AVIT 415 STAGE 18/20

When is a NAVAID underlined?

No voice is transmitted on that frequency

Is it legal to fly IFR with a non-WAAS GPS only?

No, aircraft using (non-WAAS) GPS navigation equipment under IFR must be equipped with an approved and operational alternate means of navigation appropriate to the flight.

Can you use glideslope in a LOC backcourse approach if you see a glideslope moving on your PFD?

No, because it's a false glideslope. Disregard all glideslope indications when doing a localizer backcourse approach.

Can you fly IFR if your currency has expired?

No, not even solo

Can you fly Cat II and Cat III approaches?

No, you need special training and equipment

How much ice is permissible on our wings?

None

Why are some route lengths boxed and some aren't?

Not boxed- mileage between fixes Boxed- total mileage between two navaids

Two typical messages you can receive from RAIM

Not enough satellites Error in signals

What do you need to do when your destination airport only has a GPS approach?

Nothing, as long as the 1-2-3 rule doesn't apply. However, if it does, then the alternate airport must have a non GPS approach

How can you identify marker beacons on a ILS approach?

OM- low pitched dashes at a rate of 2 per second (Blue) MM- alternate dot and dashes (Amber) IM- high pitched dots at a rate of 6 per second (White)

Marker beacon locations

OM: FAF, 4-7 sm MM: DH, 0.5 sm IM: just before passing the threshold

3 instrument scan errors

Omission Fixation Emphasis

Length and width of OROCA quadrant

One degree by one degree on the ConUS en route chart Also, 4 NM around each quadrant is analyzed for obstructions

Oxygen requirement above FL350

One pilot must always wear a mask unless there's a quick on mask

Can you use VOT in the air?

Only as authorized in the AFD

When do you need to abide by the IFR cruising altitudes?

Only in uncontrolled airspace

Some DME provide groundspeed information. When is that accurate?

Only when tracking directly to or from the station

Rate of climb/descent

Optimum rate to 1,000 feet above or below the assigned altitude, and then attempt to descend or climb at a rate of between 500 and 1,500 fpm until the assigned altitude is reached

How does 'Goals and values' affect perception?

Our perspectives reflect our personal interests

Syllabus

Outline of a course

When doesn't ATC provide traffic separation? [3]

Outside controlled airspace In VMC VFR-on-top

How can instructors cause a learning plateau?

Over practice

5 types of questions

Overhead Direct Rhetorical Reverse Relay

Pressure demand

Oxygen is supplied to the mask under pressure at cabin altitudes above 34,000' MSL

Symptoms of middle ear problems

Pain Reduction in hearing

Holding pattern entries

Parallel entry: fly outbound for 1min Teardrop entry: fly outbound for 1.5 mins at a 30º angle

4 ways to to develop learning material

Past to present Most frequently used to least used Simple to complex Known to unknown

Demonstration-performance method

People learn by doing. Instructor first shows the student the correct way to perform an activity and then has the student attempt the same activity

Cognitive

People learn by thinking and understanding differently

3P

Perceive Process Perform

Two types of training objectives used in aviation training

Performance based Decision based

3 stressors that can affect performance

Physical Physiological Psychological

Human needs and motivation [5]

Physiological needs (food, water, etc.) Safety and security Love and belongingness Self-esteem Self-actualization

PAVE

Pilot Aircraft Environment External pressure

In the airport information dialog, what does "L" in a circle mean?

Pilot controlled lighting available

Downside of blocked practice

Poor long-term performance

Positive transfer of learning vs. negative

Pos- If the learning of skill A helps the learning of another Neg- If the learning of skill B hinders the learning of another

Characteristics of a lesson plan [7]

Practicality- appropriate when/where Relation to course of training Instructional steps (PPARE) Unity- ultimately reach the objective Scope- how much in depth Flexibiliy- add more topics if the student is following well Content- new material that relates to old material

Deliberate practice

Practicing a set of maneuvers aimed at a particular goal

Blocked practice

Practicing the same drill until until it becomes automatic

Requirements for alternate airport

Precision approach- 600/2 Non-precision approach- 800/2 At the ETA at the alternate airport

What can be used to replace an inoperative OM or MM

Precision radar, compass locator, and DME (for outer marker only)

Steps in the teaching process/instructional steps[4]

Preparation Presentation Application Review and evaluation

Type of altitude Mode C transponder encodes?

Pressure. What's in the Kollsman has no effect.

Benefit of having static ports on each side

Prevents lateral movement of the airplane from inducing an error

Loss comm in VMC

Proceed VFR to the nearest suitable airport

Definition of human behavior

Product of factors that cause a person to act the way they do

Projection

Projecting your blame on somebody else

Benefits of using instructional aids [2]

Provide an accurate visual image Gain and hold student's attention

Purpose of defense mechanisms

Provides refuge when we can't cope

ODP

Published when obstacles penetrate the 40:1 obstacle clearance surface

Repression

Putting uncomfortable thoughts into an inaccessible area of your mind, so you can't recall what you've done

Application

Putting what you've learned to use

Types of questions to avoid [6]

Puzzle Oversize Toss-up Bewilderment Irrelevant Trick

Toss-up questions

Questions with two right answers

What are "Q" routes?

RNAV routes on high altitude en route charts

What are "Tango" routes?

RNAV/GPS routes around busy airspace to reduce pilot/controller workload

3 levels of RNP used in the U.S.

RNP 0.3- Approach RNP 1.0- Departure/Terminal RNP 3.0- Enroute

RNP

RNP value describes an accuracy

Requirement to re-take a practical test if there's a failure

Re-training Endorsement

Laws of learning

Readiness Exercise Effect Primacy Intensity Recency

What should you do if you observe a learning plateau?

Reassure that the plateau is normal Let the students do maneuvers they're good at to boost their confidence again

Endorsements required to take the practical test

Received and logged training time within 2 calendar months Prepared to take the test Knowledge test deficiency areas covered

What is RAIM?

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Perform error-checking on the GPS signal and alert the user if unreliable GPS information is being received

Benefit of doing an instrument takeoff

Reduce the disorientation that can occur during the transitional phase of quickly moving the eyes from the outside references inside to the flight instruments

How does a VOR work?

