Baylor World Oceans Final 2020
Without greenhouse gases, Earth's average temperature would be about
-18 degrees celcius
Identify all of the different observations Alfred Wegener used to support his theory of continental drift
-Geographic fit of the continents -studies of fossil plants and animals -patterns of glaciation -matching bodies of rock on either side of the Atlantic -alignment of mountain ranges when the Atlantic is closed
Arrange Earth's layers in order from the surface (on the top) to Earth's center (on the bottom)
-Lithosphere -Asthenosphere -Mesosphere -Outer Core -Inner Core
Arrange the oceans in order from greatest average depth (on the top) to least average depth (on the bottom)
-Pacific -Indian -Atlantic -Southern -Arctic
Arrange the eons of geologic time in chronological order from the most recent in time (on the top) to the earliest in time (on the bottom)
-Phanerozoic -Proterozoic -Archean -Hadean
Classify the planets of the solar system based on their composition
-Rocky planets (venus, mars, earth, mercury) -gas planets (jupiter, saturn, neptune, uranus)
A beach that is fed by mixed sizes of rocks and particles but shows only large rocks on its surface is
-an erosional beach -subjected to high waves and strong currents -an armored beach
Tides
-are shallow water waves -are progressive waves -rotate in ocean basins -have elliptical water particle orbits
Arrange the following sediment sizes in order from largest (on the top) to smallest (on the bottom)
-boulder -cobble -pebble -granule -sand -silt -clay
Arrange the following seawater constituents in order from the longest residence time (on the top) to the shortest residence time (on the bottom)
-chloride -sodium -calcium -water -iron
In order for an embayment to qualify as an estuary, it must have both _____ and _____
-dilution -some degree of isolation
Order the following carbon dioxide species in the sequence they would appear starting with atmospheric CO2 (top) that then reacts with water to eventually fully dissociate (bottom) producing protons along the way
-gaseous CO2 -dissolved CO2 -carbonic acid -bicarbonate -carbonate
Match the seafloor features with the province or regime they best represent
-guyot (abyssal plain) -trench (active margin) -submarine canyon (continental slope) -rift valley (mid-ocean ridge)
The major ionic constituents of sea salt are normally found to
-have a constant ratio of each constituent to each other -behave as conservative materials -have the same ratio to each other even when diluted by rainwater
Arrange the following materials in order from the material with the lowest density (on the top) to the material with the highest density (on the bottom)
-ice at 0 degrees Centigrade -pure water at 20 degrees Centigrade -pure water at 0 degrees Centigrade -pure water at 3.98 degrees Centigrade -sea water at 4 degrees Centigrade and 35 ppt
Waves moving against a current will
-increase their height -decrease their speed -shorten their wavelength
Identify the correct sediment classification for each of the following sediments
-manganese nodule (hydrogenous) -diatom and radiolarian ooze (biogenous) -red clay (lithogenous) -tektite (cosmogenous)
Arrange the following gases in order from the highest concentration in the atmosphere (on the top) to the lowest (on the bottom)
-nitrogen -oxygen -argon -neon -helium -hydrogen
Arrange each gas in order from largest percent by volume (at the top) to smallest percentage by volume (at the bottom) in the atmosphere
-nitrogen -oxygen -carbon dioxide
Arrange the following reservoirs in order from the one that holds the greatest volume of water (on the top) to the one that holds the least (on the bottom)
-oceans -ice caps and glaciers -groundwater -freshwater lakes -atmosphere -rivers
Light and sound are _______ by seawater
-refracted -scattered -absorbed -attenuated
Fish of the bathyal and abyssal zones are generally
-small bodied -large mouthed -bioluminescent
Match the nature of the Coriolis efffect with the geographic location on Earth
-southern hemisphere (deflection to the left) -northern hemisphere (deflection to the right) -equator (no deflection)
Match the beach processes corresponding to each season
-summer (low energy waves, beach build up) -winter (high energy waves, beach erosion)
Order the following segments of the visible spectrum of light in the order of greatest depth of penetration into the ocean, from the deepest penetrating (top) to the shallowest penetrating (bottom)
-violet -blue -green -yellow -orange -red
Carbon dioxide molecules last, on average, _______ years in the atmosphere
100
What percent of a parent radioactive element would remain after three half-lives of decay to its daughter isotope
12.5
The Big Bang occurred roughly ____ years ago
13 billion
Milankovich cycles are oscillations in Earth's solar energy and variations in Earth's orbit occurring at
23,000 to 400,000 years
The length of a tidal day for a mixed semidiurnal tide is ________ hours
24.8
The average depth of the ocean is about
3800 m
Subduction explains the fact that the oldest oceanic crust is close to 200 million years old, compared to the oldest continental rocks that are
4.4 billion years old
The speed of a shallow-water wave at a depth of 5 m is
7 m/s
The speed of a shallow water wave is computed using
C = the square root of gD
A wave breaks when
H/L = 1/7
If tidal currents are slight in an estuary but river flow is very large, which type of estuary is most likely to occur
a salt wedge estuary
The ocean environmental zone having low temperature, little or no light, and great pressure is the ________ zone
