BBH 368 Exam 3

norepinephrine

-neurotransmitter produced from dopamine -regulates attention (related to depression, ADHD, and schizophrenia) -cell bodies in locus ceruleus and reticular formation

serotonin

-neurotransmitter with cell bodies in raphe nuclei -innervates most of the brain -related to sleep/wake, mood, appetite -in treatment of depression/anxiety (SSRIs)

dopamine

-neurotransmitter with cell bodies in substantia nigra and VTA -dies in parkinson's disease -symptoms: resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability

main sensory nucleus

-nucleus of trigeminal nerve -same as posteior column medial lemniscus pathway -touch, proprioception

spinal trigeminal nucleus

-nucleus of trigeminal nerve -same as spinothalamic tract -pain and temperature

cerebral peduncles

-paired in midbrain -contain bunles of corticospinal tract fibers (voluntary movement) -visible on anterior service

internal arcuate fibers

-part of posterior column medial lemniscus pathway (touch/proprioception) -carry info from cuneate/gracile nuclei to the medial lemniscus

facial colliculus

-pons structure -abducens motor nucleus with facial nerves over it -facial nerve loops around edge of motor nucleus and causes bulging

abducens nerve (VI)

-somatic motor nerve -controls lateral rectus muscle of the eye

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

-somatic motor nerve -controls the muscles of the tongue

trochlear nerve (IV)

-somatic motor nerve -decussates immediately -innervates superior oblique muscle of the eye

oculomotor nerve (III)

-somatic motor nerve -nucleus in midbrain -controls 4 of 6 eye muscles

mesencephalic nucleus

-trigeminal nerve nucleus -proprioceptive information about the jaw --> innervates motor muscles for chewing

fasciculus cuneates and gracilis

-along midline visible on posterior side of medulla -separated by posterior intermediate sulcus

dorsal trigeminal tract

-alternative pathway of main sensory nucleus 2nd order neurons which stay ipsilateral, do NOT decussate before synapse

trigeminal nerve (V)

-branchiomeric motor nerve -main sensory nerve of head = pain, touch, temperature, proprioception (ALL SENSES) -3 sensory fibers -3 sensory nuclei longitudinally arranged

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

-branchiomeric nerve with taste and throat sensations and 4 fiber types

bells palsy

-caused by damage to facial nerve -weakness and deficits on one side of face

facial nerve (VII)

-controls facial expressions branchiomeric nerve with 4 fiber types

olive

-in medulla -bulge where the inferior olivary nucleus is

pyramid

-in medulla -contains corticospinal tract creating bulges -between anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus

obex

-in medulla -opening where 4th ventricle narrows into the central canal

inferior olivary nucleus

-in medulla in olive -mediates cerebellar motor function

superior colliculi

-in midbrain - vision - sensory and motor inputs; attention to stimuli

brachium of the inferior colliculus

-in midbrain -auditory pathway projecting from IC to thalamus

subtantia nigra

-in midbrain -contains dopamine cell bodies -site of brain death in parkinson's patients

inferior colliculi

-in midbrain -hearing -brachium

periaqueductal gray

-in midbrain -receives inputs via spinomesencephalic tract -inportant for pain inhibition

medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

-internuclear neurons from abducens nucleus that project to medial rectus motor neruons to cause the other eye to look medially -allows one eye to look laterally and the other to look medially

Edinger Westphal nucleus

-midbrain nucleus that controls the accomodation reflex of the lens and pupil constriction -pre- and post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers

mesencephalic nucleus

mesencephalic nucleus 1st order neuron cell bodies are in ?

trigeminal motor nucleus

mesencephalic nucleus 1st order neurons synapse in ?

branchial motor

most of fibers in facial nerve; control muscles for facial expression and stapedius of inner ear

branchiomeric

motor nerves associated with arches that turned into jaw bones -trigeminal V -facial VII -glossopharyngeal IX -vagus X -accessory XI

lateral rectus

muscle that controls eye abduction = looking lateral away from nose (abducens nerve)

superior oblique

muscle that moves eye down and out/laterally (trochlear nerve)

ptosis

drooping of eyelid

foramen magnum

opening in occipital bone that allows connection between spinal cord and brainstem

inferior cerebellar peduncles

carry info from medulla to cerebellum (adjacent to 4th ventricle)

middle cerebellar peduncles

carry info from pons to cerebellum (adjacent to the 4th ventricle)

superior cerebellar peduncles

carry major output info from cerebellum to pons and medulla

branchial motor

glossopharyngeal fibers that extend to stylopharyngeus (pharynx muscle)

tectum

part of midbrain that contains superior and inferior colliculi

tegmentum

part of midbrain that includes reticular formation, cranial nerve nuclei, and tracts

spinothalamic

pathway/tract in mid-lateral brainstem (pain and temperature)

corticospinal

pathway/tract in ventral brainstem (voluntary movement)

posterior columns

pathway/tract with inconsistent locations (sensory and proprioception)

right

damage to the right hypoglossal nerve would cause tongue to deviate which direction?