Reference phase sends out signals in all 360º Variable phase rotates one degree at a time

What should you do when you have a student you think is abnormal?

Refrain from instructing that student Don't get him/her certificated Have an unbiased instructor fly with them and see what they think

Denial

Refusal to accept the reality because it is too threatening

What would you do if ATC clearance would make you deviate from a regulation?

Refuse and inform ATC

4 steps of collaborative assessment

Replay Reconstruct Reflect Redirect

VOR limitations

Requires line of sight Interference from other VORs at high altitudes

Limitations of a VOR [2]

Requires line of sight May interfere with other VORs

What can cause sinus problems?

Respiratory infection Allergy

What can you do as a CFI when your student displays a defense mechanism?

Restore motivation and self-confidence

4 characteristics of learning

Results from experience Active process Multifaceted Purposeful

What is a roll upset?

Roll upset may be caused by airflow separation (aerodynamic stall) which induces self-deflection of the ailerons and loss of or degraded roll-handling characteristics. These phenomena can result from severe icing conditions without the usual symptoms of ice accumulation or a perceived aerodynamic stall.

4 levels of learning

Rote Understanding Application Correlation

Loss comm procedures

Route- AVEF (Assigned, vectored, expected, filed; in order of preference) Altitude- MEA (MEA, expected, assigned; highest of the following)

STAR

Routes that transition an aircraft from the en route phase to the arrival phase

REIL

Runway end identifier lights

Preflight action required

Runway length Alternates Weather Fuel ATC delay Takeoff/landing distances

Pre-flight action required

Runway length Alternates Weather Fuel reqs ATC delay Takeoff/landing data

If you hear another airplane declare an emergency on your frequency, what should you do?

STFU

Service volume of localizer back course

Same as localizer front course

Benefits of RNAV

Save time and fuel More efficient use of airspace Reduced dependence on radar vectoring, altitude, and speed assignments

Reaction formation

Say something the opposite of what you really want (e.g. saying "who cares what others think" to cover up feelings of loneliness

3 types of problem-based instruction

Scenario-based Problem-solving (group work) Case study

Narrower than usual runway

Seems higher than actual, thus flying a lower approach

Requirements of a lesson plan

Select important information Help relate information Improve confidence Provide uniformity Assign timetable Help instructor Provide an outline

3 types of memory

Sensory, short-term, long-term

Curriculum

Series of studies/courses to achieve a greater goal

Localizer service volume

Sfc to 4500' 35º 0-10nm 10º 0-18nm

Limitations of a NDB [4]

Shoreline- Refracts/bends radio signals thus providing incorrect ADF identification Twilight- ADF needle fluctuates around sunrise/set Terrain- Can provide incorrect ADF identification Thunderstorm- ADF points to the thunderstorms

CFI professionalism areas

Sincerity Acceptance of the student Proper language Personal appearance/habits Demeanor

Airplane class for CFI [2]

Single engine, multi-engine

Autokinesis

Single lights in dark areas are difficult to perceive so your eyes tries to get a better look and make it seem like it's moving

What sort of distance does the DME provide?

Slant range

Slip vs mistake

Slip- an unintentional mistake Mistake- when a person does the incorrect thing intentionally

Two types of decompression

Slow and rapid

How is Class B depicted on an en route chart?

Solid blue lines with a Mode C ring around it

How are compulsory reporting points depicted on en route charts

Solid symbols

What is an effective critique?

Something that considers good as well as bad performance

Acute stress

Something that happens in the short-term (E.g. a recent fight with your girlfriend)

3 principle components of the GPS

Space, control, user

What should you do if ATC tells you "squawk mayday"

Squawk 7700

How does 'Self concept' affect perception?

Student's perspective (confident or insecure) about themselves will affect their perception

What does guided discussion depend on?

Student's possession of the required knowledge

Pilot certificates issued under Part 61

Student, Sport, Recreational, Private, Commercial, ATP

Intensity

Students will have a stronger learning experience if it's exciting

Diluter demand

Supplies oxygen only when the user inhales through the mask

2 categories of questions

Supply Selection

Errors associated with an ILS [2]

Surface vehicles or aircraft below 5000' AGL can create interference with the localizer signals False glideslope

Halo error

Sympathy with a student that undermines objectivity

How can you provide adequate instruction?

Tailor your lessons to meet the needs of your student

How can you renew your certificate after it's expired?

Take a practical test for one of the ratings you've held

What can you do if you don't want to wait for "hold for release?"

Take off VFR

Instrument takeoff

Takeoffs only by reference to the instruments, generally after lining up with the runway centerline

"(T)" "(L)" " in a NAVAID box

Terminal VOR

What do you need to fly a SID?

Text or graphic

False glideslope

The 150Hz frequency can reflect upwards, above the 90Hz lobe

Exercise

The more you do something, the better you'll be at it

What are ground VOR checkpoints?

They are located at specific points on the airport

What are airborne VOR checkpoints?

They are over specific landmarks or airports

Why do some VOR info boxes have a shadow behind them?

They have a FSS

Why is it important to use standards of performance when training students?

They provide means for assessment/critique. Meeting standards holds its own satisfaction for students. People want to feel capable and proud of their success.

Difference between thick and thin MTRs

Thin- width of 5nm or less Thick- width more than 5nm

Primacy

Things you learn first are always stuck in your head so make sure students learn the right thing on the first try

TCH

Threshold crossing height. Height below your glideslope antenna.

Why is the assessment of pilot ability so essential to the teaching process?

To determine how well a student is learning, so you provide the student with something constructive

What is the purpose of using distractions during flight training?

To determine if the student can maintain proper control of the airplane while managing the distraction

When must you file an IFR flight plan?

To fly in IMC conditions in controlled airspace

Missed approach procedure from a visual approach?

Tower will advice. If the airport is uncontrolled, remain clear of clouds and contact ATC asap.

2 types of assessment

Traditional (Rote) Authentic (LOFT)

Privileges of a CFI certificate [2]

Training for certification Endorsement for privileges

5 types of altitudes

True- MSL Absolute- AGL Indicated- as shown Pressure- above 29.92 inHg plane Density- Pressure corrected for non standard temperature

Coriolis illusion

Tumbling sensation caused when the previous instimulated semicircular canal is simulated

How can you identify a LOM

Tune the LOM frequency on the ADF

What instrument is this?