abyssal
A scarp is
an abrupt change in beach slope
The effect of ozone destruction is most severe
at polar latitudes
The largest animals in the world are the
blue whales
Polar bears
can swim continuously for 100km
The tidal current in a narrow tidal channel is likely to
change direction as the tides change and be nonrotary
Bacteria that make their own organic compounds by obtaining energy from chemical compounds and not directly from light are
chemosynthetic
Manganese nodule mining is being considered because of their high content of the element
cobalt
Salinity may be measured by checking the water's
conductivity
Baleen whales feed principally on
copepods and krill
The particle size of terrigenous sediments generally ________ with distance from shore
decreases
The key property that determines whether fluid (air or water) sinks or rises is
density
In terms of grams of carbon per square meter per day, the open-ocean environment is about as productive as
deserts
In a shallow, well-mixed estuary such as Delaware Bay, the inward transport of salt is controlled by
diffusion
Nutrients are nonconservative constituents of seawater because they
do not maintain constant ratios to each other and are recycled into plants and animals
The only zone of the ocean with sufficient light for photosynthesis is the
euphotic zone
To maintain their bodies' water balance, marine fish
excrete salt through their gills, drink water continually, and produce small amounts of urine
California is an example of a passive continental margin
false
Free oxygen was a common constituent of the Earth's early atmosphere
false
Oil and gas represent only 50% of the mineral value presently taken from the seafloor
false
A beach in dynamic equilibrium
gains and loses sand in equal quantities
The restoring force of a fully developed wind wave is
gravity
Which of these is an example of a jawless fish
hagfish
Using equilibrium tidal theory, the tide may be considered a wave with a wavelength approximately
half the circumference of Earth
The average energy of a wave is related to the square of its
height
Which compound does not serve as a pigment in phytoplankton
hemoglobin
Water at hydrothermal vents is in the liquid state despite being at 300°C because of
high pressure
A water molecule can bond with other water molecules by ________ bonds
hydrogen
The density of Earth materials _______ as the core is approached
increases
Waves occurring at the interface between layers of seawater and fresh water are called
internal waves
The east coast of South America
is a passive continental margin and has a relatively wide continental shelf
The Redfield ratio
is related to the average composition of all plankton in the ocean (C:N:P 106:16:1)
Although light, nitrogen, and phosphorous are abundant in the Pacific and Southern Oceans, the plankton are less abundant due to
lack of iron in surface waters
The center of mass of the Earth-Moon system
lies beneath Earth's surface on a line that joins the centers of Earth and the moon and describes the true orbit of the Earth-moon system about the sun
A Secchi disk is used to measure the attenuation of
light
A coral reef coast is a product of
living organisms
The only herbivorous marine mammal is a
manatee
Gas hydrates are rich in
methane
Organisms that can produce energy from inorganic compounds and also consume other organisms are best referred to as
mixotrophs
___ tides occur at the first quarter moon
neap
The oceans' oldest sediments are found
on top of the basalt layer, far from spreading centers
Diurnal tide cycles occur
once a day
The plankton, benthos, and nekton are subdivisions of the
organisms
The terms "ebb" and "low" pertain to
outgoing and incoming tides and the direction of the tidal current flow
Which of the following is not necessary for photosynthesis
oxygen
The two most important inorganic nutrients for photosynthesis are
phosphate and nitrate
A high-oxygen content and a low-nutrient content in surface seawater indicate that a population of ______ are present
phytoplankton
Organisms that float, but cannot swim against the tides and waves, are known as
plankton
Covalent bonds link a water molecule's
positively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom
Primary productivity is best described as
rate of production of organic carbon
The residence time for water in any of Earth's principal reservoirs can be calculated by dividing
reservoir volume by rate of water supply
Water transported shoreward in the surf zone is returned seaward by
rip currents
The Coriolis effect arises primarily from the
rotation of the earth around its axis
Friction between the moving tide wave and the turning Earth acts to
slow the rotation rate of Earth and make the tide wave move as a forced wave
The plankton include all of the following except
small fish
Magnetic stripes on the seafloor are created at
spreading centers
Whales and seals increase their floatation by
storing large quantities of low-density fat
Baleen whales lack
teeth
The speed of a shallow water wave varies with
the depth of water
The annual range of surface temperature is greater on land than at sea because
the specific heat of water is greater than that of land
The possibility of obtaining large amounts of energy from the tides exists where
there are large tidal ranges and there are narrow channels with swift tidal currents
A sand spit formed between an offshore island or rock and the mainland is called a
tombolo
The oceans are a major contributor of oxygen to the earth's atmosphere
true
Wave height of wind waves depends on
windspeed and duration and fetch