Bailey Sociology: All Quizzes for Final

_____ view the family as an economic unit that contributes to societal injustice. A. Conflict theorists B. Feminists C. Egalitarianism D. Functionalists

Conflict theorists

_____ refers to social interaction in which an individual behaves in ways expected by the group. A. Conformity B. Cooperation C. Social exchange D. Coercion

Conformity

U.S. women in the labor force working full time earn approximately _____ on the dollar, compared to men working full time. A. 50 cents B. 80 cents C. 90 cents D. 60 cents

80 cents

In an information society, which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have? A. Software engineer B. Coal miner C. Children's book author D. Sharecopper

Software engineer

Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today? A. World War I B. The fall of the British Empire C. The French Revolution D. The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? A. The NCVS doesn't include demographic data, such as age or gender. B. The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones. C. The NCGVS doesn't address the relationship between the criminal and the victim. D. The NCVS only includes information collected by police officers.

The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones.

The type of formal organization based on rationality and efficiency is known as a bureaucracy. A. True B. False

True

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies? A. coercion to join B. hierarchy of authority C. explicit rule D. division of labor

coercion to join

Monique and Joshua live together with their adopted children. This form of family life is called A. cohabitation B. living is a sin C. marriage matriarchal

cohabitation

An exploitation of the subordinate group has created social problems, such as high rates of poverty among single mothers. Which sociological perspective best fits this view? A. conflict theory B. structural functionalism C. cyberfeminism D. symbolic interactionism

conflict theory

Hope walked in to a high-end store and purchased a $2000 designer jacket with her credit card. She knew every girl in school would covet it and wish to be like her. Purchases such as this are called A. conspicuous consumption. B. popular consumerism. C. designer consumerism. D. credit card consumerism.

conspicuous consumption

Popular culture refers to A. people who differ in some important way. B. the coolest concerts and TV shows. C. high culture. D. culture patterns that are common in a society.

culture patterns that are common in a society

A person experiences _____ when they feel disorientation, uncertainty, or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture. A. culture shock B. loyalty C. moral conflict D. ethnocentrism

culture shock

The terms _____ and _____ are most often used interchangeably, but they are distinct. A. imperialism; relativism B. culture; society C. society; ethnocentrism D. ethnocentrism; xenocentrism

culture; society

The principle of _____ assigns people to kinship groups according to an individual's mother or father. A. endogamy B. descent C. universality D. kinship

descent

What is the term for a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged? A. minority B. ethnic category C. out-group D. racial category

minority

Which of the following terms refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories? (?) A. racial typology B. pluralism C. assimilation D. miscegenation

miscegenation (⋆)

The focus of Kohlberg's research was A. cognition. B. the importance of gender in socialization. C. moral reasoning. D. All of the above are correct.

moral reasoning

Many Americans pay for haircuts, trips to the dentist, or transportation on the metro and bus systems. These actions support the notion of capitalism, an example of A. non-material culture. B. material culture. C. cultural universals. D. countercultures.

non-material culture

An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept is a(n) A. hypothesis. B. theory. C. correlation. D. operational definition.

operational definition

In which of the following research methods does the research observe people in their natural A. participant observation B. survey C. secondary analysis D. experiment

participant observation

A child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only m is part of a _____ society. A. matrilocal B. bilateral C. matrilineal D. patrilineal

patrilineal

When Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that A. people are self-absorbed. B. people see themselves as they think others see them. C. people see things only from their own point of view. D. our actions reflect our values

people see themselves as they think others see them

Which of the following terms refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity? A. assimilation B. genocide C. pluralism D. segregation

pluralism

The marriage of one woman to two or more men at the same time is known as A. serial monogamy B. polygyny C. polyandry D. communal living

polyandry

The target group a researcher is trying to study is called the A. sample. B. population. C. respondents. D. questionnaires.

population

The target group a researcher is trying to study is known as their A. sample B. population C. respondents

population

The ability to control the behavior of others even against their will is known as A. authority B. prestige C. power D. ostracism

power (⋆)

Which of the following is not an example of a formal norm within the United States? A. Driving on the right hand side of the road B. Crossing streets on cross-walks C. Paying taxes D. Making eye contact while speaking

Making eye contact while speaking

1. _____ distinguish between right and wrong; _____ distinguish between right and rude. A. Mores; folkways B. Taboos; mores C. Folkways; mores D. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms

Mores; folkways (⋆)

Which of the following groups would be considered an ethnic minority? A. the Irish B. Native Americans C. Italians D. Germans

Native Americans

Which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)? A. IPV victims are more frequently men than woman. B. One in ten women is a victim of IPV. C. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol. D. Rape is the most common form of IPV.

Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol

Which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States? A. Physical abuse B. Neglect C. Shaken baby syndrome D. Verbal mistreatment

Neglect

Which of the following is an example of an unethical sociological research practice? A. Conducting a literature review prior to conducting an experiment B. Drawing conclusions from a study which the hypothesis did not predict C. Observing study participants without their consent D. Using a control group and an experimental group during research

Observing study participants without their consent

What is the Kinsey Scale? A. A 6-Point rating system that evaluates a person's sexual orientation B. An in-depth guide to measure whether a loved one is homosexual or heterosexual C. An instructional manual explaining acceptable homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual behavior D. A religious test which classifies a person's ability to live as a heterosexual

A 6-Point rating system that evaluates a person's sexual orientation

The global map viewed in class on world birthrates shows the highest average number of births occurs in A. Latin America. B. Africa. C. the Middle East. D. Eastern Europe.

Africa

How do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce? A. With a standardized curriculum B. Through the hidden curriculum C. By socializing them in teamwork D. All of the above

All of the above

In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? A. A very small group of witnesses B. The presence of an ally C. The ability to keep one's answer private D. All of the above

All of the above

Which group is often referred to a the "model minority"? A. blacks B. Asian Americans C. white ethnic Americans D. Native Americans

Asian Americans

Which "armchair philosopher" brought about the term sociology in 1838? A. Karl Marx B. Auguste Comte C. Herbert Spencer D. Emile Durkheim

Auguste Comte

Identify the three sociologists below who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional paradigm. A. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W.E.B Du Bois B. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim C. Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte D. Harriet Martineau, Robert K. Merton, W.E.B. Du Bois

Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was A. Robert K. Merton. B. Auguste Comte. C. Emile Durkheim. D. Karl Marx.

Emile Durkheim

Colleges, corporations, government agencies, and hospitals are all examples of informal organizations. A. True B. False

False

Instrumental leaders are more concerned with promoting emotional strength and health, and ensuring that people feel supported. A. True B. False

False

Only women have been negatively affected by sexist ideology/ A. True. B. False.

False

Sanction, means of enforcing rules, are always negative. A. True B. False

False

Status inconsistency is not likely in the United Status. A. True B. False

False

_____ refers to the advocacy of social, political, and economic equality between men and women. A. Comparable worth B. Feminism ⋆ C. Male bashing D. Sexual equity

Feminism (⋆)

Which society operates on a strict hierarchial system of power based around land ownership and Protection? A. Hunting & Gathering B. Industrial C. Post Modern D. Feudal

Feudal

=The term _____ refers to potential change in behavior due to unintended influence of a researcher on his/her subjects. A. Hawthorne Effect (⋆) B. Participant Effect C. Influence Design D. Stimulus Effect

Hawthorne effect (⋆)

Define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination A. Theory that man evolved slowly over time B. The process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics C. A series of interviews asking subjects about their sleep habits and dreams D. How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure

How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure

The tendency in a bureaucracy for work to be created in order to fill the time available has been termed A. the Peter Principle. B. McDonaldization. C. Parkinson's law. D. iron law of oligarchy.

Parkinson's law (⋆)

_____ are social groups whose members have interest, social position, and age in common. A. Socializing agents B. Peer groups C. Age Cohorts D. Play buddies

Peer groups

Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis? A. Language involves attaching labels to the real world. B. People relate the world through language, which is cultural. C. Most ideas "feel" the same if spoken in different languages. D. Each word has its counterpart in all other languages.