Turn/slip

Takeoff requirements for Part 121, 125, 129, and 135

Two engines or less- 1sm 2+ engines- 0.5sm

Back course marker

Two high pitched dots at a time (White) Located at a location similar to a OM

Localizer operation

Two lobes- 90Hz and 150Hz Your onboard instruments determine which signal is stronger and tells you whether you are left or right of the centerline

What is a transition altitude?

Typically FL180. Altitude at which you change your altimeter setting to 29.92 inHg

Background check required before you can provide training

U.S. Citizen- verify U.S. citizenship Foreigner- TSA background check

Waiting periods for drinking?

UND: 12 hours FAA: 8 hours

Displacement

Unconscious shift of emotion from the original object to something that's less threatening

How can you find preferred routes?

Use A/FD or FAA's website

Proper visual scanning procedures

Use a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements to scan for traffic

"L" on an IAP frequency means...

Use it to turn on runway lights

What can you do if you are doing an ILS and glideslope fails?

Use localizer minimums

CFI Dont's [Any 5]

Use profanity Disrespect the student Demand unreasonable progress Ridicule student's performance Say one thing but do another Forget personal hygiene

Remedy for DCS [2]

Use supplemental oxygen at 100% oxygen Begin an emergency descent and land as soon as practical

How can you use a VOT?

Use the AFD to find the frequency When CDI is centered, your aircraft should be on the 360º radial (From 360º, To 180º)

Assessment

Used to measure a change in behavior

What weather requirements do you need to operate VFR-on-top?

VFR cloud clearance requirements

What inspections are required under IFR?

VOR, Pitot-static system

VOR/DME vs. VOR or DME

VOR/DME = both VOR and DME required

VOR check error tolerances

VOT +/- 4 Ground +/- 4 Air +/- 6 Dual +/- 4

Remedy for middle ear problems

Valsava, yawn, swallow

3 sensory organs/inputs

Visual Vestibular (inner ear) Somatosensory

What equipment do you need to file an alternate airport that only has GPS approaches?

WAAS equipped GPS receiver

What does a "W" mean in the IAP remarks section?

WAAS vertical guidance may be inop often at this location. NOTAMS WONT(!) be published.

When can you log instrument time?

WHen the person operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments, whether it be simulated or actual

How does 'Element of threat' affect perception?

We treat a threat as something important so that's what we focus on

Upsloping runway

We'll fly higher

Downsloping runway

We'll fly lower

Requirement to list an alternate airport that doesn't have a IAP

Weather at ETA must be VFR and must allow descent from MEA in VMC

Risk management

Weighing the costs and benefits of taking a risk

Perception

When a person gives meaning to external stimuli

Runway incursion

When an unauthorized aircraft, vehicle or person is on a runway

Reports required in non-radar environment [3]

When leaving FAF inbound Compulsory reporting points ETA changes by more than 3 mins

What is a learning plateau?

When progress slows down

When is an instrument rating on your CFI certificate required?

When providing instrument training required for instrument rating

When do you need to log time?

When showing currency For certification

How should an instructor incorporate the use of distractions into flight instruction?

When teaching the student to divide his or her attention between the distraction and flying the airplane

When do PAPI lights flash?

When the runway is not clear

How can you tell if your student learned something?

When their behavior has changed

When do you have motion sickness?

When there's a discrepancy between what you're feeling and what you're seeing

When are you required to "see and avoid" traffic?

When weather permits

When is a course reversal NOT required?

When you are getting radar vectored When NoPT is shown on the IAP

Declaring minimum fuel to ATC

When you reach your destination, you wont have a lot of fuel remaining. This is not a declaration of emergency.

Leans

When you think you're banking, but you're not

In a conventional airplane, how can you check proper gyro operation?

When you turn the master switch on, listen to the gyros as they spin up. Any hesitation or unusual noises should be investigated before flight.

Empty field myopia

When you're flying through visual obscuration, your eyes will focus on something close, so objects in the distance will lose focus

Rotating beacon for seaplane port

White/yellow

How are MOCAs depicted?

With an asterisk sign

How is a part-time tower/ATIS depicted on an IAP?

With the asterisk sign

When departing from an uncontrolled airport, within what time do you have to contact ATC if you're not off by clearance void time?

Within 30 mins of clearance void time

Abstractions

Words that are general rather than specific

If you dont want a STAR or a DP, what should you do?

Write No DP/STAR in remarks

Can you still get a visual approach into airports that don't have weather reporting capability?

Yes

Does a CFII need to be current to do an IPC?

Yes

Is course reversal required at WONIT?

Yes

Is special VFR weather considered IMC?

Yes

When doing the ILS, the glideslope stops working. Can you use the VGSI?

Yes

Can a private pilot with NO instrument rating log Actual IMC PIC time?

Yes as long as they are the sole manipulator of the controls when flying with an authorized instructor

Can ATC clear you through a MOA?

Yes if IFR separation can be provided

Can you start your descent if you are in your TAA?

Yes, if you are cleared for the approach

Is it legal to go flying with electronic charts only?

Yes, per AC-91-78

Compulsory reporting points are not required when..

You are in radar contact

Climb or descend at pilot's discretion

You can decide when you initiate a climb or descent May level off at any intermediate altitude Once vacated, you cannot return to an altitude

Recency

You do better at things you learned recently

What is the significance of time/hours on a route?

You may use the route only between the times specified

Symbol for RCO

You will also see the FSS info box nearby

It's very cold and raining outside. You're in cruise flight at 8000 and bring the throttle back for a descent. The altimeter and VSI shows you level. You call ATC for a second opinion and they show you at 8000. What is going on?

You're descending. Your static port has iced over. Remember, your transponder's mode C readout will only tell ATC what the static port tells it.

