axial-appendicular skeleton

Axial Skeleton

A total of 80 bones that are separated into 3 separate regions: the skull, vertebrae, and the bony thorax. Function is to protect the vital organs of the body.

Patella

A triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the (quadriceps) tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscles to the tibia.

Lordosis

Also called sway back. Is an accentuated lumbar curvature that usually results from carrying a heavy load up front.

Vertebral column

Also called the spine, which is made up of 26 irregular shaped bones. The spinal cord runs through it and intercalated discs are between vertebrae to cushion like a pad. Fibrocartilage is found here too around pulp. Thickest at cervical and lumbar.

Scoliosis

Also called the twisted disease. An abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region. Particularly in late childhood girls.

Pelvic girdle

Also known as the hip girdle and attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower body, and supports the visceral organs.

Nasal

Are thin and rectangular bones fused medially, form the bridge of the nose. They articulate with the ethmoid bones, frontal and maxillary bones. They attach inferiorly to skeletal cartilages.

Bony Thorax

Consists of the sternum, (manubrium, body and xiphoid) and all the types of ribs.

Nasal Cavity

Constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage. The nasal septum and conchae are covered with mucous which moistens and warms the entering air. The inferior nasal conchae make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

Sutures

Coronal: parietal bones meet frontal bone sagittal: where the two parietal bones meet(midline) Lambdoidal: where parietal bones meet occipital bone Squamosal:where the temporal and parietal bones meet

Hand bones

First there is the carpals, which is a group of 8 marble sized bones. The carpus makes up the wrist. Second, theres the metacarpus that come from the wrist and make up the palm of the hand. Last is the phalanges which are also called the fingers or digits. Numbered 1 to 5 and the thumb is called the pollex.

Pubic Arch

Forming the inverted v shaped arch. The acuteness of this helps to differentiate between male and females.

Frontal

Forms the anterior part of the cranium, the forehead(frontal squama), roofs of orbits(supraorbital margins), and most of the anterior cranial fossa(support frontal lobes of brain).

Pubic Bone

Forms the anterior part of the os coxae(coxal bones).

Axis

Has a body and processes but has dens(processes projecting superiorly from its body). It allows the atlas to move from side to side.

Atlas

Has no body or spinous process. This vertebrae supports the skull and allows for the up and down movement.

Fibula

Is a sticklike bone with expanded ends. It articulates with the tibia. Its the more lateral bone.

Tarsus

Is made up of 7 bones that form the proximal part of the foot. (Talus-ankle) It articulates with the tibia and fibula and also the calcaneus (heel).

Hyoid

Is related to the mandible and the temporal bones.Only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone. Acts as a movable base for the tongue and has attachment points for neck muscles.

Sacroiliac Joint

Is the joint that connects the pelvis girdle to the vertebrae.(Connects to the sacrum)

Femur

Is the thigh bone of the body. The largest and longest, strongest bone in the body. There is a head that has a small central pit called the fovea capitis. The head goes down to the neck that joins with the shaft. At the junction of the shaft and neck is the greater and lesser trochanters which serve as sites of thigh and buttock muscles.

Acetabulum

Its at the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It is the deep hemispherical socket. Articulates with the femur.

Ethmoid

Lies between the nasal and sphenoid bones and is the most deeply situated bone of the skull. Is associated with the vomer bone(septum of the nose), crista galli(is the triangular projection of the nose), and nasal chonchae.

Coccyx

Made up of 3-5 fused bones that make up our vestigial tailbone.

Palatine

Made up of horizontal and vertical plates which complete the posterior portion of the hard palate.

Hip Bones

Pelvic girdle is made up of two coxal bones(os coxae) or also known as what? Each unite together anteriorly with each other and posteriorly with the sacrum. The structure formed by the sacrum, coccyx and the coxal bones is called the bony pelvis.

True ribs

Ribs 1-7 that attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages.

Floating ribs

Ribs 11 and 12 that lack any attachment at all!

False Ribs

Ribs 8-10. They attach indirectly(no real attachment). They decrease in length.

Vomer

Slender, plow-shaped bone located within the nasal cavity. It forms part of the nasal septum.

Tympanic region

Surrounds the external ear canal through which sound enters. Below the external ear is the styloid process which is an attachment point for several muscles of the neck and for a ligament that secures the hyloid bone. region for temporal bone.

Appendicular Skeleton

The bones of the limbs and their girdles. This forms the longitudinal axis of the body. Allows flexibility and movement of the body.

Orbits

The bony cavities where the eyes are firmly encased and cushioned by fatty tissue. The walls are formed by 7 bones.

Sciatic Notches

The bumps or notches found on the side of the pelvis. The lateral indents on the side of the coxal bones which are sites of nerves and vessels.

Glabella

The eyebrow bone.

Obturator Foramen

The large openings in the os coxae through which a few blood vessels and nerves pass. Is nearly closed by the fibrosis membrane in life.

