BBH 368 Exam 3
norepinephrine
-neurotransmitter produced from dopamine -regulates attention (related to depression, ADHD, and schizophrenia) -cell bodies in locus ceruleus and reticular formation
serotonin
-neurotransmitter with cell bodies in raphe nuclei -innervates most of the brain -related to sleep/wake, mood, appetite -in treatment of depression/anxiety (SSRIs)
dopamine
-neurotransmitter with cell bodies in substantia nigra and VTA -dies in parkinson's disease -symptoms: resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability
main sensory nucleus
-nucleus of trigeminal nerve -same as posteior column medial lemniscus pathway -touch, proprioception
spinal trigeminal nucleus
-nucleus of trigeminal nerve -same as spinothalamic tract -pain and temperature
cerebral peduncles
-paired in midbrain -contain bunles of corticospinal tract fibers (voluntary movement) -visible on anterior service
internal arcuate fibers
-part of posterior column medial lemniscus pathway (touch/proprioception) -carry info from cuneate/gracile nuclei to the medial lemniscus
facial colliculus
-pons structure -abducens motor nucleus with facial nerves over it -facial nerve loops around edge of motor nucleus and causes bulging
abducens nerve (VI)
-somatic motor nerve -controls lateral rectus muscle of the eye
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
-somatic motor nerve -controls the muscles of the tongue
trochlear nerve (IV)
-somatic motor nerve -decussates immediately -innervates superior oblique muscle of the eye
oculomotor nerve (III)
-somatic motor nerve -nucleus in midbrain -controls 4 of 6 eye muscles
mesencephalic nucleus
-trigeminal nerve nucleus -proprioceptive information about the jaw --> innervates motor muscles for chewing
fasciculus cuneates and gracilis
-along midline visible on posterior side of medulla -separated by posterior intermediate sulcus
dorsal trigeminal tract
-alternative pathway of main sensory nucleus 2nd order neurons which stay ipsilateral, do NOT decussate before synapse
trigeminal nerve (V)
-branchiomeric motor nerve -main sensory nerve of head = pain, touch, temperature, proprioception (ALL SENSES) -3 sensory fibers -3 sensory nuclei longitudinally arranged
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
-branchiomeric nerve with taste and throat sensations and 4 fiber types
bells palsy
-caused by damage to facial nerve -weakness and deficits on one side of face
facial nerve (VII)
-controls facial expressions branchiomeric nerve with 4 fiber types
olive
-in medulla -bulge where the inferior olivary nucleus is
pyramid
-in medulla -contains corticospinal tract creating bulges -between anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus
obex
-in medulla -opening where 4th ventricle narrows into the central canal
inferior olivary nucleus
-in medulla in olive -mediates cerebellar motor function
superior colliculi
-in midbrain - vision - sensory and motor inputs; attention to stimuli
brachium of the inferior colliculus
-in midbrain -auditory pathway projecting from IC to thalamus
subtantia nigra
-in midbrain -contains dopamine cell bodies -site of brain death in parkinson's patients
inferior colliculi
-in midbrain -hearing -brachium
periaqueductal gray
-in midbrain -receives inputs via spinomesencephalic tract -inportant for pain inhibition
medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
-internuclear neurons from abducens nucleus that project to medial rectus motor neruons to cause the other eye to look medially -allows one eye to look laterally and the other to look medially
Edinger Westphal nucleus
-midbrain nucleus that controls the accomodation reflex of the lens and pupil constriction -pre- and post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers
mesencephalic nucleus
mesencephalic nucleus 1st order neuron cell bodies are in ?
trigeminal motor nucleus
mesencephalic nucleus 1st order neurons synapse in ?
branchial motor
most of fibers in facial nerve; control muscles for facial expression and stapedius of inner ear
branchiomeric
motor nerves associated with arches that turned into jaw bones -trigeminal V -facial VII -glossopharyngeal IX -vagus X -accessory XI
lateral rectus
muscle that controls eye abduction = looking lateral away from nose (abducens nerve)
superior oblique
muscle that moves eye down and out/laterally (trochlear nerve)
ptosis
drooping of eyelid
foramen magnum
opening in occipital bone that allows connection between spinal cord and brainstem
inferior cerebellar peduncles
carry info from medulla to cerebellum (adjacent to 4th ventricle)
middle cerebellar peduncles
carry info from pons to cerebellum (adjacent to the 4th ventricle)
superior cerebellar peduncles
carry major output info from cerebellum to pons and medulla
branchial motor
glossopharyngeal fibers that extend to stylopharyngeus (pharynx muscle)
tectum
part of midbrain that contains superior and inferior colliculi
tegmentum
part of midbrain that includes reticular formation, cranial nerve nuclei, and tracts
spinothalamic
pathway/tract in mid-lateral brainstem (pain and temperature)
corticospinal
pathway/tract in ventral brainstem (voluntary movement)
posterior columns
pathway/tract with inconsistent locations (sensory and proprioception)
right
damage to the right hypoglossal nerve would cause tongue to deviate which direction?