People relate the world through language, which is cultural

_____ research methods provide data that can be analyzed using statistical methods. _____ allows for a more detailed explanation from respondents. A. Quantitative; qualitative B. Valid; reliable C. Qualitative; quantitative D. Deductive; inductive

Quantitative; qualitative

_____ are groups whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior. A. Secondary groups B. Primary groups C. Reference groups D. Bureaucracies

Reference groups

_____ refers to consistency in measurement, while _____ refers to accuracy in measurement. A. Spurious; reliability B. Validity; reliability C. Reliability; validity D. Reliability; spurious

Reliability; validity

_____ is the biological distinction between men and women. A. Gender B. Patriarchy C. Sex D. Gender roles

Sex

How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities? A. She could not communicate at all B. She never learned words, but she did learn signs. C. She could not understand much, but she could use gestures. D. She could understand and use basic language like "yes" and "no".

She could not communicate at all

Which of the following is an example of an informal sanction? A. The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club B. Lilly being sent to prison because she failed to pay her taxes C. Brett illegally downloading the new Black Keys album because he couldn't afford to buy it D. Sarah buying Lady Gaga tickets from a scalper because the show sold out

The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club

Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? A. The yuppie craze of the 1980's B. The Kardashian obsession of the 2010's C. The hippie movement of the 1960's D. The disco craze of the 1970's

The hippie movement of the 1960's (⋆)

What does a functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement? A. The minute roles that every person at the protests plays in the whole B. The internal conflicts that play out within such a diverse and leaderless group C. The movement's contribution to society's stability by offering a safe, controlled outlet for dissension D. The factions and divisions that form within the movement

The movement's contribution to society's stability by offering a safe, controlled outlet for dissension

A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this? A. The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status. B. The offender has returned to his old neighborhood and so reestablished his former habits. C. The offender has lost the social bonds he made in prison and feels disconnected from society. D. The offender is poor and responding to the different cultural values that exist in his community.

The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status.

What did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked? A. The justice perspective B. Sympathetic reactions to moral situations C. The perspective of females D. How social environment affects how morality develops

The perspective of females

Why is choosing a random sample an effective way to study participants? A. They do not know they are a part of a study B. The researcher has no control over who is in the study C. It is larger than an ordinary sample D. Everyone has the same change of being selected

The researcher has no control over who is in the study

What role do secondary groups play in society A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. B. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. C. The members give and receive emotional support. D. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.

They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs.

The sociologist responsible for the earliest analysis of bureaucracy was A. Durkheim. B. Weber. C. Marx. D. Simmel.

Weber

A correlation exists when A. one variable causes something to occur in another variable. B. two or more variables are casually related. C. a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable. D. a negative relationship exists between 2 variables.

a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable

The term values can be defined as A. the tents or convictions that people hold to be true. B. a cultural standard stating what is good and just to society. C. scripture found within the Bible. D. federal laws and regulations.

a cultural standard stating what is good and just to society

A cultural universal is A. an object or a belonging of a group. B. a pattern or trait common to all societies. C. the ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a particular society. D. a written document outlining appropriate behavior.

a pattern or trait common to all societies

The term sexual orientation refers to A. individuals who identify with the traits that are opposite of their biological sex. B. a phase during which a person outgrows before entering heterosexuality. C. a person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex. D. a person's biological gender

a person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex

"Race" refers to A. members of any minority. B. a socially constructed category focusing on physical traits. C. a shared cultural heritage. D. skin color.

a socially constructed category focusing on physical traits

The term language can be defined as A. objects & words that help people understand the world. B. a symbolic system through which people communicate and culture is transmitted C. the exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus. D. communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values.

a symbolic system through which people communicate and culture is transmitted

A hypothesis can be defined as A. a way to explain different aspects of social interactions. B. a testable proposition. C. an attempt to explain large-scale relationships. D. philosophical frameworks used within a disciple to formulate theories, generalizations.

a testable proposition

A concept which changes from case to case is called a. a variable. b. spurious. c. empirical. d. dependent.

a variable

Which of the following is the definition for the term positivism? A. remaining optimistic regarding research results B. a way of understanding based on science C. a view focusing on subjectivity of researchers D. a testable proposition

a way of understanding based on science

Martha is interested in trying out for the dance team at her high school. She watched YouTube videos where experts explain the basics of dance movements and teach routines. At the end of the school year, Martha tries out and makes the team that will dance at her school the following year. She has just completed A. the impossible. B. anticipatory socialization C. degradation ceremony. D. dance transformation.

