BCBA exam

11. Reinforcers establish, __________, and maintain behavior. 11.a. increase 11.b. decrease 11.c. both a & b 11.d. neither a nor b

11. Answer: a 11. Explanation: Reinforcement and increase are synonymous.

140. Four hits in a 10-minute period of observation is an example of __________. 140.a. stimulus control data 140.b. contingency data 140.c. operant behavior 140.d. rate data

140. Answer: d 140. Explanation: Number of behaviors divided by observation time is rate.

73. To conduct descriptive analysis with an adult, you need to get consent from ________. 73.a. parents 73.b. workshop managers 73.c. the adult 73.d. friends

73. Answer: c 73. Explanation: An adult who has reached the age of capacity (21 in most states), can provide consent unless they have been declared incompetent by a court of law.

15. Establishing operations change the ___________ of a reinforcer. 15.a. quantity 15.b. quality 15.c. magnitude 15.d. value

15. Answer: d 15. Explanation: Establishing operations precede behavior and change the reinforcing value of a given stimulus.

177. When should a behavior change procedure be implemented? 177.a. Only when there is documentation of evidence and agreement of central participants that a change is warranted. 177.b. Only if the behavior might do excessive tissue or property damage. 177.c. Only if the behavior is on an upward trend 177.d. Only if a psychiatrist and/or a behavior analyst deem it necessary.

177. Answer: a 177. Explanation: Consensus is sometime difficult to obtain. However, it is important to have some consensus about what behaviors need addressed by an assessment.

199. Breaking down a skill into its components to facilitate learning is ______. 199.a. shaping 199.b. chaining 199.c. task analysis 199.d. functional assessment

199. Answer: c 199. Explanation: In a task analysis, a behavior is observed and then laid out step by step to assess what skills need further prompting and reinforcement.

244. Successive data points should be connected when __________. 244.a. there is great variability 244.b. they span a period of time when data was lost 244.c. they are on the same side of a phase line 244.d. the graph is in even intervals

244. Answer: c 244. Explanation: Connect like data points. Never ever cross a phase line.

27. In the ________ analysis of behavior, a child learns replacement behaviors for his explosive behavior at home and in the classroom 27.a. systematic 27.b. applied 27.c. experimental 27.d. socially relevant

27. Answer: b 27. Explanation: Improving the life of a child by exploding less and doing better at home and school is applied.

23. You have worked with several children with self-injurious behavior and find a combination reinforcement and punishment procedure that works well with all the children on your caseload. Sharing your procedures and data is _________. 23.a. conceptually systematic 23.b. empirical 23.c. technological 23.d. generality

Answer: c 23. Explanation: Technological does refer to detailing procedures and such. It also refers to sharing the information with the scientific community.

A client under your supervision engages in frequent rumination that appears to have resulted in substantial weight loss. What is the first assessment task? a. Systematic manipulation of some variable b. Records review c. Nothing - the behavior is not change worthy d. Conduct an IQ test

B

The intervention being evaluated in a single case research design is known as the: A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. confounding variable D. intervention variable

B. independent variable

• From a behavioral perspective, the fact that most people, including you and me, do NOT teach for free, illustrates: A. people are inherently greedy B. money is a generalized conditioned reinforcer C. money is a primary reinforcer D. all of these

B. money is a generalized conditioned reinforcer

• Accountability is not only ethical practice, but also a way for teachers to __________________________. A. showcase their ability to write appropriate goals B. verify effectiveness of their teaching C. decrease their workload D. none of the above

B. verify effectiveness of their teaching

A Descriptive Functional Assessment incorporates a) Analog conditions and inferential statistics b) Structured interviews and systematic manipulations c) Functional assessment tools, structured interviews, and direct observation d) Records review and development of insight

C

Saying the word "car" when seeing someone making the sign for "car" is: a) Mimetic behavior b) Textual behavior c) An Intraverbal d) A Tact

C

• Ethically, participation in a behavior change program must be A. informed B. voluntary C. both a and b D. none of the above

C. both a and b

• A reversal design that demonstrates experimental control has: A. two phases B. three phases C. four phases D. one phase

C. four phases

On what types of reinforcement schedules are individuals most likely to satiate?

CRF schedules

Generally speaking, how long should baseline data be taken? a) two weeks b) one month c) until the staff indicate that they are ready to implement treatment d) until the baseline data show stability

D

Stimulus generalization is more likely to occur: a) When the relationship between an antecedent stimulus and an operant behavior is not fixed. b) When the relationship between an antecedent stimulus and an operant behavior is fixed. c) After behaviors are placed on extinction. d) When new stimuli are of similar physical dimensions but differ from the training stimulus slightly along a dimension.

