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3.Main techniques used to find information online.

Research question : How has the Covid 19 pandemic affected international security ? The case of Central Asia countries Key words : Covid 19,pandemic , international security , Central Asia countries o Use quotation marks to group words together : "Covid 19 pandemic" o Use the + sing to make sure all words are included : "Covid -19 pandemic" + Central Asia countries o Use the -sign to exclude words you don't want :"Covid -19 pandemic" + Central Asia countries-relief o Use different form of words if necessary : "Covid -19 pandemic" + Central Asia states o Use OR to search for two different word forms at the same time : "Covid-19 pandemic" + Central Asia states + security or destructive forces o Change the order of your key words : Central Asia states + "Covid-19 pandemic" o Add more key words : "Covid-19 pandemic" + Central Asia states + vaccine race + economic decline or security

1.Researching: the meaning and definition.

The meaning : Research is a process to discover new knowledge to find answers to a question. • to study a subject in detail, especially in order to discover new information or reach a new understanding. The definition : Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines. 'Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.

6. The main steps of outlining:

1. Choose Your Topic and Establish Your Purpose. Having a goal or objective in mind will help you set guidelines and limitations on what is appropriate content for your essay. These questions can help you focus your ideas around the specific take-home messages you want to leave with your readers. 1. What do you want your readers to learn from reading your paper? What do you want them to understand about your topic? 2. Create A List Of Main Ideas. This is the brainstorming part of the writing process. The goal here is to come up with a list of essential ideas that you are planning to present in your article or essay. This step can be a list of arguments to answer a question, a list of resources, or it could even include tips on how to do something. No matter what the topic is, this step gives you a chance to get all of your ideas out and have a list of possible topics that you can touch on in your essay. 3. Organize Your Main Ideas. The goal of this step is to rearrange the list of ideas that you came up with in Step 2, putting them in an order that will make sense to you and the reader. There are many different strategies for organizing your ideas, and these will vary depending on the type of essay you are writing. 4. Flush Out Your Main Points. After you have decided on the order of your main points, you'll want to add some relevant content to help support each main idea. Your goal in this step is to expand upon your original ideas so that your reader has a better understanding of each point. You can add more detail to each concept by including examples, quotes, facts, theories or personal anecdotes. 5. Review and Adjust. Most people would think that after step four your outline is done, but that is not the case. Make sure that you've included all of your ideas and established the connections between each of your main points.

7.The basic format for most academic papers.

1.Introduction The introduction should have some of the following elements, depending on the type of paper: • Start with an attention grabber: a short story, example, statistic, or historical context that introduces the paper topic • Give an overview of any issues involved with the subject • Define of any key terminology need to understand the topic • Highlight background information on the topic needed to understand the direction of the paper 2.Body • Tell what the overall paper will focus on • Briefly outline the main points in the paper. • Clearly present the main points of the paper as listed in the thesis • Give strong examples, details, and explanations to support each main points • If an argumentative paper, address any counterarguments and refute those arguments • If a research paper, use strong evidence from sources—paraphrases, summaries, and quotations that support the main points. 3.Conclusion • Restate your thesis from the introduction in different words • Briefly summarize each main point found in the body of the paper (avoid going over 2 sentences for each point) • End with a strong statement: an appropriate, meaningful final sentence that ties the whole point of the paper together (may refer back to the attention grabber)

14. Literature review: main elements and content.

A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated. A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories. The purpose of a literature review is to: • Reveal any gaps that exist in the literature. • Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies. • Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort. • Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research. • Locate your own research within the context of existing literature [very important]. Types of Literature Reviews • Argumentative Review This form examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument, deeply embedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. • Integrative Review The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses or research problems. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication. This is the most common form of review in the social sciences. • Historical Review Historical literature reviews focus on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. • Methodological Review Reviewing methods of analysis provides a framework of understanding at different levels [i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches, and data collection and analysis techniques]. This approach helps highlight ethical issues which you should be aware of and consider as you go through your own study. • Systematic Review This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. The goal is to deliberately document, critically evaluate, and summarize scientifically all of the research about a clearly defined research problem. • Theoretical Review The theoretical literature review helps to establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is used to help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems.

9.The main features of the three level outline.

A three level outline is made up of headings for sections, subsections, and paragraphs of a paper. Paragraph headings should provide the topic sentence (or phrase) that all sentences in the paragraph will support. The structure of a three-level outline is shown below: I Introduction A. Motivation to study this topic B. Objectives or Thesis of this paper C. Organizational overview of paper II Literature Review A. Heading for topic area A 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic 3 Paragraph topic B. Heading for topic area B 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic 3 Paragraph topic III Analysis Approach A. Heading for the description of the scope of the analysis 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic B. Heading for methods used for first major task 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic C. Heading for methods used for second major task 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic IV Results A. Heading for results of first major task 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic B. Heading for results of second major task 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic V Discussion A. Heading for discussion Topic E 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic B. Heading for discussion Topic F 1 Paragraph topic 2 Paragraph topic VI Conclusions A. Summary of objectives and approach of this paper B. Major findings of this paper C. Important implications of this paper's findings D. Needed future work in the field Some subheadings are paragraphs themselves, hence no subheadings for paragraphs are needed. This is shown above for the Introduction and Conclusion sections.

