axial skeletal system

4 curves of the spine

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, used to distribute weight

the ethmoid bone

lies between nasal and sphenoid bones forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal and sphenoid bones

cranial bones (cranium)

makes a place for you brain to sit Enclose brain Provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles

auditory ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes bones of middle ear vibrate ear drum

supraorbital notch/foramen

(tiny hole, above, eye sockets) Passage of blood vessels and nerves coming through the orbits of eyeballs

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

12 of them all articulate with ribs

how many divisons make up the whole skeleton

2

How to identify the different vertebrae Cervical

3 holes Vertebral foramen 2 lateral foramen Smallest C1, C2 : by sight Transverse foramina

how many important foramina or fissures are in the sphenoid bone

5 Cracks or holes for nerves to go through

foramen magnum

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

C2: axis

All the normal bone markings plus one more (dens) Permits left to right movement (lateral and medial rotation) In some cases of trauma the dense will crash into the medulla oblongata and kill a person (whiplash)

superior and inferior articular facets

Allow spine to line up perfectly to build

maxillary bones (keystone of facial bone)

Articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible forms part of the inferior orbital fissure (with sphenoid bone) Contain maxillary sinuses- Largest Paranasal sinuses

mandibular condyle

Articulate with mandibular fossa of temporal bone

The sphenoid bone

Articulates with all other cranial bones providing considerable stability to the skull "keystone of cranium)

mastoid process

Behind ear Muscle attachment site Part of temporal bone

infraorbital foramen

Below eye socket Passageway for nerves

squamous suture

Between parietal and temporal bones

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Builds nasal septum Hangy down thing

external occipital protuberance

Bump in the back of the head on occipital bone muscles connect too flex neck up

at birth your spinal column is a

C shape that gets formed at age 3

axial skeleton

Central supporting axis of body, skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage Form protective enclosures

crista gali of ethmoid bone

Crista gali extends up into cranial space, attaches to meninges, which are protective covering for brain, (meninges fuse to crista galli and serve as an anchor)

Xiphoid process

Does Not turn into bone till around age 40 Attachment for abdominal muscles Inferior end of sternum

hyoid bone

Doesn't make articulation with any other bone Located between chin and larynx inferior to mandible Act as movable bas for the tongue Fracture can be used to indicate strangulation Greater horn and lesser bone

a herniated or slipped disc

Fibrocartilage becomes weak and creates a bulge of the nucleus pulposus . if it gets close enough to spinal nerve it pushes on it and causes pain

ventral part of thoracic cage

Form protective enclosure Top part of appendicular skeleton attach Muscle attachment

Unseen frontal sinus (sinus=hollow space)

Hollow spot in frontal bone (see it in a skull cut in mid sagittal view) Sinuses make your skull lighter

C1: atlas

Huge vertebral foramen No spinous process The occipital condyle articulates with Superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles This articulation permis you to nod your head "yes" No body and no spinous process

hypglossal canal

Imbedded in wall of foramen magnum Cranial nerve #12 (hypoglossal nerve) exits the skull as it connects up to the brain XII

what are the facial bones

Nasal Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae Maxillary bones

Pterygoid processes

Legs Hang down in back of throat Help form and create the cavities at the back of your throat and mouth (oral cavity)

special markings of thoracic vertebra

Long spinous process pointed downwards Extra facets (for ribs): costal facets Heart shaped body can look like a giraffe

2 regions of vertebrae disk

Nucleus pulposus Annulus fibrosus

external acoustic meatus

Part of temporal bone Inside the ear Canal and passageway Special sense organ for hearing

costal groove of rib

Posterior inferior side of every rib, makes bottom part of rib very sharp Blood vessels and nerves run through here

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Protective thick piece of bone that grows around and protects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus Indent in sphenoid bone Turkish saddle not a muscle attachment site

false ribs

Ribs 8-12 share a part of costal cartilage

special markings of lumbar vertebra

Short thick pedicles and laminae Flat squarish blunt spinous process point posteriorly Thick body ruge Spinous process looks like moose nose

frontanels

Soft spots in skull of infants

Mandlible

Strongest and largest bone in skull Only movable bone in skull (ear ossicles move too)

styloid process of temporal bone

Super pointy Muscle attachment site

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland controls things over time.

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity. has olfactory foramina. allows cranial nerve 1(olfactory nerve) to pass from the nasal cavity into the cranial cavity to bring info about your sense of smell into your brain

pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

The land mark on the sphenoid bone for the attachment of many muscles of mastication...

What does the vertebral column do?

