B&B7

What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease? a. 5-7 years old b. 12-20 years old c. 30-50 years old d. 65 years or older

30-50 years old

How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response? a. By determining the number of Purkinje cells that fire in sequence b. By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells c. By determining which one of all the available Purkinje cells becomes active d. By passing information back and forth between one Purkinje cell and another

By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells

What type of muscle controls movements of the heart? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic

Cardiac

. Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary. a. True b. False

False

Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle. a. True b. False

False

Brain transplants for Parkinson's patients have generally been very successful. a. True b. False

False

In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time. a. True b. False

False

In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine. a. True b. False

False

Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis. a. True b. False

False

. Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases ____. a. glutamate b. ACh. c. dopamine d. GABA

GABA

If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior? a. It could chase prey over long distances. b. It could chase prey only over short distances. c. It probably travels constantly. d. It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.

It could chase prey only over short distances

What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease? a. haloperidol b. physostigmine c. Dilantin d. L-dopa

L-dopa

Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum? a. parallel fibers b. Purkinje cells c. putamen cells d. saccade cells

Purkinje cells

Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease? a. Pathways of neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine b. The cerebellum and medulla c. The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus d. The hippocampus and amygdala

The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers? a. Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber. b. The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements. c. The more axons which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements. d. The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.

The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements

. People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move. a. True b. False

True

A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program. a. True b. False

True

A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment. a. True b. False

True

Central pattern generators are most likely to be found in the spinal cord. a. True b. False

True

Infants have several reflexes not seen in adults. a. True b. False

True

Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement. a. True b. False

True

The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement. a. True b. False

True

The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes. a. True b. False

True

The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements. a. True b. False

True

It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is ____. a. the primary cause of Parkinson's disease b. a contributing factor in some cases of Huntington's disease c. the primary cause of myasthenia gravis d. a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease

a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease

Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators? a. a dog shaking itself to dry off b. a child catching a baseball c. a child playing the piano d. an adult yawning

a dog shaking itself to dry off

A motor program is a ____. a. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback b. mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements c. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk d. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion

a movement, that when once triggered, continues automatically until its completion

Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm? a. a flexor muscle in the right arm b. an extensor muscle in the left arm c. an extensor muscle in the right arm d. another flexor muscle in the right arm

an extensor muscle in the right arm

Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____. a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. anabolic d. abolic

anaerobic

Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ____. a. extensor muscles b. flexor muscles c. cardiac muscles d. antagonistic muscles

antagonistic muscles

Lateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the ____. a. arms, hands, and toes b. trunk c. face and head d. internal organs

arms, hands, and toes

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____. a. basal ganglia b. limbic system c. cerebellum d. sympathetic nervous system

basal ganglia

In its normal form, part of the gene that controls Huntington's disease repeats its sequence of bases ____. a. under ten times b. between approximately 11-24 times c. at least 36 times d. approximately 75 or 80 times

between approximately 11-24 times

Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body? a. contralateral b. ipsilateral c. bilateral d. dorsolateral

bilateral side of the body

Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington's disease? a. enhancing formation of glutamine chains b. increasing production of huntingtin c. blocking formation of glutamine chain clustering d. decreasing production of BDNF

blocking the formation of glutamine chain clustering

Studies on conscious decisions regarding voluntary movements suggest that ____. a. we are conscious of our decision before brain activity is generated for movement b. voluntary movements are the result of free will c. brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision d. we are unable to judge when we make conscious decisions

brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision

In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____. a. cannot locate the source of sounds b. lose their ability to see everything c. can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it d. cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it

cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it

Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex? a. globus pallidus and putamen b. globus pallidus and caudate nucleus c. caudate nucleus and putamen d. globus pallidus

caudate nucleus and putamen

. If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the ____. a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. hypothalamus

cerebellum

A saccade is initiated by impulses from the ____. a. spinal cord b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. hippocampus

cerebellum

Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure? a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. parasympathetic nervous system

cerebellum

Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____. a. contraction; inhibition of contraction b. inhibition of contraction; contraction c. inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction d. contraction; contraction

contraction; inhibition of contraction

Central pattern generators ____. a. contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement b. generate movement which is unresponsive to environmental stimulation c. constrict the pupils in response to bright light d. control all reflexes in adult humans

contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement

Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the ____. a. pyramidalspinal tracts b. horizontalspinal tracts c. dorsospinal tracts d. corticospinal tracts

corticospinal tracts

What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease? a. rapid fatigue of the muscles b. loss of saccadic eye movements c. difficulty initiating movements d. inability to coordinate speech with movements

difficulty initiating movements

A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease because it ____. a. is already present in too large an amount b. does not cross the blood-brain barrier c. would have to be the size of a baseball to be effective d. is too expensive