superior levator palpebrae
damage to this oculomotor muscle causes ptosis
upwards
damage to trochlear nerve results in _____ deviation of the eye (plus diplopia due to compensation of head tilt)
pyramidal decussation
junction of spinal cord and brainstem; lateral corticospinal tract
reticular formation
location of norepinephrine cell bodies which then send output signals to spinal cord
locus ceruleus
location of norepinephrine cell bodies which then sends output signals to brain cortex
trigeminal ganglion
main sensory nucleus 1st order neuron cell bodies are in ?
main sensory nucleus
main sensory nucleus 1st order neurons synapse in ?
main sensory nucleus
main sensory nucleus 2nd order neuron cell bodies are in ?
VPM of thalamus
main sensory nucleus 2nd order neurons synapse in ?
VPM of thalamus
main sensory nucleus 3rd order neruon cell bodies are in ?
somatosensory cortex
main sensory nucleus 3rd order neruons synapse in ?
eye blink reflex
reflex that causes both eyes to blink when one eye is touch
lateral strabismus
result of damage to medial rectus of the oculomotor nerve
trigeminal ganglia
spinal trigeminal nucleus 1st order neuron cell bodies are in?
spinal trigeminal nucleus
spinal trigeminal nucleus 1st order neurons synapse in?
spinal trigeminal nucleus
spinal trigeminal nucleus 2nd order neuron cell bodies are in ?
VPM of thalamus
spinal trigeminal nucleus 2nd order neurons synapse in ?
VPM of thalamus
spinal trigeminal nucleus 3rd order neuron cell bodies are in ?
somatosensory cortex
spinal trigeminal nucleus 3rd order neurons synapse in ?
cuneate and gracile tubercles
swelling in medulla due to extra tissue that contains the cuneate and gracile nuclei
vagal trigone
swelling in medulla that contains the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve X
hypoglossal trigone
swelling in medulla that contains the motor nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve XII
post
the edinger westphal nucleus ____-ganglionic parasympatethic fibers extend from the ciliary ganglion to the ciliary muscle/pupillary constrictor muscles
pre
the edinger westphal nucleus ____-ganglionic parasympatethic fibers extend from the nucleus to the ipsilateral ciliary ganglion
corticospinal tract
voluntary movement pathway
medially
where are cranial motor nerve nuclei located
laterally
where are cranial sensory nerve nuclei located
caudal pons (below floor of 4th ventricle)
where is the abducens nucleus located?
caudal pons
where is the facial motor nucleus located? -fibers wrap around the abducens nucleus into the internal genu of the facial nerve
caudal medulla
where is the hypoglossal nucleus located?
midbrain
where is the oculomotor nerve nucleus located
caudal midbrain
where is the trochlear nerve nucleus located?
trigeminal ganglion
where somatic sensory fibers converge before entering pons as large sensory fiber bundle
trigeminal nerve
which nerve controls sensory aspect of eye blink reflex? -senses that something is touching the eye
facial nerve
which nerve controls the motor aspect of eye blink reflex? -makes the eye blink
medial lemniscus
a tract of nerve fibers that is part of posterior column pathway (touch/proprioception)
visceral sensory
some fibers of facial nerve from anterior 2/3 of taste buds and mucous membranes of nasal passage
visceral motor
some fibers of facial nerve that control salivary, nasal, and lacrimal (eye) glands
somatic sensory
some fibers of facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves that sense from skin of outer ear and enter the spinal trigeminal tract
medial rectus
eye muscle for adduction; moves eyes medially towards nose (oculomotor nerve)
inferior oblique
eye muscle for elevation and abduction of the eye; moves eye up and out/laterally (oculomotor nerve)
superior rectus
eye muscle that elevates the eye (oculomotor nerve)
superior levator palpebrae
eye muscle that elevates the upper eyelide (oculomotor nerve)
inferior rectus
eye muscle that lowers eye (oculomotor nerve)
somatic
type of motor fibers tht innervated skeletal muscle -oculomotor III -trochlear IV -abducens VI -hypoglossal XII
ipsilateral
type of muscle innervation for hypoglossal nerve
ipsilateral
type of muscle innervation for oculomotor nerve
contralateral
type of muscle innervation for trochlear nerve/superior oblique
ipsilateral
type of muscle innervation of the abducens nerve/lateral rectus
ophthalmic
type of trigeminal sensory fibers that recieves sensory info from bridge of nose, eyes, and upper portion of the head
mandibular
type of trigeminal sensory fibers that recieves sensory info from chin and jaw
maxillary
type of trigeminal sensory fibers that recieves sensory info from middle of the face