D

You pull up to the drive-thru at the coffee shop. The attendant says, "what can I get you?" You say, "One coffee please." What type of operant is this? A. Mand B. Tact C. Autoclitic D. Intraverbal

D

• Handheld technology is a resourceful tool for teachers and researchers because of A. versatility of data recording B. portability C. exportability of data D. All of the above

D. All of the above

• Which factor(s) must be considered when attempting to determine whether a proposed intervention is ethical? A. community standards B. individual freedom and responsibility of the student C. laws D. all of the above

D. all of the above

• When an observer has preconceived notions about students based on past experience or information from parents and/or teacher and the bias affects the interpretation of what the observer is seeing, the bias is called ________________. A. reactivity B. observer drift C. complexity D. expectancy

D. expectancy

• A procedure that is mistakenly attributed as "behavioral" is: A. extinction B. response cost C. shaping D. hypnosis

D. hypnosis

_______________ refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable.

Experimental control

A procedure used to eliminate instructional prompts is called

Fading

How many phases are in a single subject reversal design?

Four phases

A student who is in the maintenance phase of learning should be on a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

Intermittent

Generalization across time is known as

Maintenance

using hand over hand assistance to help a student count dollar bills is a ________ prompt.

Physical

low pref > high pref is

Premack principle

_______________ are naturally occurring phenomena that operate whether someone manipulates them or not.

Principles of behavior

The generalization strategy that uses stimuli from the generalization setting in the training setting is called

Program common stimuli

Additional stimuli that are used to increase the likelihood that a discriminative stimulus will occasion a response are called

Prompts

When using a shaping procedure to teach a new skill, a stimulus formerly associated with the target response, but no longer associated with the target response, is a(n)

S delta

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations is

Shaping

_________ occurs when a response trained in one setting with one instructor is demonstrated in a setting where training did not occur or with an instructor who did not participate in the training.

Stimulus generalization

____________ is used to teach complex behaviors composed of multiple steps

Task analysis

Paige is learning her multiplication facts. During instruction her teacher reinforces, on average, every third correct response. Paige's teacher is implementing a ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

VR3

A task analysis with pictures of each step is a _________ prompt.

Visual

Breaking down tasks into its component responses is called a. Task analysis b. Component analysis c. Behavioral analysis d. Chaining

a

By definition, ADDING a stimulus contingent on a behavior that results in an INCREASE of that behavior is • A. positive reinforcement (R+) • B. negative reinforcement (R) • C. positive punishment (P+) • D. negative punishment (P

a

Computer-assisted measurement of behavior allows the observer to do all of the following except: a. Collect permanent products b. Record multiple behaviors simultaneously c. Aggregate data easily d. Analyze data from different perspectives

a

Forward chaining, backward chaining, and concurrent chaining are commonly used to teach a. Complex behaviors b. Simple behaviors c. Individualized behaviors d. Target behaviors

a

When teaching self-control strategies, control ultimately comes from a. Environment b. Self c. Self and others d. Self esteem

a

The single subject research design which allows comparison of two or more interventions is the

alternating treatments design

The _______ of each data path on a cumulative record represents the different rates of acquisition. a. Position b. Slope c. Scatter d. Slant

b

The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place and that natural phenomena occur in relation to other events describes which assumption underlying the analysis of behavior? a. Empiricism b. Determinism c. Parsimony d. Philosophic doubt

b

The presentation of a potential reinforcer on a fixed or variable schedule independent of the occurrence of the target behavior is also referred to as: a. Contingent reinforcement b. Noncontingent reinforcement c. Contingent punishment d. Noncontingent punishment

b

The principle of ________ determines the degree to which a person's behavior repertoire maximizes short and long term reinforcers for that individual and for others and minimizes short and long term punishers. a. Normalization b. Habilitation c. Functionality d. Justification

b

Which symbol is associated with a lack of reinforcement? A. SR+ B. SΔ C. SR D. SD

b

______________ refers to the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime. a. Phylogeny b. Ontogeny c. Biology d. Personality

b

• By definition, REMOVING a stimulus contingent on a behavior that results in an INCREASE of that behavior is A. positive reinforcement (R+) B. negative reinforcement (R C. positive punishment (P+) D. negative punishment (P

b

• illness or an unforseen event is considered a

confounding variable

14. The paycheck that Behavior Analysts receive twice per month is: a. a conditioned reinforcer b. a secondary reinforcer c. illustrates a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement d. all of these

