B&B7
What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease? a. 5-7 years old b. 12-20 years old c. 30-50 years old d. 65 years or older
30-50 years old
How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response? a. By determining the number of Purkinje cells that fire in sequence b. By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells c. By determining which one of all the available Purkinje cells becomes active d. By passing information back and forth between one Purkinje cell and another
By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells
What type of muscle controls movements of the heart? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic
Cardiac
. Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary. a. True b. False
False
Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle. a. True b. False
False
Brain transplants for Parkinson's patients have generally been very successful. a. True b. False
False
In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time. a. True b. False
False
In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine. a. True b. False
False
Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis. a. True b. False
False
. Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases ____. a. glutamate b. ACh. c. dopamine d. GABA
GABA
If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior? a. It could chase prey over long distances. b. It could chase prey only over short distances. c. It probably travels constantly. d. It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.
It could chase prey only over short distances
What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease? a. haloperidol b. physostigmine c. Dilantin d. L-dopa
L-dopa
Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum? a. parallel fibers b. Purkinje cells c. putamen cells d. saccade cells
Purkinje cells
Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease? a. Pathways of neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine b. The cerebellum and medulla c. The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus d. The hippocampus and amygdala
The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers? a. Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber. b. The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements. c. The more axons which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements. d. The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements
. People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move. a. True b. False
True
A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program. a. True b. False
True
A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment. a. True b. False
True
Central pattern generators are most likely to be found in the spinal cord. a. True b. False
True
Infants have several reflexes not seen in adults. a. True b. False
True
Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement. a. True b. False
True
The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement. a. True b. False
True
The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes. a. True b. False
True
The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements. a. True b. False
True
It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is ____. a. the primary cause of Parkinson's disease b. a contributing factor in some cases of Huntington's disease c. the primary cause of myasthenia gravis d. a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease
a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease
Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators? a. a dog shaking itself to dry off b. a child catching a baseball c. a child playing the piano d. an adult yawning
a dog shaking itself to dry off
A motor program is a ____. a. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback b. mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements c. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk d. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion
a movement, that when once triggered, continues automatically until its completion
Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm? a. a flexor muscle in the right arm b. an extensor muscle in the left arm c. an extensor muscle in the right arm d. another flexor muscle in the right arm
an extensor muscle in the right arm
Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____. a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. anabolic d. abolic
anaerobic
Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ____. a. extensor muscles b. flexor muscles c. cardiac muscles d. antagonistic muscles
antagonistic muscles
Lateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the ____. a. arms, hands, and toes b. trunk c. face and head d. internal organs
arms, hands, and toes
The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____. a. basal ganglia b. limbic system c. cerebellum d. sympathetic nervous system
basal ganglia
In its normal form, part of the gene that controls Huntington's disease repeats its sequence of bases ____. a. under ten times b. between approximately 11-24 times c. at least 36 times d. approximately 75 or 80 times
between approximately 11-24 times
Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body? a. contralateral b. ipsilateral c. bilateral d. dorsolateral
bilateral side of the body
Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington's disease? a. enhancing formation of glutamine chains b. increasing production of huntingtin c. blocking formation of glutamine chain clustering d. decreasing production of BDNF
blocking the formation of glutamine chain clustering
Studies on conscious decisions regarding voluntary movements suggest that ____. a. we are conscious of our decision before brain activity is generated for movement b. voluntary movements are the result of free will c. brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision d. we are unable to judge when we make conscious decisions
brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision
In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____. a. cannot locate the source of sounds b. lose their ability to see everything c. can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it d. cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it
cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it
Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex? a. globus pallidus and putamen b. globus pallidus and caudate nucleus c. caudate nucleus and putamen d. globus pallidus
caudate nucleus and putamen
. If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the ____. a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. hypothalamus
cerebellum
A saccade is initiated by impulses from the ____. a. spinal cord b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. hippocampus
cerebellum
Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure? a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. parasympathetic nervous system
cerebellum
Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____. a. contraction; inhibition of contraction b. inhibition of contraction; contraction c. inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction d. contraction; contraction
contraction; inhibition of contraction
Central pattern generators ____. a. contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement b. generate movement which is unresponsive to environmental stimulation c. constrict the pupils in response to bright light d. control all reflexes in adult humans
contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement
Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the ____. a. pyramidalspinal tracts b. horizontalspinal tracts c. dorsospinal tracts d. corticospinal tracts
corticospinal tracts
What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease? a. rapid fatigue of the muscles b. loss of saccadic eye movements c. difficulty initiating movements d. inability to coordinate speech with movements
difficulty initiating movements
A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease because it ____. a. is already present in too large an amount b. does not cross the blood-brain barrier c. would have to be the size of a baseball to be effective d. is too expensive
does not cross the blood-brain barrier
Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter? a. acetylcholine b. substance P c. serotonin d. dopamine
dopamine
The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____. a. during the second or two after a movement b. during the second or two prior to a movement c. only during a movement d. only after a movement
during the second or two prior to a movement
Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson's disease in cases that involve ____. a. early onset of the disease b. late onset of the disease c. first-born children d. children with older brothers and sisters
early onset of the disease
. In movement, the ____ muscle straightens the arm. a. Flexor b. Striated c. Extensor d. Skeletal
extensor
Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed? fast-twitch muscles a. fast-twitch muscles b. slow-twitch muscles c. smooth muscles d. intermediate muscles
fast-twitch muscles
People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements. a. feelings of intention b. the ability to make conscious decisions c. a sense of timing d. muscle strength
feelings of intention
Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings? a. flapping wings if suddenly dropped b. learning to fly c. stretching its wings but not flapping them d. flapping its wings while eating
flapping wings if suddenly dropped
Purkinje cells are ____. a. Proprioceptors b. flat cells in sequential planes c. nuclei in the central cerebellum d. axons parallel to one another
flat cells in sequential planes
During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____. a. fast-twitch fibers absorb more glucose b. slow-twitch muscles produce glucose anaerobically c. glucose use increases d. glucose use decreases
glucose use decreases
. People with posterior parietal damage ____. a. cannot walk toward something they hear b. have trouble converting vision into action c. can walk toward something they see but cannot reach out to grasp it d. cannot accurately describe what they see.
have trouble converting vision into action
The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____. a. moving a finger rapidly toward a target b. holding a finger in a steady position c. using the hands to lift heavy weights d. coordinating the left hand with the right hand
holding a finger in a steady position
When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active? a. in preparation for movements b. during movements c. at or after the end of movements d. during inhibition of movements
in preparation for movements
A Golgi tendon organ responds to ____. a. increases in muscle tension b. decreases in muscle tension c. increases in muscle spindles d. decreases in muscle spindles
increase in muscle tension
L-Dopa, a common treatment for Parkinson's disease, is a drug that ____. a. inhibits activity of the immune system b. increases the brain's production of dopamine c. blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase d. facilitates the passage of sodium across neuron membranes
increases the brain's production of dopamine
The premotor cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement
is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
The stretch reflex ____. a. results in a stretch b. is caused by a stretch c. inhibits motor neurons d. sends a message for a muscle to relax
is caused by a stretch
The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson's disease ____. a. equals that of early onset Parkinson's disease b. is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson's disease c. is greater for DZ twins that MZ twins d. is greater for females than males
is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson's Disease
What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease? a. It only helps those who are in the later stages. b. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier. c. It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons. d. It blocks glutamate receptors.
it can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons
What is the relationship of genetics to Huntington's disease? a. It is caused by a dominant gene on the X chromosome. b. It is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4. c. It is caused by a recessive gene on one of the autosomal chromosomes. d. There is no evidence linking Huntington's disease to any gene.
it is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4
What is the effect of MPTP? a. It kills the neurons that release dopamine. b. It suppresses activity of the immune system. c. It is converted in the brain to dopamine. d. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
it kills the neurons that release dopamine
Early symptoms of Huntington's disease usually include ____. a. Paralysis b. jerky arm movements and body tremors c. rapid fatigue d. difficulty coordinating the left hand with the right hand
jerky arm movements and body tremors
The posterior parietal cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system? a. dorsolateral tract b. medial tract c. supplementary d. hippocampal
medial tract
Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching. a. primary motor cortex b. spinal cord c. mirror d. observational
mirror
As an option for treating Parkinson's patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be ____. a. the most effective technique b. more effective in late stages of the disease c. modestly effective, as with other treatments d. not at all effective
modestly effective, as with other treatments
What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract? a. Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both. b. Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion. c. Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other. d. One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory.