anticipatory socialization

Organized crime refers to A. illegal actions by people with white-collar jobs. B. illegal actions on the part of a corporation or large business. C. crime involving cooperation of two or more businesses. D. any business that supplies illegal goods or services.

any business that supplies illegal goods or services (⋆)

What is the term for a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? A. passive role B. master status C. ascribed status D. achieved status

ascribed status

The adoption of the English language by Croation immigrants to the United States is an example of A. genocide B. pluralism C. assimilation D. segregation

assimilation

A blended family is one which includes A. spouses from different ethnicities. B. shared authority between husband and wife. C. a residence near the parents of both spouses. D. at least one remarried spouse with one or more children from a previous marriage.

at least one remarried spouse with one or more children from a previous marriage

While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____. A. biology; culture B. attitude; behavior C. abnormality; what a society considers normal D. choice; social structure

attitude; behavior

Which type of leadership group has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? A. authoritarian B. democratic C. expressive D. laissez-faire

authoritarian

Max Weber urged all researchers to A. be objective in research B. stay away from value relevant research. C. be unethical in research. D. dismiss the facts.

be objective in research

Sociologists use the term "social marginality" to refer to A. living near the coast B. having special social skills C. being defined as an "outsider". D. people who are especially sensitive about their family background

being defined as an "outsider"

Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that A. many people need to be educated about basic fairness. B. bias was more pronounced in this nation's history. C. some people hold rigidly biased attitudes. D. bias is built into the operation of today's institutions.

bias is built into the operation of today's institutions

From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization? A. gender B. class C. blood type D. race

blood type

Nonverbal communication refers to A. body movements, gestures, and facial expressions. B. printed material. C. written language. D. beliefs assumed to be true by everyone.

body movements, gestures, and facial expressions

According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. A. proletariat B. vassals C. bourgeoisie D. anomists

bourgeoisie

Social status is inherited and cannot be changed when one is a part of a(n) A. caste system. B. organic system. C. feudal system. D. open class system.

caste system

A(n) _____ system is one in which an individual's social status is based on birth and personal effort. A. estate B. class C. slavery D. caste

class

Sutherland's _____ argues that deviance is less a personal choice and more dependent on a differential socialization process. A. differential association theory B. social control theory C. theory of power elite D. labeling theory

differential association theory

Which term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society? A. diffusion B. discovery C. innovation D. invention

diffusion

After the collapse of the U.S. housing market in 2008, people lost their jobs and stopped spending money. Many could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure. This is an example of A. social stratification. B. social inconsistency. C. horizontal mobility. D. downward mobility.

downward mobility

George Simmel wrote extensively about the difference between a _____, or two-member group, and a _____, which is a three-member group. A. normative organization; voluntary organization B. primary group; secondary group C. dyad; triad D. social group; aggregate

dyad; triad

Functionalist Robert Merton pointed out that social processes often have many functions. How did he identify them?

dysfunction, manifest functions, latent functions (⋆)

The 1954 case, Brown of Education of Topeka, is an example of the efforts to A. insure that children attend the school closest to their homes. B. racially segregate schools end established institutional discrimination in the education system.

end established institutional discrimination in the education system (⋆)

Oli's parents chose a bride for him whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same stratification group as they did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) _____ marriage. A. exogamous B. endogamous C. traditional D. unconventional

endogamous

Which of the following terms refers to shared cultural heritage? A. ethnicity B. minority C. race D. stereotype

ethnicity

Stereotypes are A. any sociological generalizations. B. common among whites, but not among minorities. C. a matter of amusement rather than actual harm to anymore. D. exaggerated descriptions applied to everyone in some category.

exaggerated descriptions applied to everyone in some category

Mate selection norms which require individuals to marry someone outside "their own kind" are referred to as A. homogamy. B. exogamy. C. monogamy. D. endogamy.