d

16. Thinning a schedule of reinforcement should result in all of the following EXCEPT: a. removal of teacher as a necessary behavior monitor b. decreasing expectation of reinforcement c. maintenance of the behavior over longer periods of time d. lower, more variable levels of responding

d

Choosing only those behaviors to change that will produce reinforcers in the post-intervention environment is referred to as: a. Teaching loosely b. Contrived contingency planning c. Programming common stimuli d. Relevance of behavior rule

d

Extinction may involve which of the following a. Increase in rate of target behavior b. Increase in intensity of target behavior c. Increase in a variety of behaviors d. All of the above

d

In order to be understood by everyone, measurement units must be: a. Analysis b. Subjective c. Labeled d. Unambiguous

d

• behavior independent or dependent variable

dependent

• independent or dependent: the behavior that is being targeted for change

dependent

An example of a motivating operation is: a. Hunger b. Hay fever c. Argument with significant other d. None of these e. All of these

e

The nature of a consequence is determined by its

effect on behavior

When some, but not all, instances of a behavior are reinforced, the reinforcement is called

intermittent reinforcement

Gradually removing prompts is known as

prompt fading

• what do single subject designs require of the dependent variable?

repeated measures

Systematically applying wait time before delivering a prompt is known as

time delay

• is AB design practical?

yes

A __________________ is derived from a descriptive analysis. A. Hypothesis B. Statement of causation C. Data-driven conclusion D. Hypotenuse

A

Ms. Castillo records some initial data (without interceding) on the number of times Kimo uses inappropriate language in her class. This data condition is known as: • A. performance • B. baseline • C. intervention • D. frequency

Answer Key:B

A primary consideration that guides teachers in designing an intervention to change a student's behavior is • A. administrative desires • B. availability of materials • C. proven effectiveness of a technique • D. student's mental age

Answer Key:C

102. Which design is preferable if you are working with a client who wants to lose weight and believes it will be best to set a goal and have reinforcers met for gradually decreasing increments of weight? 102.a. Changing criterion 102.b. Multiple baseline 102.c. Reversal 102.d. Withdrawal

102. Answer: a 102. Explanation: The question makes reference to the reinforcer being contingent on a changing criteria so this design would probably be the most appropriate.

103. A 17 year-old with autism turns 18 and the behavior analyst wants to increase the variety of foods the individual chooses by withholding chocolate milk. Who should provide consent? 103.a. The parents since the child has autism 103.b. The individual 103.c. Neither 103.d. Both

103. Answer: b 103. Explanation: While it may be beneficial for the parents to participate, an individual has to be declared incompetent by a court. Individuals who have reached the age of capacity can provide their own consent.

104. A student exhibits self injury and aggressive behavior. Both behaviors appear to serve the functions of escape from demand and attention from peers. A behavioral colleague suggests the behaviors happen due to a multiple personality disorder. To help the colleague and student, you take a baseline on self-injury and aggression. On day 5, you begin a token economy program that reduces self-injury. On day 10, you implement the token economy for aggressive behavior which reduces to zero levels. Your initial data suggests your token economy _____. 104.a. is rather ineffective 104.b. increases response rates 104.c. has generality across behaviors 104.d. needs more probes

104. Answer: c 104. Explanation: If procedures can be extended to different target behaviors, other people, other settings, the behavior analyst has more evidence that the procedures have generality.

105. A student exhibits self injury and aggressive behavior. Both behaviors appear to serve the functions of escape from demand and attention from peers. A behavioral colleague suggests the behaviors happen due to a multiple personality disorder. To help the colleague and student, you take a baseline on self-injury and aggression. On day 5, you begin a token economy program that reduces self-injury. On day 10, you implement the token economy for aggressive behavior which reduces to zero levels. The design you have used is _______. 105.a. an alternating treatments 105.b. changing criterion 5 & 10 design 105.c. multiple baseline across responses 105.d. none of the above

105. Answer: c 105. Explanation: Once you know you are taking two baselines, you should comb the answers and look for multiple baseline.

106. A teacher states a student if receiving D's and F's, primarily because he rushes through his work. Quizzes and tests are typically turned in after just 5 minutes. The teacher says the student is smart and would make good grades if he would just take more time. The appropriate target for change would be _______________. 106.a. duration measure 106.b. a latency measure 106.c. percentage of occurrence 106.d. some type of interval recording

106. Answer: a 106. Explanation: Wanting to target a length of time suggests duration might be the most appropriate target.