Elevator illusion

Your eyes roll down with an updraft so you think you're pitching up

Endorsements/records CFI needs to keep track of

((3 things for 3 years)) Initial solo privileges Knowlege test endorsements and their results Practical test endorsements and their results

Airspeed tolerance

+/- 10 knots of the restriction

8 defense mechanisms

- Compensation - Denial - Displacement - Fantasy - Projection - Rationalization - Reaction formation - Repression

Construtive

- Give positive guidance for correction - Praising can reinforce on things the student's did well and inspire the student to improve in areas of lesser accomplishment

Characteristics of effective questions [6]

- Has a specific purpose - Clear in meaning - Contains a single idea - Stimulates thought - Requires definitive answers - Relates to previously covered information

Normal reaction to stress

- Heart beats faster - Respond rapidly exactly within the limits of your experience/training

Requirement to descend beyond DA/MDA

- Normal rate of descent to landing using normal maneuvers - Required visibility met - Runway environment in sight

Why do some approaches end with "--A?" [2]

-Runway heading is more than 30º different from the final approach course - Runway heading and final approach course are within 30º, but straight-in landing is not possible due to obstructions

How does air pressure change per 1000' of climb?

1 inHg

When do you need an alternate? [2]

1-2-3 rule When the destination airport doesn't have an IAP

Approach aircraft category

1.3 x V_SO or V_REF; use higher minimums if applicable A: 90 and less B: 91-120 C: 121-140

VOR service volume (terminal)

1000 to 12000' 25nm

VOR service volume (high)

1000 to 14500' 40nm 14500 to 18000' 100nm 18000 to 45000 130nm 45000 to 60000 100nm

VOR service volume (low)

1000 to 18000' 40nm

Frequency range of the VOR

108 to 117.95 MHz

Localizer frequency range

108.1 to 117.95 (odd tenths)

Service volume of glideslope

10nm (typically)

How often must recurrent security awareness training be accomplished?

12 calendar months

Supplemental oxygen requirements

12,500 to 14000: Crew must use oxygen when staying at those altitudes for longer than 30 minutes 14-15000: Crew must use oxygen at all times 15000+: Everyone must use oxygen

How long is a temporary certificate valid for?

120 days Until the expiry date shown Letter of revocation arrives Permanente card arrives

Where do low altitude (V/NDB) routes begin?

1200' AGL to 17,999' MSL

Emergency frequency

121.5

Inbound leg times

14000 and below: 1min 14001 and above: 1.5 mins

Glideslope operation

150Hz on the bottom, 90Hz on the top. Works just like a localizer.

Service volume of LOM

15nm

What is the MEA on Jet routes if no MEA figure is listed?

18,000

Where do jet routes begin?

18,000' MSL

Service volume of a DME station

199 nm, 100 aircraft

Takeoff minmums for commercial operations

1sm for airplanes with 2 engines or less 1/2sm for airplanes with more than 2 engines

Climb gradient required for departures

200' per nm

How long is a CFI certificate valid for?

24 calendar months

Location of glideslope antenna

250 to 600' from the runway centerline

Range of barometric scale

28 to 31

3 digit vs. 4 digit MTRs

3 digit- above 1500 AGL 4 digit- below 1500 AGL

How long before expiry can you renew your certificate?

3 months

Course width of localizer

3 to 6º 700' at the arrival end threshold SDF- 6 or 12º LDA- 3º or 6º and may have glideslope

TRACON/RAPCON service volume

30nm from the facility and extends up to 10,000'

How far away from prohibited/restricted areas should you fly?

3nm

UND progressive maintenance

4 phase inspections every 60 hours

Pilots are expected to fly straight ahead to what altitude before making a turn?

400 AGL

How long do you have to submit a detailed report of your deviation if requested by ATC?

48 hours

Instrument rating requirements

50 hours XC, 10 in the airplane, 250nm, instrument approach at each airport, 3 kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems 40 hours of actual/simulated IMC time 3 hours of training with 2 calendar months before practical test

What altitude does night vision deteriorate as a result of hypoxia?

5000'

If you lose your certificate and received a fax temp from the FAA, how long is that valid for?

60 days

Course width of the localizer

700' wide at the runway threshold (350' either side of centerline)

Operational frequency of marker beacons

75 MHz

Transponder codes

7500 hijack 7600 lost comm 7700 emergency

Squawk codes

7500- Hijack 7600- Lost comm 7700- Emergency

Alcohol wait time

8 hours

Hours of flight training a CFI is limited to?

8 hours of training in a 24 hour period

How long do you have to wait after scuba diving?

8000 and below - Controlled ascent: 24 hours - Uncontrolled ascent: 12 hours Above 8000 - 24 hours

Symptoms of hypoxia [4]

==Effects== Lack of alertness Lack of coordination ==Symptoms== Headache Cyanosis Lightheadedness Euphoria Numbness

What do these mean on the VOR information box? "A" "T" "H"

A = AWOS/ASOS H = HIWAS T = TWEB

How does a GPS work?

A GPS receiver determines a three-dimensional position in space by calculating multiple ranges from at least four satellites.

Astrick sign on a NDB info box means that...

A part-time NDB that may not be available continuously

VDP

A point where normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced

If there's fog inside your gyro instruments, what does that mean?

A seal on the system has been breached, allowing moisture and dirt to be sucked into the instrument. This may lead to potential instrument unreliability or failure.

TAA (Terminal Arrival Area)

A structure associated with RNAV apporaches tha allow aircraft to seamlessly transition from the enroute structure to the approach phase.

Integrated flight instruction

A technique of flight instruction in which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers by reference to both the flight instruments and outside visual references from the time a maneuver is FIRST introduced

Confusion between the symbol and symbolized object

A word is confused with what it is meant to represent

What can GPS be substituted for?

ADF DME

What do desicion based objectives measure?

ADM

How can you find airborne/ground VOR test sites?

AFD

Power instruments

ASI Manifold pressure Tachometer EPR, Engine pressure ratio (Turbine)

6 pack layout

ASI-Att-Alt Turn/slip-Hdg-VSI

Contact approach vs. visual approach

ATC cannot assign a contact approach without pilot's request To be assigned a visual appraoch: clouds > 1000' vis > 3sm Contact approach: 1sm vis

"Clearance on request"

ATC hasn't received your request from their computer system yet, so standby

"Hold for release"

ATC will still give you an IFR clearance, but you cannot depart until ATC gives you an amended clearance

In the airport information dialog, what does "A" mean?