exogamy

Which research method seeks to make connections between dependent and independent variables in a closed environment? A. experiment B. spurious C. secondary analysis D. survey

experiment

In general, _____ families are more characteristic of preindustrial societies and rural parts of industrial societies. A. nuclear B. extended C. patriarchal D. conjugal

extended

A group of people related by marriage, blood, or adoption is known as A. society B. culture C. reference group D. family

family

Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization A. school B. family C. mass media D. workplace

family

The term "homophobia" refers to: A. fear of pregnancy. B. fear of one's own sexuality. C. fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual. D. fear of experiencing sexual attraction to people of the same sex.

fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

Which theoretical perspective would argue that the primary purposes of family are the bearing of legitimate offspring and the regulation of access to sex? A. functionalism B. symbolic interaction C. social conflict D. differential association

functionalism

To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly. A. conflict theory B. functionalist theory C. symbolic interactionism D. feminist theory

functionalist theory

Which term refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth, power between men & women in a society? A. gender stratification B. gender stereotype C. ideal gender D. sexism

gender stratification

Josef Stalin's murder of as many as 30 million people in the former Soviet Union is an example of A. hypersegregation. B. genocide. C. expulsion. D. assimilation.

genocide

Which of the following concepts refers to an invisible barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions? A. glass ceiling B. the gender barrier C. minority plateau D. the "second shift"

glass ceiling

Chris Langan's story illustrates that A. children raised in single-parent homes have higher IQs. B. in relation to success, intelligence is more important than socialization. C. in reference to success, socialization can be more influential than intelligence. D. neither socialization or intelligence affect college admission.

in reference to success, socialization can be more influential than intelligence

The median age of first marriage has _____ in the last fifty years. A. increased for men but not women B. decreased for men but not women C. increased for both men and women D. decreased for both men and women

increased for both men and women

The variable hypothesized to cause change or influence another is called the A. dependent variable B. hypothetical variable C. correlation coefficient D. independent variable

independent variable

Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? A. Hunter-gatherer B. Industrial C. Agricultural D. Feudal

industrial

A professor notices a student on her cell phone and moves closer to her, while continuing to lecture. In this situation the professor used _____ to maintain social control. A. informal negative sanctions B. informal positive sanctions C. formal negative sanctions D. formal positive sanctions

informal negative sanctions

According to _____, the family is not objective, but a social construct. A. conflict theorists B. functionalists C. interactionists D. utilitarian

interactionists

_____ are people who have some combination of female and male genitalia? A. Multi-sexuals B. Bisexuals C. Transsexuals D. Intersexuals

intersexuals

Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways A. invention, discovery, and diffusion B. invasion, invention, and experiment. C. immigration, imagination, and innovation. D. adaptation, integration, and immigration.

invention, discovery, and diffusion

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime A. is always more serious. B. is usually less serious, C. is a violation of norms enacted into law. D. involves a larger share of the population.

is a violation of norms enacted into law

Which of these is an example of a total institution? A. jail B. high school C. political party D. a gym

jail

"Pink-collar" work refers to (?) A. work requiring women to wear a certain type of uniform. B. work for homosexual men. C. jobs dominated by women. D. jobs that earn the most money for women.

jobs dominated by women (⋆)

The concept "ethnocentrism" refers to A. taking pride in one's ethnicity. B. evaluating another culture by its own standards. C. thinking another culture is better than one's own. D. judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Societies have ____ that maintain social control through formal laws. A. social norms B. legal codes C. anomic systems D. passive systems

legal codes

Weber uses the term _____ to describe the likelihood of possessing good things. A. wealth B. caste system C. life chances D. lifestyles

life chances (⋆)

Which socializing agent is geared towards impersonal communication to a large audience? A. family B. neighborhood C. the workplace D. mass media

mass media

What is the term for a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life? A. central role B. master status C. ascribed status D. achieved status

master status

Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which females dominate males? A. matriarchy ⋆ B. patriarchy C. monastic D. oligarchy

matriarchy (⋆)

Which descriptive statistic is found by identifying the number that falls closest to the center of a data set? a. mode b. mean c. median d. All of these.

median

Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that A. deviance is only what people label as deviant. B. most people in the United States will become insane for some period of time. C. mental illness is a myth: insanity amounts to differences that bother others. D. we do not do enough to treat the mentally ill.