superior levator palpebrae

damage to this oculomotor muscle causes ptosis

upwards

damage to trochlear nerve results in _____ deviation of the eye (plus diplopia due to compensation of head tilt)

pyramidal decussation

junction of spinal cord and brainstem; lateral corticospinal tract

reticular formation

location of norepinephrine cell bodies which then send output signals to spinal cord

locus ceruleus

location of norepinephrine cell bodies which then sends output signals to brain cortex

trigeminal ganglion

main sensory nucleus 1st order neuron cell bodies are in ?

main sensory nucleus

main sensory nucleus 1st order neurons synapse in ?

main sensory nucleus

main sensory nucleus 2nd order neuron cell bodies are in ?

VPM of thalamus

main sensory nucleus 2nd order neurons synapse in ?

VPM of thalamus

main sensory nucleus 3rd order neruon cell bodies are in ?

somatosensory cortex

main sensory nucleus 3rd order neruons synapse in ?

eye blink reflex

reflex that causes both eyes to blink when one eye is touch

lateral strabismus

result of damage to medial rectus of the oculomotor nerve

trigeminal ganglia

spinal trigeminal nucleus 1st order neuron cell bodies are in?

spinal trigeminal nucleus

spinal trigeminal nucleus 1st order neurons synapse in?

spinal trigeminal nucleus

spinal trigeminal nucleus 2nd order neuron cell bodies are in ?

VPM of thalamus

spinal trigeminal nucleus 2nd order neurons synapse in ?

VPM of thalamus

spinal trigeminal nucleus 3rd order neuron cell bodies are in ?

somatosensory cortex

spinal trigeminal nucleus 3rd order neurons synapse in ?

cuneate and gracile tubercles

swelling in medulla due to extra tissue that contains the cuneate and gracile nuclei

vagal trigone

swelling in medulla that contains the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve X

hypoglossal trigone

swelling in medulla that contains the motor nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve XII

post

the edinger westphal nucleus ____-ganglionic parasympatethic fibers extend from the ciliary ganglion to the ciliary muscle/pupillary constrictor muscles

pre

the edinger westphal nucleus ____-ganglionic parasympatethic fibers extend from the nucleus to the ipsilateral ciliary ganglion

corticospinal tract

voluntary movement pathway

medially

where are cranial motor nerve nuclei located

laterally

where are cranial sensory nerve nuclei located

caudal pons (below floor of 4th ventricle)

where is the abducens nucleus located?

caudal pons

where is the facial motor nucleus located? -fibers wrap around the abducens nucleus into the internal genu of the facial nerve

caudal medulla

where is the hypoglossal nucleus located?

midbrain

where is the oculomotor nerve nucleus located

caudal midbrain

where is the trochlear nerve nucleus located?

trigeminal ganglion

where somatic sensory fibers converge before entering pons as large sensory fiber bundle

trigeminal nerve

which nerve controls sensory aspect of eye blink reflex? -senses that something is touching the eye

facial nerve

which nerve controls the motor aspect of eye blink reflex? -makes the eye blink

medial lemniscus

a tract of nerve fibers that is part of posterior column pathway (touch/proprioception)

visceral sensory

some fibers of facial nerve from anterior 2/3 of taste buds and mucous membranes of nasal passage

visceral motor

some fibers of facial nerve that control salivary, nasal, and lacrimal (eye) glands

somatic sensory

some fibers of facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves that sense from skin of outer ear and enter the spinal trigeminal tract

medial rectus

eye muscle for adduction; moves eyes medially towards nose (oculomotor nerve)

inferior oblique

eye muscle for elevation and abduction of the eye; moves eye up and out/laterally (oculomotor nerve)

superior rectus

eye muscle that elevates the eye (oculomotor nerve)

superior levator palpebrae

eye muscle that elevates the upper eyelide (oculomotor nerve)

inferior rectus

eye muscle that lowers eye (oculomotor nerve)

somatic

type of motor fibers tht innervated skeletal muscle -oculomotor III -trochlear IV -abducens VI -hypoglossal XII

ipsilateral

type of muscle innervation for hypoglossal nerve

ipsilateral

type of muscle innervation for oculomotor nerve

contralateral

type of muscle innervation for trochlear nerve/superior oblique

ipsilateral

type of muscle innervation of the abducens nerve/lateral rectus

ophthalmic

type of trigeminal sensory fibers that recieves sensory info from bridge of nose, eyes, and upper portion of the head

mandibular

type of trigeminal sensory fibers that recieves sensory info from chin and jaw

maxillary

type of trigeminal sensory fibers that recieves sensory info from middle of the face