8.The main features of the two level outline.

A two level outline is made up of headings for sections and subsections of a paper. A heading is a short phrase that describes the topic area of the section or subsection represented. A basic, two-level outline with many of the common elements in a research paper is shown below: I Introduction A. Motivation (Why this work is important) B. Objectives (Goals of this paper) or Thesis Statement C. Organizational overview of paper II Literature Review A. Heading for topic area A B. Heading for topic area B C. Heading for topic area C D. Heading for topic area D III Analysis Approach (What was done.) A. Heading for the description of the scope of the analysis B. Heading for methods used for first major task C. Heading for methods used for second major task D. Heading for methods used for third major task IV Results (What was found) [Sometimes this is combined as Results and Discussion] A. Heading for results of first major task (or Results/Discussion topic area E) B. Heading for results of second major task (or Results/Discussion topic area F) C. Heading for results of third major task (or Results/Discussion topic area G) V Discussion (How results contribute to knowledge in the field, e.g. compare results to literature) A. Heading for discussion topic E B. Heading for discussion topic F C. Heading for discussion topic G VI Conclusions A. Summary of objectives and approach of this paper B. Major findings of this paper C. Important implications of this paper's findings (e.g. for policy) D. Needed future work in the field

5. Outlining:

An outline is a general plan of what you are going to write in the finished paper. It will show the order of your information, what each paragraph will discuss, etc. Outlining is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our paper's potential structure, and to further flesh out and develop points. It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect information to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper. An outline provides the writer with a space to consider ideas easily without needing to write complete paragraphs or sentences. An Outline provides a summary and shows the logical flow of a paper. There are many reasons, but in general, it may be helpful to create an outline when you want to show the hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information. For research papers, an outline may help you keep track of large amounts of information.

13. Conclusion: main elements and content.

Conclusion essentially refers to a piece at the end of the paragraph, essay or paper that summarizes the entire content that has been jotted down. It mainly includes all the key elements of the main body and may also include your own opinion about that particular topic. Since conclusion is written in the end, it catches a lot of attention and there a lot of things to be kept in mind while writing a conclusion. Why Should Every Writing Have a Conclusion? A conclusion acts like a link between the introduction, the main points presented in the essay and the supporting ideas as well. A well written conclusion may change the entire perspective of the reader. Hence, a good conclusion can fetch you a lot of brownie points even if the reader isn't able to relate much to your article. Key Elements to be Kept in Mind While Writing a Conclusion: • Start with an introductory remark: Highlighting something important from your introduction section is an effective way of starting your conclusion paragraph. It might sound very basic, but it gives a very logical start to the conclusion. • Refer to your introduction to create a link: Just like conclusion paragraphs, introduction also plays a very important role in every essay. Thus, it is very crucial to reinstate points from your introduction into your conclusion paragraphs. • Summarize all other relevant points: A conclusion is an attempt to give a summary of everything that has been covered in an essay. This is done to ensure that the article creates a mindful impact on reader's mind. However, it is important to note that summarizing is way different from reiterating the same points again and again. • Catch the reader's attention: Adding an emotional connect towards the end of the essay really helps the reader to stay connected. • End with a closing line: The closing point of the conclusion for a project should be very clear and precise so that puts a crystal-clear end to the entire content. • Keep it short: The conclusion should always be kept short and to the point so that the reader feels that everything important has been covered up and summarized. Lengthy conclusions might not keep the reader hooked up to your project or essay. • Make a connect: Conclusion paragraph in an English project is one of the most effective ways to create a connect with the audience.Making a connect also helps them feel relieved. • Provide them with next steps: The audience should feel that the information that they have gained via the article can help them further.

10. The purpose of the outlining.

It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect all the information to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper. It also provides the writer with a space to manipulate ideas easily without needing to write complete paragraphs. An outline is a direct and clear map of your essay. It shows what each paragraph will contain, in what order paragraphs will appear, and how all the points fit together as a whole. Most outlines use bullet points or numbers to arrange information and convey points. Outlining is a vital part of the essay planning process. It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect all the information to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper. It also provides the writer with a space to manipulate ideas easily without needing to write complete paragraphs.