107. While working with a student, you notice another boy who sits in a desk in the back corner. When he is taking quizzes and tests, he will violently bang his head on the desk and pull his hair. The assistant in the class says the parents feel this is his way of handling stress. You put a plan in place where the student is to be monitored within arm's length and the desk is to be taken away if he bangs his head. Putting this plan in place is ______________. 107.a. unethical; there is no consent 107.b. ethical 107.c. unethical; the parents have made it clear this is his individual choice 107.d. ethical; if the behavior analyst has conducted functional analysis

107. Answer: b 107. Explanation: The behavior analyst can act without consent if the behavior presents imminent harm to self or others.

108. A child's treatment team meets and agrees that more comprehensive evaluations are necessary. As part of the team, you recommend trying 2 different treatments: noncontingent reinforcement/treatment 1 and contingent reinforcement/treatment 2. On each school day, the teacher will flip a coin to decide what intervention to use that day. After each treatment has been implemented at least 3 times, you will evaluate the data of this __________. 108.a. changing criterion design 108.b. multiple baseline design 108.c. alternating treatments design 108.d. withdrawal design

108. Answer: c 108. Explanation: Two or more independent variables alternating fairly frequently is an alternating treatments design.

109. Prioritizing challenging behaviors, a behavior analyst would begin with ____. 109.a. the cost effectiveness of the plan 109.b. the difficulty in changing the behavior 109.c. desires of the parent/guardian 109.d. consideration of danger to client's safety

109. Answer: d 109. Explanation: Health and safety first is often a prudent choice for where to begin..

110. The ___________ constitutes the entire constellation of stimuli that can affect behavior. 110.a. environment 110.b. molar system 110.c. behavioral universe 110.d. ecology

110. Answer: a 110. Explanation: This is the exact definition of the term.

111. In promoting stimulus and response generalization, ________________. 111.a. instruction should first take place in a clinic 111.b. instruction should take place in a classroom 111.c. instruction should take place in the target environment 111.d. instruction should be preceded by reinforcement

111. Answer: c 111. Explanation: If slightly different responses (response generalization) or the same behavior in different environments (stimulus generalization) are to occur, instruction should be loose and in the area where the behaviors are likely to occur.

112. A 4th grade teacher provides some mathematics instruction with several opportunities for corporal responding. When she assigns independent seat work, she begins to play music. The music is considered what? 112.a. An establishing operation 112.b. Evocative stimuli 112.c. A reinforcer 112.d. An ecological variable

112. Answer: d 112. Explanation: Ecological variables are often thought to impact behavior but they are more general types of environmental cues like lighting and room temperature.

113. A supervisor approaches you with concerns about the brightness of the fluorescent lights in your classroom and the need for picture schedules that she insists are the root causes of children's challenging behavior. You inform the supervisor that these __________________ do not evoke behavior. 113.a. establishing operations 113.b. ecological variables 113.c. reinforcers 113.d. modis operandi

113. Answer: b 113. Explanation: While ecological variables might impact behavior, they tend not to be discrete variables. In this example, it would be a tremendous leap of faith to say the lights and picture schedules signal reinforcer availability (as SD's do).

114. A nonverbal child reaches for a chip and you prompt him to use a PECS card to communicate what he wants; you have taken advantage of a(n) ________ opportunity. 114.a. establishing operation 114.b. structured teaching 114.c. incidental teaching 114.d. negative reinforcers

114. Answer: c 114. Explanation: Incidental teaching opportunities are naturally occurring learning moments.

115. A behavior analyst and physician are working with a child diagnosed with ADHD. The physician asks for some assistance with evaluating two different levels of a medication: 5 mg versus 10 mg. What does the behavior analyst do? 115.a. Refer this away 115.b. Do a multiple baseline across measures 115.c. Design a parametric analysis 115.d. Refrain from assisting as the physician is not being deterministic

115. Answer: c 115. Explanation: Stay away from easy answers like "refer this away". When dealing with different measures of the same independent variable, a behavior analyst can consider using the parametric analysis to help evaluate which level of medication is most effective. Parametric - more than 1.

116. A behavior analyst should always determine what before deciding what reinforcer to use? 116.a. Ethical dilemmas 116.b. Functional relationships 116.c. Data based efficacy 116.d. Acceptance by the peer group

116. Answer: b 116. Explanation: The most effective reinforcer is the same reinforcer maintaining the challenging behavior.