Petrous Region

The region between the sphenoid bones and the occipital bones.region for temporal bone.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The small of the back that receives the most stress. L1-L5 are enhanced to bear weight. Sturdy, short, thick and point directly back.

Cranial Bones

There are 8 total bones. They include the paired parietal and temporal bones. Then the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. These construct the protective "helmet" .

Phalanges

There are a total of 14 in the foot. They are the toes and they are much smaller than the phalanges of the hands. The hallux and the great toe that only has two phalanges in its digit.

Facial Bones

There is a total of 14 bones. There is the unpaired vomer and mandible. Then the maxillae, zygomatics, nasals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior conchae are paired bones.

Maxillary

These bones are fused medially and form the upper jaw. They articulate with all facial bones except the mandible so its called the keystone bones of the face. The palatine process of this forms the roof of the mouth.

Parietal

They are large, curved, rectangular bones that form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull.

Lacrimal

They contribute to the medial walls of the orbits. Each of them has a anterior groove that forms the lacrimal fossa which is home to the lacrimal sac(which makes tears).

Temporal

They form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor. There are four regions to these bones. Squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous.

Occipital

This bone forms most of the posterior wall(back wall) and the base of the skull externally. It supports the cerebrum and the foramen magnum is located here. That is the large hole for the spinal cord to go to the brain.

Antebrachium

This consists of the ulna and radius(its the forearm). The ulna is the longer of the two and it mainly forms the elbow(olcraneon) with the humerus. The radius is the smaller one and is thin at its proximal end and widened distally. Between the ulna and radius interosseous membrane is found.

Sphenoid

This is butterfly shaped and considered the keystone of the cranium because it articulates as a central wedge with all cranial bones. Has wings and pterygoid processes. Located behind ethmoid bone. It has a saddle like depression. The seat of the saddle is called the hypophyseal fossa which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland.

Pectoral Girdle

This is made up of two bones: the anterior clavicle(collar bones) and the posterior scapula (shoulder blades). The junction between the humerus and the shoulder is where the acromian and coracoid are located. Then there's the glenoid cavity where the humerus is connected to.

Humerus

This is the largest, and longest bone of the upper limbs. It connects with the scapula and the ulna and radius. It has a head which its smooth round head which fits into the glenoid cavity. Then right below the head is the anatomical neck.

Mastoid Region

This region includes the mastoid process which is an anchoring site for neck muscles. Its the lump behind the ear. This process is full of air cavities called mastoid sinuses which can get infected easily. region for temporal bone.

Sacrum

This shapes the posterior part of the pelvis and is made of 5 fused vertebrae. (S1-S5) It stabilizes and strengthens the pelvis.

Male Pelvis

Tilted less forward bones heavier marking are prominent large acetabulum pubic angle is more acute narrow, longer sacrum coccyx less movable, curve ventral

Sutural bones

Tiny irregularly shaped bones clustered and found on the sutures of the cranium. Mostly the lambdoidal suture. Also called the wormian bones.

Cervical Vertebrae

Vertebrae C1 to C7.They are the smallest and lightest vertebrae. The typical ones are C3 through C7. They are short and spiny processes that point downwards.

Herniated disc

When one of your discs "slip". The protrusion can press on the spinal cord and cause numbness, pain, and even destruction.

Thoracic Vertebrae

a total of 12 vertebrae that all articulate with the ribs. (T1-T12) These vertebrae increase in size from the first to the last. They have spinous processes that point inferiorly. Only T11 and T12 have connections to ribs.

Mandible

also called the lower jaw bone. It is the largest, strongest bone of the face. It has a body that forms your chin and two rami.

Kyphosis

called hunchback. It is a dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature. In aged individuals with osteoporosis but also can happen cause of osteomalcia and rickets.

Zygomatic

called the cheekbones. They form the cheek bones and part of the inferolateral margins of the orbits.

Ischium

forms the posterior/inferior part of the hip bone. Is arch shaped and is very thick. This is the bone that you sit on.

Tibia

is the Shinbone that receives the weight of the body from the femur. Its the 2nd largest, strongest bone of the body. There is a interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula.

Ilium

is the large flaring bone that forms the major portion of a coxal bone. consists of a body and a winglike portion called the ala.

Squamous region

is what makes up the zygomatic process and arch. Which is the projection of your cheek. Region for temporal bone.

Paranasal sinuses

mucousa-lined air-filled sinuses found in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones. These sinuses cluster around the nasal cavity. They lighten the skull and enhance the resonance of the voice. Help warm and humidify air.

Metatarsus

these bones are numbered 1 to 5 and they articulate with the phalanges.

Female Pelvis

tilted forward lighter bones smaller markings smaller acetabulum pubic angle larger/rounded wider sacrum coccyx is more movable and less curved

Pubic Synthesis

where the two pubic bones are joined. Its a fibrocartilage disc and it forms the midline.