ATIS is avialable

Memory

Ability of people to encode, store, and retrieve information

Transfer of learning

Ability to apply knowledge from one area to another

Understanding

Able to explain how/why

When should you use pressure demand?

Above 34,000' MSL

4 basic principles of risk management

Accept no unnecessary risk Make decisions at the appropriate level Accept risk when benefits outweigh the costs Integrate risk management into planning at all levels

Characteristics of effective assessment

Acceptable Comprehensive Constructive Organized Objective Thoughtful Specific Flexible

How can you renew your flight instructor certificate before it expires? [6]

Add a rating Practical test for one of the ratings you already have or an additional rating Present records to FSDO via 8710 that - 4/5 pass rate within the past 24 calendar months - Fight Instructor Refresher Course (FIRC) - If you are a company check airman (for Part 121/135) - Position to regularly evaluate pilots (checkride pilots)

Grace period

After 6 months of being current, you have another 6 months to become current again with a safety pilot

Position error

Air around the static port may be disturbed, so it can cause an error in the indication of the altimeter and airspeed indicator. Usually during slip and landing gear extension/retraction

How is a constant cabin pressure maintained?

Air is released from the fuselage through the outflow valve. By regulating air exit, it provides a constant inflow of air to the pressurized area.

What causes sinus problems?

Air pressure in the sinuses don't equalize with the outside

VOR error tolerances

Airborne check: +/- 6º Ground check: +/- 4º Dual VOR: +/- 4º

Malfunction report (FAR 91.187) [4]

Aircraft ID Equipment affected Degree to which you are impaired Assistance required from ATC

Requirements for being cleared for a visual approach

Airfield in sight Traffic to follow in sight

Aircraft category for CFI [4]

Airplane, rotorcraft, glider, powered lift

Airport with a brown symbol

Airport that doesn't have an IAP but the runway is 3000' or longer

Airport with a green symbol

Airport that has IAP

Airport with a blue symbol

Airport that has a IAP for military users

What airports are depicted on high altitude en route charts?

Airports that have a hard surface runway of 5000' or more Alaskan charts show airports with hard/soft runways of 4000' or more

What MTRs are depicted on en route charts?

All IR and VR MTRs except those that are entirely at or below 1500' AGL

Airports shown on en route charts [2]

All active airports that have a runway of 3000' or longer All airpots that have an IAP

When would you use an instrument takeoff?

Almost never

Pitot-static instruments

Altimeter VSI ASI

What's the cruising altitude you have to maintain when flying in controlled airspace?

Altitude assigned by ATC

Tricolor VASI

Amber- above Green- on glideslope Red- below glideslope

3 major levels of cognitive domain

Analysis, synthesis, evaluation

When is an instrument rating required? [4]

Any time you are the PIC of an IFR flight When operating in IMC weather Special VFR at night CPL cross-country more than 50nm

Runway environment [11]

Approach light system REIL Runway lights Runway itself Runway threshold Threshold markings Threshold lights VASI/PAPI Touchdown zone Touchdown zone markings Touchdown zone lights

What instruments can you count for currency as a CFII?

Approaches in actual IMC until FAF

What is RNAV?

Area navigation

What is a MEA gap?

Area where you might not receive navigational coverage. Use dead reckoning.

When must you do a missed approach? [4]

Arrival at MAP Safe landing not possible Instructed by ATC Avionics failure

When should you contact Departure after takeoff?

As soon as practical

When should you contact departure control when departing from an uncontrolled airport?

As soon as practical

5P

Assess the risks associated with each of these variables Plan, plane, pilot, passenges, programming

Correlation

Associating what have been learned with other areas

When are CAS and TAS the same?

At standard temperature and pressure

Location of localizer antenna

At the other end of the runway

Holding speed

At/below 6000: 200 6001 to 14000: 230 14001 and above: 265

Attention getter vs. motivating statement

Attention getter- something interesting that can retain attention Motivating statement- explaining why the lesson is important

Pitch instruments

Attitude indicator Altimeter ASI VSI

Bank instruments

Attitude indicator Heading indicator Compass Turn and slip indicator

What is an ATC clearance? [3]

Authorization by ATC To proceed under specified traffic conditions For the purpose of preventing collision

What is ADS-B?

Automatic dependent surveillance broadcast Allows aircraft to broadcast its GPS location to nearby aircraft using datalink

What should you do if you have motion sickness? [3]

Avoid turbulent conditions Open air vents/window Look outside

What can cause chronic fatigue?

Bad circadian rhythm

How does 'physical organism' affect perception?

Be physically fit

CFI Do's [Any 5]

Be professional at all times Be sincere Maintain a calm demeanor Avoid profanity Minimize student frustration Motivate the student Keep student informed

Readiness

Be ready to learn physically (be awake, etc.) and mentally (excited to learn)

Why does blood cells like to take in CO over O2?

Because CO molecules are smaller than O2, so the hemoglobin would prefer CO

Why shouldn't you join an approach at an intermediate fix?

Because doing so wont assure obstacle clearance

Why is it important to remove frost?

Because it degrades lift, adds drag, and increases stall speed

Why does ice/snow on the wing increase stall speed?

Because it disrupts smooth airflow over the wing and adds drag

Why do you need to continuously listen to NDB frequency when using it?

Because it doesn't have a flag to warn the pilot of an error

Why do we have MAAs?

Because when you go high enough it is possible to tune in a faraway station that has the same frequency as the desired NAVAID.

Behaviorism

Behavior is affected by what happened in the past (thus conditioned by the environment)

2 learning theories

Behaviorism Cognitive

When should you use a diluter demand?

Below 40,000' MSL

Benefit of random practice

Better retention

Color of Victor Airways

Black

Waiting periods for donating blood? plasma?

Blood: 72 hours Plasma: 12 hours

What color are "Q" routes?

Blue

Color of LF/MF airways

Brown

How are MTRs depicted?

Brown linse

Who can give an IPC?

CFII in appropriate category and class

Carbon monoxide poisoning

CO molecules attach to the hemoglobin and reduces the oxygen carrying capacity

How can you close an IFR flight plan when landing at an uncontrolled airport?

Call FSS

What can you do when you are about to land at an uncontrolled airport?