most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion
The basal ganglia are most critical for learning ____. a. motor habits that are difficult to describe in words b. repetitive motor behaviors like cutting with a knife c. motor skills that include an element of balance d. fine motor skills such as sewing
motor habits that are difficult to describe in words
A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the ____. a. dorsal root ganglion b. cerebellum c. Pacinian corpuscles d. muscle spindles
muscle spindles
What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber? a. neuromuscular junction b. polar junction c. muscle spindle d. neurofiber synapse
neuromuscular junction
The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of ____ to more than a hundred fibers. a. four b. three c. one d. two
one
The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s). a. two; three b. one; three c. three; two d. three; one
one axon per 3 muscle fibers
A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____. a. degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue b. position and movement of a part of the body c. percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle d. degree of fatigue in a muscle
position and movement of a part of the body
The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____. a. precise timing b. control of muscle strength c. comparison between the left and right hemispheres d. detecting the intensity of a stimulus
precise timing
The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the ____. a. premotor cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. supplementary motor cortex d. tabes dorsalis
prefrontal cortex
. The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the ____. a. premotor cortex b. somatosensory cortex c. inferior temporal cortex d. tabes dorsalis
premotor cortex
The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____. a. prevent extreme muscle contractions b. guard against fatigue of muscles c. produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping d. regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles
prevent extreme muscle contractions
. A ballistic movement ____. a. is a rhythmic alternation between two movements b. is guided by feedback during the course of the movement c. proceeds automatically once it has been triggered d. tends to overcorrect itself
proceeds automatically once it has been triggered
. A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____. a. proprioception b. somatosensation c. pain d. vision
proprioception
The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____. a. pyramids of the medulla b. spinal cord c. reticular formation d. vestibular nucleus
pyramids of the medulla
Damage to the cerebellum is most likely to interfere with ____. a. lifting weights b. the ability to remember a series of events c. rapid movements that require timing d. chewing and swallowing
rapid movements that require timing
The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement. a. readiness potential b. action potential c. evoked potential d. motor potential
readiness potential
A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____. a. activating more action potentials b. increasing the amplitude of its action potentials c. recruiting different muscle fibers d. returning to its basal metabolic rate
recruiting different muscle fibers
The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to ____. a. relax b. contract c. fatigue d. stretch
relax
The prefrontal cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement
. Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____. a. an inability to move b. the loss of somatosensory experiences c. poorly planned movements d. no effect on movement
results in poorly planned movements
What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to another? a. gyration b. sclerosis c. slide d. saccade
saccade
The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following? a. schizophrenia b. dissociative identity disorder c. antisocial personality disorder d. bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
. In order to elicit movement, the motor cortex ____. a. has direct connections to the muscles b. sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord c. controls isolated movement in a single muscle d. relies on feedback from individual muscle fibers
sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord
Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____. a. intermediate fibers b. anaerobic contraction c. fast-twitch fibers d. slow-twitch fibers
slow-twitch fibers
What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic
smooth
. Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area? a. cerebellum b. cerebral cortex c. spinal cord d. thalamus
spinal cord
A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes. a. constriction b. slow c. stretch d. fast
stretch
A muscle spindle responds to the ____. a. oxygen level in the muscle b. acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction c. fatigue of the muscle d. stretch of the muscle
stretch of the muscle
Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____. a. tension; fatigue b. fatigue; tension c. stretch; tension d. tension; stretch
stretch; tension
What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. syncarpous
striated
In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates? a. basal ganglia to cerebellum b. substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen c. cerebellum to spinal cord d. cerebral cortex to spinal cord
substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
. Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex. a. posterior parietal cortex b. secondary motor cortex c. somatosensory cortex d. supplementary motor cortex
supplementary motor cortex
Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities. a. premotor cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. supplementary motor cortex d. tabes dorsalis
supplementary motor cortex
Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which motor areas? a. posterior parietal lobe b. primary motor cortex c. premotor cortex d. supplementary motor cortex
supplementary motor cortex
The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also ____. a. the approximate age of onset b. what other diseases the person will contract c. which drugs will best alleviate the disease d. which symptoms will become prominent first, and which ones later
the approximate age of onset
The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____. a. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles b. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles c. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not d. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons
the eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons
The greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the ____. a. less the collective duration of the response b. greater the collective duration of the response c. greater the strength of the response d. less the strength of the response
the greater the collective duration of the response
After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test? a. The initial rapid movement to the nose b. The second step involving the hold function c. The third step which involves the finger moving to the nose by a slow movement d. Both the second and third steps
the initial rapid movement to the nose
Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____. a. clumsy; paralysis b. initiation; stopping c. gross muscle function; fine motor coordination d. timing; voluntary movements
timing; voluntary movements
What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease? a. rapid fatigue of the muscles b. loss of both sensation and motor control in certain limbs c. twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement d. impairment of saccadic eye movements and rapid alternating movements
twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement
What experience is similar to losing proprioception? a. losing your sense of equilibrium b. walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep" c. having a phantom limb d. teeth chattering in the cold
walking on a leg that has " fallen asleep"
Mirror neurons are active when ____. a. viewing mirror images b. watching others perform movements c. identifying ourselves in the mirror d. playing the piano
watching others perform movements
People with posterior parietal damage ____. a. can see an object, but are unable to describe it b. have good hand-eye coordination only if they close one eye c. have difficulty accurately locating and approaching a sound d. will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it
will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it
Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human? a. yawning b. making a list c. taking your first steps d. learning how to drive
yawning