117. Using a reinforcer menu and standardized stimulus presentation procedures in a forced choice procedure is one way of doing __________. 117.a. ethical behavior analysis 117.b. naturalistic observation 117.c. reinforcer sampling 117.d. structured interviews

117. Answer: c 117. Explanation: Reinforcer sampling is one way to determine reinforcers and is more valid than interviews and questionnaires.

118. Three methods used to identify potential reinforcers are _________. 118.a. naturalistic observation, reinforcer sampling, structured interviews 118.b. forced choice procedures, standard clinical interviews, and naturalistic observation 118.c. naturalistic observation, observation of what person avoids, structured interviews 118.d. reinforcer sampling, partial interval observation, methodological manipulation

118. Answer: a 118. Explanation: All three methods can be effective. Anytime the behavior analyst manipulates variables, the more likely the results will be valid.

119. In the ________ analysis of behavior, an adult learns to ask for room time if he wants to engage in certain self-stimulatory behaviors and masturbation 119.a. applied 119.b. experimental 119.c. systematic 119.d. sociological

119. Answer: a 119. Explanation: These behaviors have social relevance.

12. You are in a car crash. You hit the windshield with your head resulting in a nasty cut and severe bruising. While exiting the car, you see the crushed red metal of your car and smell burning oil. Hitting your head on the windshield is a(n) __________ stimulus. 12.a. conditioned 12.b. unconditioned 12.c. Pavlovian 12.d neutral

12. Answer: b 12. Explanation: Hitting/blunt force trauma will result in injury and reflexive behaviors that require no prior learning.

120. A parent holds up a picture of an elephant and teaches the child to say, "Elephant." The father runs around telling everyone what a genius his son is. The next door neighbor comes over and holds up a picture of a zebra and the child says, "Elephant." The child genius has not yet learned to _____________. 120.a. generalize 120.b. discriminate 120.c. utilize the correct verbal operant 120.d. respond according to the neighbor's reinforcement schedule

120. Answer: b 120. Explanation: The child has not learned the difference between the stimuli.

121. Time-out is contraindicated for behaviors maintained by ___________. 121.a. attention seeking 121.b. aggressive 121.c. escape 121.d. accessing reinforcement

121. Answer: c 121. Explanation: If escape is reinforcing, putting a child in time out may actually provide this reinforcer to the student. Procedures should address behavioral function.

122. You are working with a child who is having problems in his school. However, the teacher is quite willing to work with you and the child and states he is pleasant most of the time. If you ask her to offer a reinforcer every 3 days that the child goes without challenging behaviors and completes 75% of his assignments, what is this? 122.a. A VR schedule of reinforcement 122.b. Rule governed behavior 122.c. A fixed interval 3 schedule of reinforcement 122.d. Contingency contracting

122. Answer: d 122. Explanation: A behavior contract, aka contingency contracting, involves stipulating what behaviors are expected, the length of the contract and what reinforcer(s) will be available if the contract is met.

123. Chad thinks his special education classroom is too loud and plays classical music and lowers the lighting level; he has changed what? 123.a. An antecedent variable 123.b. An ecological variable 123.c. Ethical operations 123.d. Nothing of significance

123. Answer: b 123. Explanation: These are physical aspects of the environment, like rearranging the desks.

124. A teacher is attempting to improve math performance and offers specific reinforcers for increased completion of 5 math problems. The next week she shifts to 7, back to 5, and then 10. This is an example of ____________. 124.a. a changing criterion design 124.b. an alternating treatment design 124.c. a withdrawal design 124.d. a reversal design

124. Answer: a 124. Explanation: In a changing criterion design, there is a shift in the level of the target behavior that will receive the given consequence.

125. While working with the teacher, you have her collect baseline on number of math problems completed, have her reinforce increased number of problems completed, return to baseline, and then reinforce time-on-task. This is an example of ___________. 125.a. a changing criterion design 125.b. an alternating treatment design 125.c. a withdrawal design 125.d. a reversal design

125. Answer: d 125. Explanation: collect baseline on number of math problems completed (A), have her reinforce increased number of problems completed (B), return to baseline (A), and then reinforce time-on-task.

126. On behavior graphs, the dependent measure __________. 126.a. is n minus the mean 126.b. is on the horizontal axis 126.c. should be in equal intervals 126.d. is independent of the treatment intervention

126. Answer: c 126. Explanation: Line graphs have equal intervals on both the vertical and horizontal axes.

127. Taking away points if a child ends up in any type of physical management can be seen as a(n) _________ if the points are generalized conditioned reinforcers. 127.a. reinforcer 127.b. unethical use of power 127.c. response cost 127.d. punisher

127. Answer: c 127. Explanation: In a response cost, some value of the reinforcer is lost contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior.