Cancel IFR and land VFR if weather permits

Use of portable electronic devices on an aircraft during IFR

Cannot use portable electronic devices on IFR flights or on flights with an air carrier license

3 categories of ILS approaches

Cat I Cat II Cat III

What is a Technical Standard Order?

Certification requirements for equipment in the airplane

Learning

Change in behavior as a result of an experience

Most dangerous aspect of structural icing

Changes the airfoil of the wing

How can you obtain RAIM information at your ETA?

Check NOTAMs for GPS outages Ask FSS for RAIM information

In the airport information dialog, what does the letter in the box mean?

Class of airspace

Contents of an IFR clerance?

Clearance limit Route Altitude Frequency Transponder

What do the green shaded lines in the IFR enroute chart mean?

Coastlines

3 stages of knowledge acquisition

Cognitive- learning in theory Associative- learning through practice Automatic response- when the procedure becomes automatic

3 domains of learning

Cognitive- thinking Affective- feeling Psychomotor- doing

How can you maintain the highest level of knowledge in the field of aviation? [3]

Commit to lifelong learning process Professional development through study, service, and membership in professional organizations

Lack of common experience

Communication is only effective if both parties know what is being talked about

How are they depicted differently?

Compass locators have fewer dots

Course of training

Complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal

Characteristics of a good written test

Comprehensiveness Usability Validity Reliability Objectivity Discrimination

Barriers to effective communication [4]

Confusion between the symbol and symbolized object Overuse of abstractions Interference Lack of common experience

How can you determine if your student is ready for their first solo flight?

Consistent use and increased accuracy of performance When the student can do a pre-flight to engine shutdown consistently without instructor assistance

Training course outline (TCO)

Contents of a course within a cirriculum

Proceed direct when able

Controller becomes responsible for terrain and obstruction clearance

Compensation

Covering your lack of skills in one area with another area you do well in

When is an assessment more appropriate than a critique?

Critique is better to improve skills. Assessment is better before a student takes their final checkride.

What can GPS be used for in IFR operations? [4]

DME DME arc NDB navigation NDB holding

DME operation

DME transmits interrogating frequency to the DME ground facility. Ground receiver responds back to the interrogating aircraft. The airborne DME equipment measures the elapsed time between the interrogation signal sent by the aircraft and reception of the reply pulses from the ground station. This time measurement is converted into nautical miles distance from the station.

How is Class C depicted on an en route chart?

Dashed blue lines

VOR check log contents [4]

Date, place, bearing error, signature

Fantasy

Daydreaming about how things should be rather than focusing on the reality. They will stop trying to focus on the reality.

Remedy for sinus problem

Decrease descent rate Consult a doctor

Decompression sickness

Decreasing ambient pressure results in nitrogen saturation so it comes out as bubbles

3 types of practice

Deliberate, blocked, random

Elements in a performance based objective

Description of skill or behavior Conditoins Criteria

DECIDE

Detect an anomaly Estimate the need required Choose the desired outcome Identify actions to have the desired outcome Do Evaluate

Initial steps in planning a course of training

Determine objectives and standards Develop blocks of learning

ADM definition

Determining the best course of action to a given set of circumstances

Exceptions to portable electronic device regulation

Devices that the has PIC determined will not cause interference

VSI operation

Diaphragm connected directly to the static port Case connected to the static port via a calibrated leak During a climb, the diaphragm is compressed and vice versa

3 types of oxygen systems

Diluter demand Pressure demand Continuous flow

What does the arrow coming out of a VOR, VOR/DME, TACAN, VORTAC indicate?

Direction of magnetic north

Distress vs. urgency situation

Distress- emergency (fire, failure, etc.) Urgency- fuel endurance, weather, etc.

Advantage of NDB

Doesn't require line of sight

What causes middle ear problems?

During climbs/descents, gas in body cavities expands and if the gas is impeded, pain is experienced

When should you be concerned with density altitude?

During takeoff and climb

Significance of calibrated airspeed

Dynamic pressure acting on aircraft surfaces regardless of density altitude, wind, and other conditions. At the same weight, an aircraft will rotate and climb at approximately the same calibrated airspeed at any elevation

Requirement for initial security awareness training

Each flight school employee or independent instructor must receive initial security awareness training within 60 days of being hired

Major places for trapped body gases [4]

Ear Sinus Stomach Teeth

Privileges of having a CFI-I

Endorse for Instrument Rating knowledge test Endorse for IR practical test Conduct an IPC

Fuel requirement for IFR

Enough fuel to go to the destination airport, then to the alternate, and additional 45 mins

GPS CDI sensitivities

Enroute: 5nm on either side Approach/'TERM' (30nm from the airport): 1nm on either side Within 2nm of the FAF/"APPR": .3nm

How can you prevent St. Elmo's fire?

Ensure that static wigs are installed properly

What should you do if you reach your clearance limit and no further clearance is received and there's radio congestion?

Enter a standard holding pattern at the clearance limit fix. Make a right turn after passing the fix and proceed to the outbound leg.

Steps for making an instructional aid [3]

Establish the objective Gather supporting material Organize into a lesson plan

Critique vs. Evaluation

Evaluation is seeing where the student stands Critique is offering guidance on how to improve

Losing sight of the runway while circling

Execute missed approach procedure

SRM grades [4]

Explain- can verbally explain the risks Practice- apply SRM principles to the flight, but need some instructor guidance to make proper decisions Manage/decide- apply SRM principles probably and make good decisions without instructor guidance Not observed

Demonstration-performance method steps [4]

Explanation Demonstration Student Performance + Instructor supervision Evaluation

Abnormal reaction to stress

Extreme over-cooperation Painstaking self control Inappropriate laughter Rapid changes in emotion Severe anger

Who can inspect your logbook?

FAA NTSB Federal, state, local law enforcement officer

Requirements for straight in (non-circling) approaches

FAC within 30º Descent from FAF is not excessive

Regulations pertaining to medical certification

FAR Part 67

Highest flight level of jet routes

FL 450

Common obstacles to learning during flight instruction [5]

Fatigue Anxiety Dehydration Illness Physical discomfort

Anxiety

Feeling of nervousness, worry, or unease

What should you do if an approach at your arrival airport is listed as "unreliable?"

