axial skeletal system
4 curves of the spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, used to distribute weight
the ethmoid bone
lies between nasal and sphenoid bones forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal and sphenoid bones
cranial bones (cranium)
makes a place for you brain to sit Enclose brain Provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes bones of middle ear vibrate ear drum
supraorbital notch/foramen
(tiny hole, above, eye sockets) Passage of blood vessels and nerves coming through the orbits of eyeballs
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
12 of them all articulate with ribs
how many divisons make up the whole skeleton
2
How to identify the different vertebrae Cervical
3 holes Vertebral foramen 2 lateral foramen Smallest C1, C2 : by sight Transverse foramina
how many important foramina or fissures are in the sphenoid bone
5 Cracks or holes for nerves to go through
foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
C2: axis
All the normal bone markings plus one more (dens) Permits left to right movement (lateral and medial rotation) In some cases of trauma the dense will crash into the medulla oblongata and kill a person (whiplash)
superior and inferior articular facets
Allow spine to line up perfectly to build
maxillary bones (keystone of facial bone)
Articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible forms part of the inferior orbital fissure (with sphenoid bone) Contain maxillary sinuses- Largest Paranasal sinuses
mandibular condyle
Articulate with mandibular fossa of temporal bone
The sphenoid bone
Articulates with all other cranial bones providing considerable stability to the skull "keystone of cranium)
mastoid process
Behind ear Muscle attachment site Part of temporal bone
infraorbital foramen
Below eye socket Passageway for nerves
squamous suture
Between parietal and temporal bones
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Builds nasal septum Hangy down thing
external occipital protuberance
Bump in the back of the head on occipital bone muscles connect too flex neck up
at birth your spinal column is a
C shape that gets formed at age 3
axial skeleton
Central supporting axis of body, skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage Form protective enclosures
crista gali of ethmoid bone
Crista gali extends up into cranial space, attaches to meninges, which are protective covering for brain, (meninges fuse to crista galli and serve as an anchor)
Xiphoid process
Does Not turn into bone till around age 40 Attachment for abdominal muscles Inferior end of sternum
hyoid bone
Doesn't make articulation with any other bone Located between chin and larynx inferior to mandible Act as movable bas for the tongue Fracture can be used to indicate strangulation Greater horn and lesser bone
a herniated or slipped disc
Fibrocartilage becomes weak and creates a bulge of the nucleus pulposus . if it gets close enough to spinal nerve it pushes on it and causes pain
ventral part of thoracic cage
Form protective enclosure Top part of appendicular skeleton attach Muscle attachment
Unseen frontal sinus (sinus=hollow space)
Hollow spot in frontal bone (see it in a skull cut in mid sagittal view) Sinuses make your skull lighter
C1: atlas
Huge vertebral foramen No spinous process The occipital condyle articulates with Superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles This articulation permis you to nod your head "yes" No body and no spinous process
hypglossal canal
Imbedded in wall of foramen magnum Cranial nerve #12 (hypoglossal nerve) exits the skull as it connects up to the brain XII
what are the facial bones
Nasal Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae Maxillary bones
Pterygoid processes
Legs Hang down in back of throat Help form and create the cavities at the back of your throat and mouth (oral cavity)
special markings of thoracic vertebra
Long spinous process pointed downwards Extra facets (for ribs): costal facets Heart shaped body can look like a giraffe
2 regions of vertebrae disk
Nucleus pulposus Annulus fibrosus
external acoustic meatus
Part of temporal bone Inside the ear Canal and passageway Special sense organ for hearing
costal groove of rib
Posterior inferior side of every rib, makes bottom part of rib very sharp Blood vessels and nerves run through here
sella turcica of sphenoid bone
Protective thick piece of bone that grows around and protects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus Indent in sphenoid bone Turkish saddle not a muscle attachment site
false ribs
Ribs 8-12 share a part of costal cartilage
special markings of lumbar vertebra
Short thick pedicles and laminae Flat squarish blunt spinous process point posteriorly Thick body ruge Spinous process looks like moose nose
frontanels
Soft spots in skull of infants
Mandlible
Strongest and largest bone in skull Only movable bone in skull (ear ossicles move too)
styloid process of temporal bone
Super pointy Muscle attachment site
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland controls things over time.
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity. has olfactory foramina. allows cranial nerve 1(olfactory nerve) to pass from the nasal cavity into the cranial cavity to bring info about your sense of smell into your brain
pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
The land mark on the sphenoid bone for the attachment of many muscles of mastication...
What does the vertebral column do?
