Basal Ganglia
5 nuclei that make up primary basal ganglia
(from top to bottom): 1. Putamen 2. Caudate nucleus 3. Globus pallidus 4. Subthalamic nucleus 5. Substantia nigra
Huntington's Chorea
-GENETIC disease of unwanted movements -results from degeneration of caudate & putamen and produces continuous dance-like mov'ts
basal ganglia
-basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei deep to the white matter of cerebral cortex. (a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem) -GRAY matter @ base of brain -5 nuclei that make up primary basal ganglia -INHIBITORY
Striatum
-caudate + putamen -dorsal part: plays big role in decision making (inhibitory mov't/ muscles) -ventral part: flight-or-fight
caudate & putamen receive most input from...
-cerebral cortex -essentially they are the *doorway into basal ganglia
Substantia Nigra
-concentration of neurons in midbrain that uses dopamine as neurotransmitter -2 parts: -substantia nigra pars compacta -substantia nigra pars reticulata
Neurogenic diseases
-disease has something to do with specific neurons or parts of brain internally -example: Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
-neurogenic illness caused by dysfunction of CNS or PNS -main symptoms: slurred speech, breathy voice -positive symptoms: tremor (foot tremor always FIRST) rigidity (muscle stiffness) increased muscle tone akathesia= motor restlesness -negative symptoms: bradykinesia= slow mov't (lack of spontaneous speech) akinesia balance/walking problems (stooped posture)
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (SNpr)
-receives input from caudate/putamen & sends outside basal ganglia to control head/eye mov'ts
Limbic System
-responsible for emotion & expression -includes: hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, & amygdala -controls emotional drive for: feeding, mating, aggression, fear/anxiety, defensive behavior, instinctual reflexes
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc)
-responsible for producing dopamine* -recieves input from caudate & putamen & sends info right back
Bradykinesia
-slow mov't
corpus striatum
-striatum + globus pallidus
Functions of basal ganglia
1. gating= works with frontal cortex to inhibit motor and thought processes 2. origin of common motor programs
Pathologies for Substantia Nigra
1. neurogenic diseases (Parkinson's) 2. Huntington's disease 3. ballism