does not cross the blood-brain barrier

Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter? a. acetylcholine b. substance P c. serotonin d. dopamine

dopamine

The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____. a. during the second or two after a movement b. during the second or two prior to a movement c. only during a movement d. only after a movement

during the second or two prior to a movement

Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson's disease in cases that involve ____. a. early onset of the disease b. late onset of the disease c. first-born children d. children with older brothers and sisters

early onset of the disease

. In movement, the ____ muscle straightens the arm. a. Flexor b. Striated c. Extensor d. Skeletal

extensor

Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed? fast-twitch muscles a. fast-twitch muscles b. slow-twitch muscles c. smooth muscles d. intermediate muscles

fast-twitch muscles

People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements. a. feelings of intention b. the ability to make conscious decisions c. a sense of timing d. muscle strength

feelings of intention

Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings? a. flapping wings if suddenly dropped b. learning to fly c. stretching its wings but not flapping them d. flapping its wings while eating

flapping wings if suddenly dropped

Purkinje cells are ____. a. Proprioceptors b. flat cells in sequential planes c. nuclei in the central cerebellum d. axons parallel to one another

flat cells in sequential planes

During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____. a. fast-twitch fibers absorb more glucose b. slow-twitch muscles produce glucose anaerobically c. glucose use increases d. glucose use decreases

glucose use decreases

. People with posterior parietal damage ____. a. cannot walk toward something they hear b. have trouble converting vision into action c. can walk toward something they see but cannot reach out to grasp it d. cannot accurately describe what they see.

have trouble converting vision into action

The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____. a. moving a finger rapidly toward a target b. holding a finger in a steady position c. using the hands to lift heavy weights d. coordinating the left hand with the right hand

holding a finger in a steady position

When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active? a. in preparation for movements b. during movements c. at or after the end of movements d. during inhibition of movements

in preparation for movements

A Golgi tendon organ responds to ____. a. increases in muscle tension b. decreases in muscle tension c. increases in muscle spindles d. decreases in muscle spindles

increase in muscle tension

L-Dopa, a common treatment for Parkinson's disease, is a drug that ____. a. inhibits activity of the immune system b. increases the brain's production of dopamine c. blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase d. facilitates the passage of sodium across neuron membranes

increases the brain's production of dopamine

The premotor cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement

is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself

The stretch reflex ____. a. results in a stretch b. is caused by a stretch c. inhibits motor neurons d. sends a message for a muscle to relax

is caused by a stretch

The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson's disease ____. a. equals that of early onset Parkinson's disease b. is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson's disease c. is greater for DZ twins that MZ twins d. is greater for females than males

is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson's Disease

What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease? a. It only helps those who are in the later stages. b. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier. c. It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons. d. It blocks glutamate receptors.

it can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons

What is the relationship of genetics to Huntington's disease? a. It is caused by a dominant gene on the X chromosome. b. It is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4. c. It is caused by a recessive gene on one of the autosomal chromosomes. d. There is no evidence linking Huntington's disease to any gene.

it is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4

What is the effect of MPTP? a. It kills the neurons that release dopamine. b. It suppresses activity of the immune system. c. It is converted in the brain to dopamine. d. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

it kills the neurons that release dopamine

Early symptoms of Huntington's disease usually include ____. a. Paralysis b. jerky arm movements and body tremors c. rapid fatigue d. difficulty coordinating the left hand with the right hand

jerky arm movements and body tremors

The posterior parietal cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system? a. dorsolateral tract b. medial tract c. supplementary d. hippocampal

medial tract

Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching. a. primary motor cortex b. spinal cord c. mirror d. observational

mirror

As an option for treating Parkinson's patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be ____. a. the most effective technique b. more effective in late stages of the disease c. modestly effective, as with other treatments d. not at all effective

modestly effective, as with other treatments

What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract? a. Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both. b. Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion. c. Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other. d. One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory.

most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion

The basal ganglia are most critical for learning ____. a. motor habits that are difficult to describe in words b. repetitive motor behaviors like cutting with a knife c. motor skills that include an element of balance d. fine motor skills such as sewing

motor habits that are difficult to describe in words

A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the ____. a. dorsal root ganglion b. cerebellum c. Pacinian corpuscles d. muscle spindles

muscle spindles

What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber? a. neuromuscular junction b. polar junction c. muscle spindle d. neurofiber synapse

neuromuscular junction

The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of ____ to more than a hundred fibers. a. four b. three c. one d. two

one

The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s). a. two; three b. one; three c. three; two d. three; one

one axon per 3 muscle fibers

A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____. a. degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue b. position and movement of a part of the body c. percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle d. degree of fatigue in a muscle

