Basic learning concepts and classical conditioning; operant conditioning chapter 7

DeMarcus drinks several cups of coffee a day. Often, DeMarcus experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he smells a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about 20 minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. He decides, with the encouragement of his physician, to quit drinking coffee. At first, he still experiences the alertness when he smells freshly brewed coffee, but after about 10 days he no longer experiences the effect. That DeMarcus no longer experiences the alertness effect exemplifies:

Extinction

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance. after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Which statements best illustrates classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning

because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Dustin get anxious in small, enclosed rooms

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

classical

Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon, it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry loudly. That weekend she was attending a birthday party and saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

Which choice correctly pairs a type of learning or conditioning with a closely related concept?

cognitive learning - observational learning

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

conditioning

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

operant

behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

operant

which statement classifies one of the types of learning mentioned in the textbook?

operant conditioning is a type of associative learning

Operant behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

respondent

In classical conditioning, we learn _____; whereas in operant conditioning, we learn _____.

to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events' to associate response and its consequences

Carl takes his 1-year-old son Reynold out for a walk. Reynold reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Reynold's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Reynold cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response in this example?

Reynold crying

Six-year-old Davey developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other furry objects, Davey was demonstrating:

discrimination

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened of cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:

discrimination

Laurie and her lab partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on, but discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited _____ through _____ conditioning.

generalization; operant

Thomas regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

Jennifer trained her dog to howl when he heard Jennifer play the piano by giving him a treat for doing so. One day in her car, Jennifer played a CD of a piano concerto and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through _____ and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

operant conditioning; generalization

Conditioned reinforcers are also called _____ reinforcers.

secondary

Any event or object that evokes a response is called a(n) _____.

stimulus

In operant conditioning, which reinforcement schedule reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses?

variable-ratio

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the neutral stimulus that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus was a:

white rat