129. The drama teacher is unhappy with the acting performance of his star drama queen. He jumps on stage and says, "No, no. Watch me," performs the desired action, has the drama queen do what he does and provides immediate feedback. What has the drama teacher done? 129.a. Enriched the schedule of reinforcement 129.b. Prompted her in a least to most fashion 129.c. Provided the drama queen implied rules 129.d. Modeled the behavior

129. Answer: d 129. Explanation: Modeling is when the behavior is demonstrated so that imitation can take place.

13. If the smell of burning oil after a car crash results in anxiety, it is a(n) ___________ stimulus. 13.a. conditioned 13.b. unconditioned 13.c. Pavlovian 13.d. Neutral

13. Answer: a 13. Explanation: The smell of burning oil does not necessarily lead to anxious responses. That would have to be learned by the pairing of the pain from the accident with the stimuli that were conditioned during that time (smell of burning oil, red metal).

130. Jeremy asks for a Playstation. You sit him down and write down that he can earn the Playstation if he has no aggressions or restraints for 3 days. What is this? 130.a. Rule-governed behavior 130.b. Respondent conditioning 130.c. Contingency contracting 130.d. Reinforcement delivery

130. Answer: c 130. Explanation: Remember that contingency contracting is also referred to as behavior contracting.

131. Reinforcing intact behaviors in a sequence is _______. 131.a. shaping 131.b. chaining 131.c. thinning 131.d. fading

131. Answer: b 131. Explanation: The subtle difference between chaining and shaping is that whole, intact behaviors are reinforced in chaining; shaping is reinforcing gradual approximations of one terminal target behavior.

132. Conner begins hitting himself in the head several hundred times. You notice that when others are in close proximity or when working, Conner does not hit himself in the head. Instead, you observe Conner hits himself when he is in his room by himself or the shower alone. These observations are suggesting that the behavior might be ________. 132.a. automatically reinforcing 132.b. attention maintained 132.c. maintained by escape 132.d. maintained by access to reinforcers

132. Answer: a 132. Explanation: Your observations are generating the functional hypothesis. Whether or not the behavior actually is maintained by automatic reinforcement would have to be validated through functional analysis.

133. You observe Timmy for a 30 minute time period. The teacher gives 4 directions. On average, it takes Timmy 1 minute and 27 seconds from the time the teacher gives directions until Timmy begins the assignment. This average length of time is the _______________. 133.a. duration 133.b. rate 133.c. latency 133.d. interresponse time

133. Answer: c 133. Explanation: Latency is the time from the onset of the stimulus to the beginning of the behavior.

134. A child is abused. When the parents beat him, they yell at him. After years of being subject to this abuse, he is removed from the home and placed in a foster home. The foster parents call and say they gave him a verbal reprimand and he began crying, shaking and cowering in a corner. It appears as though the child's emotional responses are: 134.a. unconditioned responses 134.b. conditioned emotional responses 134.c. generalization of cognitive processes 134.d. conditioned stimuli

134. Answer: b 134. Explanation: CER's are potential side effects to punishment.

135. A child is abused; when the parents beat him, they yell at him. After years of being subject to this abuse, he is removed from the home and placed in a foster home. The foster parents call and say they gave him a verbal reprimand and he began crying, shaking and cowering in a corner. The verbal reprimand seems to be: 135.a. an unconditioned stimulus 135.b. an unconditioned response 135.c. a conditioned response 135.d. a conditioned stimulus

135. Answer: d 135. Explanation: Reprimands acquire aversive characteristics through pairing with other stimuli. A child learns that a reprimand is aversive.

136. A safety coat is implemented contingent on severe self-injurious behavior, which has been operationally defined as head banging that results in tissue damage. The rate of self-injury goes up. What can the implementation of the safety coat be viewed as? 136.a. Punishing to self-injury 136.b. Reinforcing to self-injury 136.c. The effects are unclear 136.d. Aversive to any client

136. Answer: b 136. Explanation: Reinforcers (and punishers, for that matter) are defined, in part, by the effect on behavior

137. Forced choice procedures and introducing a child to novel activities are part of ____________. 137.a. reinforcer sampling 137.b. reinforcement induction 137.c. behavioral momentum 137.d. functional analysis

137. Answer: a 137. Explanation: This is a way of finding out what actually functions as a reinforcer. The child has to choice between at least 2 items (indicating a preference) which can then be used to determine if in fact the item will "reinforce" a target behavior. Not all preferred items function as reinforcers.