position and movement of a part of the body

The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____. a. precise timing b. control of muscle strength c. comparison between the left and right hemispheres d. detecting the intensity of a stimulus

precise timing

The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the ____. a. premotor cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. supplementary motor cortex d. tabes dorsalis

prefrontal cortex

. The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the ____. a. premotor cortex b. somatosensory cortex c. inferior temporal cortex d. tabes dorsalis

premotor cortex

The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____. a. prevent extreme muscle contractions b. guard against fatigue of muscles c. produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping d. regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles

prevent extreme muscle contractions

. A ballistic movement ____. a. is a rhythmic alternation between two movements b. is guided by feedback during the course of the movement c. proceeds automatically once it has been triggered d. tends to overcorrect itself

proceeds automatically once it has been triggered

. A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____. a. proprioception b. somatosensation c. pain d. vision

proprioception

The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____. a. pyramids of the medulla b. spinal cord c. reticular formation d. vestibular nucleus

pyramids of the medulla

Damage to the cerebellum is most likely to interfere with ____. a. lifting weights b. the ability to remember a series of events c. rapid movements that require timing d. chewing and swallowing

rapid movements that require timing

The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement. a. readiness potential b. action potential c. evoked potential d. motor potential

readiness potential

A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____. a. activating more action potentials b. increasing the amplitude of its action potentials c. recruiting different muscle fibers d. returning to its basal metabolic rate

recruiting different muscle fibers

The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to ____. a. relax b. contract c. fatigue d. stretch

relax

The prefrontal cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.

responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement

. Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____. a. an inability to move b. the loss of somatosensory experiences c. poorly planned movements d. no effect on movement

results in poorly planned movements

What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to another? a. gyration b. sclerosis c. slide d. saccade

saccade

The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following? a. schizophrenia b. dissociative identity disorder c. antisocial personality disorder d. bipolar disorder

schizophrenia

. In order to elicit movement, the motor cortex ____. a. has direct connections to the muscles b. sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord c. controls isolated movement in a single muscle d. relies on feedback from individual muscle fibers

sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord

Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____. a. intermediate fibers b. anaerobic contraction c. fast-twitch fibers d. slow-twitch fibers

slow-twitch fibers

What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic

smooth

. Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area? a. cerebellum b. cerebral cortex c. spinal cord d. thalamus

spinal cord

A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes. a. constriction b. slow c. stretch d. fast

stretch

A muscle spindle responds to the ____. a. oxygen level in the muscle b. acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction c. fatigue of the muscle d. stretch of the muscle

stretch of the muscle

Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____. a. tension; fatigue b. fatigue; tension c. stretch; tension d. tension; stretch

stretch; tension

What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. syncarpous

striated

In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates? a. basal ganglia to cerebellum b. substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen c. cerebellum to spinal cord d. cerebral cortex to spinal cord

substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen

. Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex. a. posterior parietal cortex b. secondary motor cortex c. somatosensory cortex d. supplementary motor cortex

supplementary motor cortex

Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities. a. premotor cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. supplementary motor cortex d. tabes dorsalis

supplementary motor cortex

Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which motor areas? a. posterior parietal lobe b. primary motor cortex c. premotor cortex d. supplementary motor cortex

supplementary motor cortex

The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also ____. a. the approximate age of onset b. what other diseases the person will contract c. which drugs will best alleviate the disease d. which symptoms will become prominent first, and which ones later

the approximate age of onset

The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____. a. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles b. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles c. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not d. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons

the eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons

The greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the ____. a. less the collective duration of the response b. greater the collective duration of the response c. greater the strength of the response d. less the strength of the response

the greater the collective duration of the response

After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test? a. The initial rapid movement to the nose b. The second step involving the hold function c. The third step which involves the finger moving to the nose by a slow movement d. Both the second and third steps

the initial rapid movement to the nose

Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____. a. clumsy; paralysis b. initiation; stopping c. gross muscle function; fine motor coordination d. timing; voluntary movements

timing; voluntary movements

What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease? a. rapid fatigue of the muscles b. loss of both sensation and motor control in certain limbs c. twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement d. impairment of saccadic eye movements and rapid alternating movements

twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement

What experience is similar to losing proprioception? a. losing your sense of equilibrium b. walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep" c. having a phantom limb d. teeth chattering in the cold

walking on a leg that has " fallen asleep"

Mirror neurons are active when ____. a. viewing mirror images b. watching others perform movements c. identifying ourselves in the mirror d. playing the piano

watching others perform movements

People with posterior parietal damage ____. a. can see an object, but are unable to describe it b. have good hand-eye coordination only if they close one eye c. have difficulty accurately locating and approaching a sound d. will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it

will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it

Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human? a. yawning b. making a list c. taking your first steps d. learning how to drive

yawning