11. Introduction of the paper: main elements and content.

It may seem obvious, but introductions are always placed at the beginning of a paper. They explain your paper's: Scope: The topic you'll be covering Context: The background of your topic Importance: Why your research matters in the context of an industry or the world The introduction should be designed to attract the reader's attention and explain the focus of the research. You will introduce your overview of the topic, your main points of information, and why this subject is important. You can introduce the current understanding and background information about the topic. Toward the end of the introduction, you add your thesis statement, and explain how you will provide information to support your research questions. This provides the purpose, focus, and structure for the rest of the paper. Research paper introductions are always unique. After all, research is original by definition. However, they often contain six essential items. These are: • An overview of the topic. Start with a general overview of your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper's specific subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case. Note that you will address them in the publication. • Prior research. Your introduction is the place to review other conclusions on your topic. This background information shows that you are aware of prior research. • A rationale for your paper. Explain why your topic needs to be addressed right now. If applicable, connect it to current issues. Additionally, you can show a problem with former theories or reveal a gap in current research. • Describe the methodology you used. Recount your processes to make your paper more credible. Reveal how you conducted research and describe how you measured results. Moreover, explain why you made key choices. • A thesis statement. Your main introduction should end with a thesis statement. This statement summarizes the ideas that will run through your entire research article. It should be straightforward and clear. • An outline. Introductions often conclude with an outline. Your layout should quickly review what you intend to cover in the following sections. Think of it as a roadmap, guiding your reader to the end of your paper. These six items are emphasized more or less, depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the overview.

4. Find information online

Most information is found on the Internet by utilizing search engines. A search engine is a web service that uses web robots to query millions of pages on the Internet and creates an index of those web pages. Internet users can then use these services to find information on the Internet. Search engines are especially helpful when you don't know the URL of a website, but need to find it. When doing research or general searching for information on the Internet, keep the tips below in mind to improve your searches. Choose a starting point for your search. Begin using a search engine or directory provided by your job, institution, or university. Begin by searching a library database of research publications . Access to peer-reviewed research, which is the gold standard for academic study, is provided via library databases. Before publishing the study, top experts in the area vetted it to ensure that it is accurate, trustworthy, and informed. Even if you're just looking to learn something for yourself, academic research will supply you with the most up-to-date, trustworthy knowledge. These databases are normally accessible via the website of your local library. Some academic and university libraries may demand a password if you want to use their resources. If you don't have access to a library, try using Google Scholar for your searches. You can find academic research through this search engine, and Google Scholar will show you where you can find free copies of the articles online.

12. Body of the paper: main elements and content.

The Structure of Your Body Paragraphs: Begin each body paragraph with general statement, or topic sentence, about a point that you wanted to make in that paragraph and then devote that entire paragraph to developing more specifically that statement, using examples to back up the points you make. Remember that each statement you make in your body paragraph should relate back to your thesis statement somehow whether in support, defense, or explaination of the statement. Each body paragraph should be ended by making a reference back to the topic sentence you started the paragraph with and then back to your thesis statement to tie it all together. The Body of the paper, which contains the central argument and can be further broken up into three unique sections: • Background information • Evidence supporting the author's position • A discussion of both sides of the issue, which addresses and refutes arguments that contradict the author's position

15. Results and discussion: main elements and content.

The results section is a section containing a description about the main findings of a research, whereas the discussion section interprets the results for readers and provides the significance of the findings. Some of the common reasons the results and discussion sections might cause reviewers to reject a manuscript are • confusing tables or figures • inconsistent or inaccurate data • potential variables that are not reported • over interpretation/under interpretation of the results To avoid these problems, you can use an organized structure, such as outlines, points or subheadings, to write the results and discussion section. For the results, figures and tables must be clear so the readers understand the message. In the discussion section, outline your thoughts to defend your research and to emphasize the significance of your research. Use good writing, clear argumentations, and logical explanations in this section to support your conclusion. How to Organize the Results Section? Organize your research data based on how important those are in relation to your research questions. This section should focus on showing important results that support or reject your research hypothesis. Include your least important data as supplemental materials when submitting to a journal. The organization of subheadings (subheading organization information below) for the results section usually mirrors the methods section. Subheadings within your results section are primarily going to detail major findings within each important experiment. And the first paragraph of your results section should be dedicated to your major findings. Recommendations to structure your results subsection paragraphs as follows: • Experimental purpose • Approach • Result • Interpretation • texts: to explain about the research data • figures: to display the research data and to show trends or relationships, for examples using graphs or gel pictures. • tables: to represent a large dat a and exact value

2.Sources that can be used for researching: main types

Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Articles/magazines, Books, Maps or atlases, Websites, Newspapers articles, Television shows, Radio shows , Sound recordings , Video recordings , Electronic databases . o Academic books are great sources to use when you need information on your research or dissertation topic.They're typically written by experts and provide an extensive overview and analysis of a specific topic. They can be written by a single author or by multiple authors contributing individual chapters (often overseen by a general editor). o Websites are great sources for preliminary research and can help you to learn more about a topic you're new to. However, they are not always credible sources. Many websites don't provide the author's name, so it can be hard to tell if they're an expert. Websites often don't cite their sources. For these reasons, you should carefully consider whether any web sources you use are appropriate to cite or not. Some websites are more credible than others. We can know it by: URLs that end with .edu are specifically educational resources. URLs that end with .gov are government-related websites o Newspapers can be valuable sources, providing insights on current or past events and trends.However, news articles are not always reliable source and may be written from a biased perspective or with the intention of promoting a political agenda. News articles usually do not cite their sources and are written for a popular, rather than academic, audience. Archives of older newspapers can also be useful sources for historical research.