mental illness is a myth: insanity amounts to differences that bother others (⋆)

Which of the following is the largest and most diverse social class? A. lower-upper class B. working class C. middle class D. lower class

middle class

Alexander Liazos speaks from the social-conflict perspective when he states that A. powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant. B. deviance has both functions and dysfunctions. C. deviance exists only in the eye of the beholder. D. society should ignore victimless crimes.

powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant

A judge's order that an offender be sentenced to serve his/her sentence under close supervision in the community is called A. parole. B. probation. C. rehabilitation. D. extended lockup.

probation

According the Marx, the ruling class is the A. power elite. B. capitalist class. C. devil. D. proletariat.

proletariat

According to your textbook, most hate crimes are A. racially motivated. B. based on religious prejudice. C. committed by those with bias against homosexuals. D. tied directly to nationality.

racially motivated

What terms refers to a belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another? A. prejudice B. scapegoating C. discrimination D. racism

racism

Suppose that a criminal is released from prison and then commits another crime. This would be an example of A. repeatism B. anomie C. recidivism D. replication

recidivism (⋆)

Marx believed that an individual's power reflects one's A. religious affiliation. B. genetic heritage. C. relationship to the means of production. D. birth order.

relationship to the means of production

The attempt to radically change an inmate's personality by carefully controlling their environment is called A. anticipatory socialization B. resocialization C. institutionalization D. mortification

resocialization

Suppose you don't particularly care about your classes, but you go through the motions because your family expects you to. Your behavior would be an example of (ANTHONY) A. innovation B. ritualism C. retreatism D. conformity

ritualism

Sociologists use what term to refer to behavior people expect of someone who holds a status? A. role B. master status C. status D. achievement

role

Joan is an excellent artist but finds she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing A. role conflict. B. role strain. C. role ambiguity. D. role exit.

role conflict

The acting out of a role, or _____, varies according to an individual's unique personality. A. role expectation B. role performance C. role play D. role interpretation

role performance

Comte described the _____ as knowing based on empirical evidence. A. theological stage B. metaphysical stage C. scientific stage D. post-scientific stage

scientific stage

Emile Durkheim's statistical analysis of suicide was an example of what kind of research technique? a. ethnography b. observation research c. secondary analysis d. experimental research

secondary analysis

The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of A. gender norms. B. primary sex characteristics. C. secondary sex characteristics. D. All of the above are correct.

secondary sex characteristics

The existence of the "Negro leagues" in professional baseball in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s is an example of A. segregation. B. pluralism. C. miscegenation. D. assimilation.

segregation

Which of the following is not an achieved status? A. physician B. sex C. parent D. college student

sex

Which term refers to the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other? A. gender stratification B. gender stereotype C. ideal gender D. sexism

sexism

What term is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact? A. status interaction B. social construction of reality C. interactive reality D. role reality

social construction of reality (⋆)

____ is an attempt, informally or formally, by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior. A. A norm B. Stigma C. Social control D. The criminal justice system

social control

According to Mead, the development of the self lies in A. biological drives. B. insane parents. C. social experience. D. cultural contemplation.

social experience

A _____ consists of people who are in contract with one another, share ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving as well as interests or goals. A. social group B. sisterhood C. reference group D. social network

social group

Durkheim believed that _____, or the strength of ties people have to their others in their environment, was a key factor in social life. A. social integration B. cultural capital C. status consistency D. money

social integration

The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called: A. social connectedness. B. social construction. C. social dynamics. D. social interaction.

social interaction

The movement of individuals or groups within a stratification structure is referred to as A. evolutionary mobility. B. symbolic mobility. C. temporal mobility. D. social mobility.

social mobility

A web of social relationships that join a person directly (or indirectly) to other people and groups would be called a A. social complex. B. relationship web. C. safety net. D. social network.