File an alternate

Requirement to take a practical test

Finished the required training and the required aeronautical experience

How many satellites do you need for RAIM to work?

Five satellites or (4+baro altimeter) is required to detect a bad satellite Six satellites (5+ baro altimeter) to exclude a bad satellite (only if you have that function)

Required IFR reports (FAME Performance)

Fixes: arriving or leaving - Reaching holding fix - Reaching clearance limit - FAF inbound (non-radar) - Leaving holding pattern (time + altitude) Altitude changes - Vacating altitude to newly assigned altitude - Altitude changes during VFR on top Missed approach Equipment: loss or problems - Loss of navigation instrument - Unforecast weather Performance: poor climb/descend, TAS change - Unable to climb/descend at at least 500fpm - TAS change by 5% or 10 knots (whichever is greater) - ETA changes by more than 3 mins (non radar)

How is Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA) depicted?

Flag with a "R"

How is a Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA) depicted?

Flag with a "X"

Additional responsibilities of flight instructors

Flight instructor endorsements Additional training/endorsements Evaluation of student pilot ability Pilot proficiency Pilot supervision Practical test recommendation See and avoid Student's pre-solo thought process

Who is required to complete security awareness training? [4]

Flight instructor, ground instructor Chief flight instructor Director of training Any person employed by a flight school who does direct contact with a student

"Cruise"

Fly at any altitude between minimum IFR altitude to the cruise altitude - Climb or descent may be made - Cannot go back to an altitude if you report leaving

Executing a missed approach before MAP

Fly to MAP at or above MDA/DA before making a turning maneuver

When is an IFR clearance required?

Flying IFR in controlled airspace in IMC

ADF homing

Flying the needle to the station

If there are LOM and LMM, what coded identification can you hear from each of them?

For I-GFK, LOM- GF; LMM- FK

SID

For better traffic flow

Formal review vs. informal review

Formal- block exams, stage checks Informal review- random quizzes

Somatogravic illusion

Forward acceleration = pitch up illusion

Ability to retrieve information depends on... [2]

Frequency Recency

Different types of RNAV

GPS DME/DME

What happens if you lose RAIM?

GPS accuracy is no longer assured

Trapped body gases

Gases trapped in the body will expand as ambient pressure decreases

Equipment required for IFR flight (91.205)

Generator Radio Altimeter (Sensitive) Ball/turn coordinator Clock Attitude indicator Rate of turn indicator Directional gyro (Heading indicator)

Components of the ILS

Glideslope Localizer Marker beacons Approach lights

What should you do if you lose RAIM before reaching FAF? After FAF?

Go missed on both occasions

Factors that affect perception [5]

Goals and values Element of threat Physical organism Self concept Time and opportunity Acronym: GEPST

How does 'Time and opportunity' affect perception?

Good timing is important; no use teaching a 102 student about how to shoot an approach

Rotating beacon for civilian airport

Green/white

Rotating beacon for military airport

Green/white/white

Rotating beacon for helipad

Green/white/yellow

Authorized instructor [3]

Ground instructor Flight instructor Air carrier captain

How does WAAS work?

Ground stations collect GPS satellite data. They determine GPS errors and send them to geostationary satellites that then transmit the error information to the aircraft WAAS receivers.

What can be used in lieu of RVR?

Ground visibility

What is MRA?

Guaranteed NAVAID reception used to identify

3 functions of the ILS

Guidance: localizer, glideslope, Range: marker beacons Visual: approach lights

Benefits of having an AHRS over traditional instruments

Gyros dont tumble Some has solid-state gyros, but some have MEMS which has moving parts

NDB service volumes

HH- 75nm H- 50nm MH- 25nm

St. Elmo's fire

Happens when the aircraft is going through precipitation static. Aircraft develops a negative charge.

Graveyard spiral

Happens when you spin without visual reference because you stop feeling the spin after about 20 seconds into the spin, so you think you're spinning when you recover

Continuous flow

Has a reservoir bag that collects oxygen from the continuous flow system when the user is exhaling

Symptoms of DCS [5]

Headache/dizziness Itching Skin rash Joint pain (Most common symptom) Extreme fatigue

Symptoms of dehydration

Headache/dizziness Sleepiness

Symptoms of CO poisoning

Headache/dizziness/drowsiness Loss of muscle power

Interference

Hearing loss, illness, outside noise, etc.

5 main responsibilities of aviation instructors

Help students learn Provide adequate instruction Demand adequate standards Emphasize the positive Ensure aviation safety

Self actualization

Help the student achieve what they were born to do

How can an instructor ensure that a student develops insight during flight training?

Help the student understand how each piece relates to all other pieces

What does the OROCA represent?

Highest elevation figure in a given quadrant +1000' in non-mountainous terrain and +2000' in mountainous terrain

Flight visibility

Horizontal distance you can see from the cockpit

What kind of hypoxia does CO poisoning cause?

Hypemic

Dangers of decompression

Hypoxia Decompression sickness Lung expansion GI gas expansion

4 kinds of hypoxia

Hypoxic- Lack of oxygen Hypemic- Loss of oxygen carrying capacity due to CO poisoning Histotoxic- Loss of oxygen carrying capacity due to tissue poisoning Stagnant- Hindered blood flow due to abnormal G forces

Two types of MTRs

IR- IFR military training routes VR- VFR military training routes

6 steps in risk management process

Identify Assess- determine the probability and severity of the accident that could happen Analyze- investigate strategies to mitigate the risk Make decisions Implement your decision Supervise and review

Risk management process

Identify Eliminate Reduce

Minimum IFR altitude

If there's no minimum altitude, you can give yourself proper obstacle clearance (1000 or 2000' as appropriate) within 4nm from the course to be flown

Effects of alcohol

Impaired judgment, attention, and coordination

Considerations when you have a vacuum pump failure in flight

In IMC or VMC? Nearest airport? Radar coverage? No gyro approach?

When can a CFI-I log instrument time?

In actual IMC

How is runway length indicated on the airport information dialog?

In hundreds If it ends in "S," it means the runway is a soft surface

When can you deviate from ATC clearance?

