a VOR frequency underlined on an IAP?
It has no voice capability
How is IFR approved GPS different?
It must have RAIM
Turn and slip indicator vs. turn coordinator
Its gimbal frame is angled upward about 30° from the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. This allows it to sense both roll and yaw
What are routes that have both "J" and "Q" on it?
Joint routes. "Q" routes will have lower MEAs
How do you make a logbook entry for unsatisfactory IPC?
Just log it as training given
Citizenship verification record [2]
Keep a copy of your student's passport, birth certificate, etc. Logbook endorsement in both your logbook and the student's logbook
How can you minimize student frustration? [5]
Keep students informed of their progress, motivate students, give credit when due, be consistent, admit errors
Localizer vs. LDA
LDA- localizer not aligned with runway although straight-in minimums may be published if the offset is less than 30º
Hyperventilation
Lack of CO2 and abundance of O2 in our oxygen system
What causes fatigue?
Lack of sleep, abnormal circadian
If you're flying to the MSP area, and weather in all the airports you could reach with your fuel goes 0/0, what should you do?
Last at MSP. Do the ILS Cat III all the way down to touchdown since their GS work all the way down.
When is oversize question okay?
Leadoff
Effect
Learning is strengthened when it's accompanied by a positive feeling
Common teaching methods [7]
Lecture E-learning Discussion Demonstration performance Group learning Guided discussion Problem based
Scan technique
Left from attitude indicator Right from attitude indicator Down from attitude indicator
Inversion illusion
Leveling off after a climb moves the hair in the vestibular system upwards making it seem like you're inverted
Symptoms of hyperventilation [5]
Lightheadedness Dizziness Hot and cold sensations Muscle spasms
In the airport information dialog, what does "L" mean if it's not in a circle?
Lighting available
What is the MM associated with in an ILS approach?
Located near the DH
Outer marker vs. Locator outer marker
Locator is basically a low powered NDB
Signing off someone for practical test (3+1)
Logbook endorsements [3] - Covered deficient areas of a knowledge test - Received required training for the checkride within two calendar months - Prepared to pass the practical test Sign the 8710 or endorsement on IACRA
Chronic stress
Long-term stress (E.g. money problem)
Indicators of rapid decompression
Loud noise Flying debris Fogging
What kind of marker beacon sensitivity provides higher accuracy?
Low
Military training routes (MTR)
Low altitude, high speed military flight training
NDB
Low or medium radio frequency radio station All radio beacons except the compass locators transmit a continuous three-letter identification in code except during voice transmissions.
What is a Minimum Reception Altitude?
Lowest altitude at which the intersection can be determined using a given NAVAID
MDA vs. MDH
MDA is expressed in MSL MDH is expressed in AGL MDH =/= DH
Calculate VDP
MDA/300
MEAs denoted by "G"
MEA of the route when using GPS to navigate
What does the TAA replace?
MSA (Minimum Sector Altitude). It provides minimum IFR obstacle clearance.
MDA
MSL altitude at which you have to maintain at or above when doing a non precision approach until MAP
How are TAA boundaries defined?
Magnetic course
Rationalization
Making excuses
4 skills essential to being an effective instructor
Management skills Assessment skills People skills Subject matter expertise
Single pilot resource management
Managing all the resources available to a single pilot to ensure the successful outcome of the flight
Insight
Meaning given to a combination of perceptions (e.g. telling your student what a straight-and-level flight looks like)
Performance based objectives
Measurable standards that describe the desired performance
ASI operation
Measures dynamic pressure. (Ram pressure - static pressure) Diaphragm is connected to the pitot tube and the case is connnected to the static port.
Primary purpose of static wicks
Minimize static electricity interference with the aircraft radios. They work by allowing static electricity to discharge from the airframe into the surrounding air.
Causes of slow decompression
Minor problems with structural integrity Compressor failure Faulty outflow valve
Random practice
Mixing up the skills throughout a practice session
What should you do if RAIM is lost while en route?
Monitor other navaids (VOR)
Benefit of flying under TEC (Terminal En Route Control)
More efficient
Aviator's breathing oxygen
Must be 99.5% pure oxygen because having too much O2 content such as medical oxygen can condense and freeze in the oxygen lines
Shaded/hatched frequency on the frequency box
NAVAID has an abnormal status. Check NOTAMs
Unit used by DME
NM
How can you check if you will have RAIM?
NOTAM, MFD
What does MEA assure?
Navigational signal coverage Obstacle clearance
NDB errors [4]
Night effect- signal fluctuations near sunset/sunrise Terrain effect- mountainous terrain make waves reflect unevenly Electrical effect- ADF needle points towards the electrical source Shoreline effect- signal bends near shores
Can you tell from looking at the en route chart if an airport sells fuel or not?
No
Can you use GPS to do a NDB approach?
No
Can you use handheld or VFR GPS in IFR for primary navigation purposes?
No
Do you have to comply with cloud clearance requirements when conducting a visual approach?
No
Do you need to do a citizenship verification for flight reviews, IPC, and aircraft checkouts?
No
Can you give an IPC in a multi-engine airplane if you dont dont have a MEI certificate?
No (AC 61-98)
How can you tell if the VOR station is undergoing maintenance?
No morse code signal T-E-S-T code is playing