138. Select the best behavioral goal: 138.a. Jaime will decrease oppositionality 138.b. Jamie will increase skills and learn to get along with others 138.c. Jaime will learn to raise her hand, based on information gathered by her teacher, speech therapist and mother. 138.d. Jaime will self-report making friends

138. Answer: c 138. Explanation: Goals should be established by individuals and important people in their lives.

139. A colleague asks you to review a new journal article that focuses on increasing the abilities of adults in a day program to ride the bus, select and match clothes, and increase work output. The research in the article is _________. 139.a. experimental 139.b. applied 139.c. parsimonious 139.d. selective

139. Answer: b 139. Explanation: All of the skills listed have social relevance.

4. You and your friends discuss stealing cigarettes. You watch your friend, Tommy, get spanked by him mom for stealing a cigarette. When you go home, you do not steal cigarettes. The change in your behavior is __________. 14.a. rule governed 14.b. operant behavior 14.c. directly contacting the contingency 14.d. an example of an establishing operation

14. Answer: a 14. Explanation: Rule governed behaviors are operant in that they are shaped via consequences. However, the behavior is shaped by an explanation or observation of the consequences, not by directly experiencing the consequences.

141. An episode of SIB lasts 11 minutes and 37 seconds following a demand from the teacher is what kind of measure? 141.a. rate 141.b. latency 141.c. criterion 141.d. duration

141. Answer: d 141. Explanation: The time from the start to the end of behavior is the duration.

142. What is the best definition below that describes latency? 142.a. The amount of time from the onset to the termination of a behavior 142.b. The time interval for differential reinforcement schedules 142.c. The time between behaviors 142.d. The amount of time from the presentation of a stimulus to the onset of the response

142. Answer: d 142. Explanation: This is an exact definition of latency.

143. Allan's SIB is observed 360 times in 120 minutes. The average rate of behavior, in occurrences per hour is _________. 143.a. 200 143.b. 180 143.c. 160 143.d. 120

143. Answer: b 143. Explanation: 360 divided by 2 (120 minutes is 2 hours) equals 180.

144. A behavioral __________ is a periodic measurement of different stimuli. 144.a. program 144.b. probe 144.c. level 144.d. trend

144. Answer: b 144. Explanation: You are trying something else to see what responses the subject gives.

145. Successive data points should not be connected when __________. 145.a. there is great variability 145.b. they span a period of time when data was lost 145.c. they are on the same side of a phase line 145.d. the graph is in even intervals

145. Answer: b 145. Explanation: A span of time without data should be represented by a scale break

146. At 8:55 AM, students enter a classroom without the teacher present. They walk around the class and talk to one another. At 9:00 AM the teacher walks into the classroom, she says, "Good morning, take your seats, please." The children take their seats within 10 seconds, sit quietly, and raise their hands to ask questions. One child yells out for 15 seconds. The teacher continues her discussion of the day's events and withholds her attention. After 1 minute of increased verbalizations, the child sits quietly and then raises his hand. The teacher is a (n) _____ for talking out. 146.a. SP 146.b. SD 146.c. SR+ 146.d. S-delta

146. Answer: d 146. Explanation: The teacher does not introduce anything. She withholds a reaction. S-deltas signal the procedure of extinction.

147. At 8:55 AM, students enter a classroom without the teacher present. They walk around the class and talk to one another. At 9:00 AM the teacher walks into the classroom, she says, "Good morning, take your seats, please." The children take their seats within 10 seconds, sit quietly, and raise their hands to ask questions. One child yells out for 15 seconds. The teacher continues her discussion of the day's events and withholds her attention. One minute after the teacher's initial direction, the child sits quietly and then raises his hand. What is the latency to sitting quietly for the disruptive child? 147.a. 5 minutes 147.b. 10 seconds 147.c. 1 minute 147.d. 15 seconds

147. Answer: c 147. Explanation: Latency is the time from the end of a stimulus to the onset of the response.

148. At 8:55 AM, students enter a classroom without the teacher present. They walk around the class and talk to one another. At 9:00 AM the teacher walks into the classroom, she says, "Good morning, take your seats, please." The children take their seats within 10 seconds, sit quietly, and raise their hands to ask questions. One child yells out for 15 seconds. The teacher continues her discussion of the day's events and withholds her attention. After 1 minute of increased verbalizations, the child sits quietly and then raises his hand. For most of the class, the teacher is an SD for what behavior(s)? 148.a. Talking out 148.b. Walking around class 148.c. Talking with friends 148.d. Sitting down and raising hand

148. Answer: d 148. Explanation: SD's signal reinforcers are available and evoke behaviors.

149. A functional analysis incorporates: 149.a. analog conditions where variables are systematically manipulated 149.b. structured interviews 149.c. functional assessment tools and direct observation 149.d. records review

149. Answer: a 149. Explanation: Functional analysis and systematic manipulation are terms that can be used interchangeably.