In response to a traffic alert In an emergency New clearance received

IFR recency requirement

In the preceding 6 calendar months - 6 approaches - Holding procedure - Intercepting/tracking a navigation course Must be done in the same category of aircraft/simulator

ICE-T

Indicated Calibrated- Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position error Equivalent- Calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility effects True- CAS corrected for non standard temperature/pressure

If the weather is colder than standard, how will the altimeter indicate?

Indicates higher than true altitude

If your emergency situation made you deviate from ATC clearance, what should you do?

Inform ATC and get an amended clearance

Requirement to use a EFB instead of a paper chart

Information displayed must be functional equivalent of the paper reference material Information being used for navigation or performance planning is current, up-to-date, and valid.

What are these wig/wag lights for?

Installed at some taxiway/runway intersections to make it more obvious you are intersecting a runway

Types of critique [6]

Instructor/student Student-led Individual student by another student Small group Self-critique Written critique

3 fundamental skills to instrument flying

Instrument crosscheck Instrument interpretation Aircraft control

How does a DME work?

Interrogation signal is sent from the aircraft to the ground station, and a response signal is sent from the station to the aircraft

When is a VOR frequency underlined on an IAP?

It has no voice capability

How is IFR approved GPS different?

It must have RAIM

Turn and slip indicator vs. turn coordinator

Its gimbal frame is angled upward about 30° from the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. This allows it to sense both roll and yaw

What are routes that have both "J" and "Q" on it?

Joint routes. "Q" routes will have lower MEAs

How do you make a logbook entry for unsatisfactory IPC?

Just log it as training given

Citizenship verification record [2]

Keep a copy of your student's passport, birth certificate, etc. Logbook endorsement in both your logbook and the student's logbook

How can you minimize student frustration? [5]

Keep students informed of their progress, motivate students, give credit when due, be consistent, admit errors

Localizer vs. LDA

LDA- localizer not aligned with runway although straight-in minimums may be published if the offset is less than 30º

Hyperventilation

Lack of CO2 and abundance of O2 in our oxygen system

What causes fatigue?

Lack of sleep, abnormal circadian

If you're flying to the MSP area, and weather in all the airports you could reach with your fuel goes 0/0, what should you do?

Last at MSP. Do the ILS Cat III all the way down to touchdown since their GS work all the way down.

When is oversize question okay?

Leadoff

Effect

Learning is strengthened when it's accompanied by a positive feeling

Common teaching methods [7]

Lecture E-learning Discussion Demonstration performance Group learning Guided discussion Problem based

Scan technique

Left from attitude indicator Right from attitude indicator Down from attitude indicator

Inversion illusion

Leveling off after a climb moves the hair in the vestibular system upwards making it seem like you're inverted

Symptoms of hyperventilation [5]

Lightheadedness Dizziness Hot and cold sensations Muscle spasms

In the airport information dialog, what does "L" mean if it's not in a circle?

Lighting available

What is the MM associated with in an ILS approach?

Located near the DH

Outer marker vs. Locator outer marker

Locator is basically a low powered NDB

Signing off someone for practical test (3+1)

Logbook endorsements [3] - Covered deficient areas of a knowledge test - Received required training for the checkride within two calendar months - Prepared to pass the practical test Sign the 8710 or endorsement on IACRA

Chronic stress

Long-term stress (E.g. money problem)

Indicators of rapid decompression

Loud noise Flying debris Fogging

What kind of marker beacon sensitivity provides higher accuracy?

Low

Military training routes (MTR)

Low altitude, high speed military flight training

NDB

Low or medium radio frequency radio station All radio beacons except the compass locators transmit a continuous three-letter identification in code except during voice transmissions.

What is a Minimum Reception Altitude?

Lowest altitude at which the intersection can be determined using a given NAVAID

MDA vs. MDH

MDA is expressed in MSL MDH is expressed in AGL MDH =/= DH

Calculate VDP

MDA/300

MEAs denoted by "G"

MEA of the route when using GPS to navigate

What does the TAA replace?

MSA (Minimum Sector Altitude). It provides minimum IFR obstacle clearance.

MDA

MSL altitude at which you have to maintain at or above when doing a non precision approach until MAP

How are TAA boundaries defined?

Magnetic course

Rationalization

Making excuses

4 skills essential to being an effective instructor

Management skills Assessment skills People skills Subject matter expertise

Single pilot resource management

Managing all the resources available to a single pilot to ensure the successful outcome of the flight

Insight

Meaning given to a combination of perceptions (e.g. telling your student what a straight-and-level flight looks like)

Performance based objectives

Measurable standards that describe the desired performance

ASI operation

Measures dynamic pressure. (Ram pressure - static pressure) Diaphragm is connected to the pitot tube and the case is connnected to the static port.

Primary purpose of static wicks

Minimize static electricity interference with the aircraft radios. They work by allowing static electricity to discharge from the airframe into the surrounding air.

Causes of slow decompression

Minor problems with structural integrity Compressor failure Faulty outflow valve

Random practice

Mixing up the skills throughout a practice session

What should you do if RAIM is lost while en route?

Monitor other navaids (VOR)

Benefit of flying under TEC (Terminal En Route Control)

More efficient

Aviator's breathing oxygen

Must be 99.5% pure oxygen because having too much O2 content such as medical oxygen can condense and freeze in the oxygen lines

Shaded/hatched frequency on the frequency box

NAVAID has an abnormal status. Check NOTAMs

Unit used by DME

NM

How can you check if you will have RAIM?

NOTAM, MFD

What does MEA assure?

Navigational signal coverage Obstacle clearance

NDB errors [4]

Night effect- signal fluctuations near sunset/sunrise Terrain effect- mountainous terrain make waves reflect unevenly Electrical effect- ADF needle points towards the electrical source Shoreline effect- signal bends near shores

Can you tell from looking at the en route chart if an airport sells fuel or not?

No

Can you use GPS to do a NDB approach?

No

Can you use handheld or VFR GPS in IFR for primary navigation purposes?

No

Do you have to comply with cloud clearance requirements when conducting a visual approach?

No

Do you need to do a citizenship verification for flight reviews, IPC, and aircraft checkouts?

No

Can you give an IPC in a multi-engine airplane if you dont dont have a MEI certificate?

No (AC 61-98)

How can you tell if the VOR station is undergoing maintenance?

No morse code signal T-E-S-T code is playing