Basal Ganglia

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5 nuclei that make up primary basal ganglia

(from top to bottom): 1. Putamen 2. Caudate nucleus 3. Globus pallidus 4. Subthalamic nucleus 5. Substantia nigra

Huntington's Chorea

-GENETIC disease of unwanted movements -results from degeneration of caudate & putamen and produces continuous dance-like mov'ts

basal ganglia

-basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei deep to the white matter of cerebral cortex. (a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem) -GRAY matter @ base of brain -5 nuclei that make up primary basal ganglia -INHIBITORY

Striatum

-caudate + putamen -dorsal part: plays big role in decision making (inhibitory mov't/ muscles) -ventral part: flight-or-fight

caudate & putamen receive most input from...

-cerebral cortex -essentially they are the *doorway into basal ganglia

Substantia Nigra

-concentration of neurons in midbrain that uses dopamine as neurotransmitter -2 parts: -substantia nigra pars compacta -substantia nigra pars reticulata

Neurogenic diseases

-disease has something to do with specific neurons or parts of brain internally -example: Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's Disease

-neurogenic illness caused by dysfunction of CNS or PNS -main symptoms: slurred speech, breathy voice -positive symptoms: tremor (foot tremor always FIRST) rigidity (muscle stiffness) increased muscle tone akathesia= motor restlesness -negative symptoms: bradykinesia= slow mov't (lack of spontaneous speech) akinesia balance/walking problems (stooped posture)

Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (SNpr)

-receives input from caudate/putamen & sends outside basal ganglia to control head/eye mov'ts

Limbic System

-responsible for emotion & expression -includes: hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, & amygdala -controls emotional drive for: feeding, mating, aggression, fear/anxiety, defensive behavior, instinctual reflexes

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc)

-responsible for producing dopamine* -recieves input from caudate & putamen & sends info right back

Bradykinesia

-slow mov't

corpus striatum

-striatum + globus pallidus

Functions of basal ganglia

1. gating= works with frontal cortex to inhibit motor and thought processes 2. origin of common motor programs

Pathologies for Substantia Nigra

1. neurogenic diseases (Parkinson's) 2. Huntington's disease 3. ballism


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