Transmit weight of of trunk to lower limbs Surrounds and protects the spinal cord Held in place by ligaments Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back

appendicular skeleton

Upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs, pelvic girdle For movement

all 12 ribs attach to the vertebre but not all 12

attach to the sternum

sacrum

When born you have 5 separate sacral vertebrae and they fuse together Has lots of holes in it *sacred* Median sacral crest Fused Auricular surface of the sacrum Articulate with pelvic girdle

styloid proccess

attachment site for toungue muscle

alveolar process of maxilla

all of bone tissue that build the alveoli

angle of mandible

angle jawline

body of vertebrae

anterior weight bearing region

coronal suture

between frontal and parietal bones

sagittal suture

between parietal bones

lambdoid suture

between parietal bones and occipital bone

suture

bones fuse together

clavicular notch of sternum

bumps where clavicle articulate

meatus

canal-like passageway has depth

the thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

zygomatic bone

cheek bone Other bone that helps form zygomatic arches (cheekbones) Articulate with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch The zygomatic process of the temporal articulate with the zygomatic bone of the temporal process to form the zygomatic bone

hypothalamus function

controls things in the body that need to be done on a second by second basis

What connects the ribs to the sternum?

costal cartilage

the skull contains two sets of bones

cranial bones facial bones

squamous region

flat area of temporal bone

floating ribs

do not attach to sternum 11 and 12

facial bones

don't build cranial cavity, other bones Form framework of the face Hold the teeth in place Anchor muscles to face provide passage of air and food

the cranium serves to

enclose the brain provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles

Intervertebral discs

fibrocatilage Help cushion vertebrae to absorb shock

true ribs

first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum

temporal bones

form the inferior lateral part of the cranial floor plus part of the lateral wall near the ear (temporal = time) inferior to parietal bones Form cheekbones (zygomatic arch) Specific regions of temporal bone

the sternum

formed from 3 separate bones that form together

Transverse process of vertebra

forms joint with ribs in thoracic region, site for muscle attachment in lumbar region

frontal squama

forms the forehead

body of mandible

front part

what do parietal bones do

fuse with other bones to form the cranial cavities on the sides of the head

mastoid region of temporal bone

has mastoid process

mental foramina (foramen)

holes on both sides in mental/ body of mandible where mental nerve exists and enters that part

the occipital bone forms...

much of the posterior wall, and the posterior floors of the cranial cavity

eye socket anatomy name

orbits

carotid canal and jugular foramen purpose

passage of BV and nerves in and out of the cranium

mandibular foramen of mandible

passageway for nerves blood vessels, dentistry to numb mouth Middle inside of foramen

petrous part of temporal bone

raised area on internal surface of cranial vault which encloses structures of middle and inner ear special sense organs for hearing

lateral parts of the thoracic cage

ribs

occipital condyle

ridges on left and right of foramen magnum : sides of foramen Smooth rounded hill that articulates with another bone Articulate with your C1 (skull meets vertebral column)

palatine process of maxilla

roof of the mouth

Nasal Concha

rooster cheeks Help out respiratory system Creates turbulence because of bumps and any crap gets stuck to your mucous membrane Humidify before going into lungs (clean air, moisten and warm air)

foramen in the skull

small, rounded passageway through which blood vessels or nerves penetrate the bone

vertebral foramen

spinal cord goes here Hole Built from bone Bottom: body

processes of vertebrae

spinous and transverse

lamina of vertebral arch

spinous process to transverse process

different regions of temporal bones

squamous, temporal, petrous, mastoid

Spinous process of vertebra

straight back muscle attachment

Purpose of lumbar vertebrae

support weight

coccyx

tailbone 2-5 coccygeal vertebrae (vary in number) that fuse together after birth Remainder of tail Offers a little of support, and serves as muscle attachment

the frontal bones form

the anterior floor of the cranial cavity

body of sternum

the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

mandibular fossa

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone

olfactory foramina of ethmoid bone

tiny holes in cribriform plates for cranial nerve I Cranial nerve #1 (olfactory nerve) carries info about what your smelling to produce a sense of smell smell

alveoli of maxilla

tooth sockets

coronoid process of mandible

top most part of mandible For muscle attachment (move mandible)

Manubrium of sternum

top of sternum

Suprasternal jugular notch

top of sternum, massive blood vessels go in to get to heart

pedicle of vertebrae

transverse process to body

optic canal

two tiny holes (#2 II) Optic nerve comes into brain from eyeball Gives you sense of vision

internal acoustic meatus

where cranial nerve that carries info about hearing comes into cranial cavity and attaches to brain