Transmit weight of of trunk to lower limbs Surrounds and protects the spinal cord Held in place by ligaments Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back
appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs, pelvic girdle For movement
all 12 ribs attach to the vertebre but not all 12
attach to the sternum
sacrum
When born you have 5 separate sacral vertebrae and they fuse together Has lots of holes in it *sacred* Median sacral crest Fused Auricular surface of the sacrum Articulate with pelvic girdle
styloid proccess
attachment site for toungue muscle
alveolar process of maxilla
all of bone tissue that build the alveoli
angle of mandible
angle jawline
body of vertebrae
anterior weight bearing region
coronal suture
between frontal and parietal bones
sagittal suture
between parietal bones
lambdoid suture
between parietal bones and occipital bone
suture
bones fuse together
clavicular notch of sternum
bumps where clavicle articulate
meatus
canal-like passageway has depth
the thoracic cavity
cavity housing lungs and heart
zygomatic bone
cheek bone Other bone that helps form zygomatic arches (cheekbones) Articulate with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch The zygomatic process of the temporal articulate with the zygomatic bone of the temporal process to form the zygomatic bone
hypothalamus function
controls things in the body that need to be done on a second by second basis
What connects the ribs to the sternum?
costal cartilage
the skull contains two sets of bones
cranial bones facial bones
squamous region
flat area of temporal bone
floating ribs
do not attach to sternum 11 and 12
facial bones
don't build cranial cavity, other bones Form framework of the face Hold the teeth in place Anchor muscles to face provide passage of air and food
the cranium serves to
enclose the brain provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
Intervertebral discs
fibrocatilage Help cushion vertebrae to absorb shock
true ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum
temporal bones
form the inferior lateral part of the cranial floor plus part of the lateral wall near the ear (temporal = time) inferior to parietal bones Form cheekbones (zygomatic arch) Specific regions of temporal bone
the sternum
formed from 3 separate bones that form together
Transverse process of vertebra
forms joint with ribs in thoracic region, site for muscle attachment in lumbar region
frontal squama
forms the forehead
body of mandible
front part
what do parietal bones do
fuse with other bones to form the cranial cavities on the sides of the head
mastoid region of temporal bone
has mastoid process
mental foramina (foramen)
holes on both sides in mental/ body of mandible where mental nerve exists and enters that part
the occipital bone forms...
much of the posterior wall, and the posterior floors of the cranial cavity
eye socket anatomy name
orbits
carotid canal and jugular foramen purpose
passage of BV and nerves in and out of the cranium
mandibular foramen of mandible
passageway for nerves blood vessels, dentistry to numb mouth Middle inside of foramen
petrous part of temporal bone
raised area on internal surface of cranial vault which encloses structures of middle and inner ear special sense organs for hearing
lateral parts of the thoracic cage
ribs
occipital condyle
ridges on left and right of foramen magnum : sides of foramen Smooth rounded hill that articulates with another bone Articulate with your C1 (skull meets vertebral column)
palatine process of maxilla
roof of the mouth
Nasal Concha
rooster cheeks Help out respiratory system Creates turbulence because of bumps and any crap gets stuck to your mucous membrane Humidify before going into lungs (clean air, moisten and warm air)
foramen in the skull
small, rounded passageway through which blood vessels or nerves penetrate the bone
vertebral foramen
spinal cord goes here Hole Built from bone Bottom: body
processes of vertebrae
spinous and transverse
lamina of vertebral arch
spinous process to transverse process
different regions of temporal bones
squamous, temporal, petrous, mastoid
Spinous process of vertebra
straight back muscle attachment
Purpose of lumbar vertebrae
support weight
coccyx
tailbone 2-5 coccygeal vertebrae (vary in number) that fuse together after birth Remainder of tail Offers a little of support, and serves as muscle attachment
the frontal bones form
the anterior floor of the cranial cavity
body of sternum
the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
mandibular fossa
the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
olfactory foramina of ethmoid bone
tiny holes in cribriform plates for cranial nerve I Cranial nerve #1 (olfactory nerve) carries info about what your smelling to produce a sense of smell smell
alveoli of maxilla
tooth sockets
coronoid process of mandible
top most part of mandible For muscle attachment (move mandible)
Manubrium of sternum
top of sternum
Suprasternal jugular notch
top of sternum, massive blood vessels go in to get to heart
pedicle of vertebrae
transverse process to body
optic canal
two tiny holes (#2 II) Optic nerve comes into brain from eyeball Gives you sense of vision
internal acoustic meatus
where cranial nerve that carries info about hearing comes into cranial cavity and attaches to brain