social network

Which terms refers to the hierarchical system used to rank societies and their people? A. capital accumulation B. socialization C. social stratification D. tracking

social stratification

Which term is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior? A. social structure B. eufunctions C. social functions D. social dysfunctions

social structure

The theoretical approach that focuses on society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change is the A. structural-functional paradigm. B. social-conflict paradigm. C. symbolic-interaction paradigm. D. All of the above are correct

social-conflict paradigm

Which term describes the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? A. socialization B. personality C. human nature D. behaviorism

socialization

Which term is defined as people who live in a specific territory and share culture? A. society B. culture C. subculture D. kinship

society

The term _____ defines who and what we are in relation to others. A. role B. status C. solidarity D. social parameter

status

What is Goffman's term for a powerful and negative label that greatly affects a person's self-concept and social identity? A. a deviant ritual B. a degradation ceremony C. a secondary identity D. stigma

stigma

The theoretical approach that highlights the way any cultural pattern helps meet human needs is the A. structural-functional paradigm. B. social-conflict paradigm. C. symbolic-interaction paradigm. D. sociobiology paradigm.

structural-functional paradigm

Which theoretical approach is of a micro-level orientation A. symbolic interaction B. social conflict C. functionalist D. social functional

symbolic interaction

Sociology can be defined as that A. A qualitative analysis of a human phenomenon. B. systematic study of society and human social interaction. C. quantitative analysis of social transgressions. D. theoretical examination of life's origins.

systematic study of society and human social interaction

The Davis-Moore Thesis states A. that economic hardship and skyrocketing inflation is the cause for all social stratification in the U.S. B. that Karl Marx was correct, and that stratification can only be solved by converting to socialism. C. that the more society values a profession, the more the people in that profession will make. D. that people constantly move up and down the social ladder, and this creates an unstable economy.

that the more society values a profession, the more the people in that profession will make

Alienation refers to A. the state in which chaos has taken over society and individualism rules. B. the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her work. C. a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions. D. a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences.

the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her work

Speedy Gonzalez is a popular cartoon character but is widely considered an inappropriate stereotype. Many children are raised watching Speedy Gonzalez cartoons, unaware that such stereotypes are negative. This is a product of A. genocide. B. intersection theory. C. the culture of prejudice. D. the scapegoat theory.

the culture of prejudice

Gender refers to A. the expectations and behaviors associated with a sex category in society. B. an ascribed status. C. an awareness of being masculine or feminine. D. the biological distinction between males and female.

the expectations and behaviors associated with sex category in society

A chief conclusion of the Harlow studies showed A. no evidence of developmental issues in the baby monkeys. B. the Harlows had many ethical issues with their research. C. the need for closeness and touch of the mother. D. the length of social isolation is not significant.

the need for closeness and touch of the mother

"Personal space" refers to: A. owned property, such as a house or land. B. unowned space in a public place. C. the surrounding area in which an individual makes some claim of privacy. D. a feeling of needed isolation from others.

the surrounding area in which an individual makes some claim of privacy (⋆)

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is A. to help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world. B. to increase a person's choices about how to live. C. to radically alter a person's personality or behavior. D. to encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context.

to radically alter a person's personality or behavior (⋆)

1. A person who is biologically male, but identifies with the female gender, but has not undergone physical alterations is A. transgender. B. transsexual. C. intersexual. D. transvestite.

transgender

Nearly 70% of U.S. children live in A. two-parent households. B. no-parent households. C. one-parent households. D. multigenerational households.

two-parent households

Which social class ranking depends mostly on inherited wealth? A. lower-upper class B. upper-upper class C. middle class D. working class

upper-upper class

Conflict theory states that prejudice is A. common among disadvantaged people. B. part of culture itself. C. common among certain people with rigid personalities. D. used by powerful people to justify oppressing others.

used by powerful people to justify oppressing others

Which of the following is not an example of corporate crime? A. insider trading B. ID theft C. vandalism D. embezzlement

vandalism

Prostitution is widely regarded as what kind of crime? A. crime against the person B. crime against property C. victimless crime D. organized crime

victimless crime

The amount of money plus assets minus all outstanding debt is A. income B. life stakes C. wealth. D. perks.

wealth

Which of the following is not an example of violence against women found in nations around the world. A. suttee B. honor killings C. women's suffrage ⋆ D. female circumcision

women's suffrage (⋆)

The belief that one's own cultural values and practices are inferior to another's is called A. ethnocentrism B. xenocentrism C. nationalism D. imperialism

xenocentrism