150. Systematically manipulating variables, collecting data on a dependent measure, and analyzing the data to determine maintaining variables can be conceptualized as ____. 150.a. descriptive analysis 150.b. functional analysis 150.c. systems analysis 150.d. pattern analysis

150. Answer: b 150. Explanation: Functional analysis and systematic manipulation are terms that can be used interchangeably.

151. You have begun a functional assessment of a young girl who is in constant trouble at her high school. You complete structured interviews, direct observation, and some functional assessment tools. Your hypotheses suggest that there are several maintaining variables. In order to determine the most significant variable, you set up four analog conditions: alone, escape contingent upon challenging behavior, an enriched environment, and attention contingent upon challenging behavior. You collect and interpret data on the different conditions. What have you just done? 151.a. functional analysis 151.b. component analysis 151.c. systems analysis 151.d. pattern analysis

151. Answer: a 151. Explanation: A keyword is "analog". Functional analysis is when a behavior analyst does an experiment to determine the maintaining variable(s) to a behavior to develop effective treatment.

152. ______________________ provides an organized, conceptually sound and efficacious method for obtaining data; often, the first step in an assessment. 152.a. Functional analysis 152.b. Clinical interviews 152.c. Systematic manipulations 152.d. Descriptive analysis

152. Answer: d 152. Explanation: Descriptive analysis is how the behavior analyst begins organizing relevant information about behavior and the circumstances in which it occurs.

153. The most logical first step in descriptive analysis is to __________. 153.a. conduct four analog conditions 153.b. systematically manipulate variables 153.c. review records 153.d. complete a reinforcer survey

153. Answer: c 153. Explanation: An individual's records may contain medical information, prior evaluations, etc. that contain highly pertinent information.

154. A descriptive analysis incorporates ___________. 154.a. analog conditions and inferential statistics 154.b. structured interviews and systematic manipulations 154.c. functional assessment tools, structured interviews, and direct observation 154.d. records review and development of insight

154. Answer: c 154. Explanation: It involves information that describes the behavior and circumstances.

156. A good behavior analyst always does what before authoring a behavior intervention? 156.a. functional analysis 156.b. momentary time sampling 156.c. implements the least aversive, most effective punisher 156.d. direct observation

156. Answer: d 156. Explanation: A hallmark of functional behavior assessment is direct observation of the individual in the targeted environment.

157. You instruct staff to ignore a child's running behavior thinking this might reduce the problem. Your hypothesis, therefore, is probably that ______________ is the maintaining variable (aka reinforcer). 157.a. escape157.b. attention157.c. self-stimulation 157.d. access to reinforcers

157. Answer: b 157. Explanation: If you are with holding attention or not speaking to the child when the target behavior is exhibited then it is likely attention is maintaining the behavior.

158. In the field of behavior analysis a ______________ is derived from descriptive analysis. 158.a. hypotenuse 158.b. statement of causation 158.c. data driven conclusion 158.d. hypothesis

158. Answer: d 158. Explanation: Descriptive analysis organizes relevant information about behavior and its circumstances so the behavior analyst can make an educated guess about the function of the behavior.

159. The data are as follows: the average number of self-injurious episodes per hour is about 1 during the noncontingent reinforcement treatment and about 3 per hour for the contingent reinforcement treatment. What kind of measure did you use and what is you data based recommendation? 159.a. duration; continue both treatments as they are reductive 159.b. rate; begin using noncontingent reinforcement as it shows greater reduction of the target behavior 159.c. latency; begin using contingent reinforcement as it show an increase in the target 159.d. interresponse time 1 hour; continue combining treatments

159. Answer: b 159. Explanation: Behavior over time is rate; the noncontingent reinforcement procedure produces less self injury so it should be the procedure of choice.

16. __________ conditioning always deals with consequences. 16.a. Respondent 16.b. Pavlovian 16.c. Operant 16.d. Parsimonious

16. Answer: c 16. Explanation: Think Operant and consequences. Also Pavlov's work is referred to as "respondent conditioning" though some may call it Pavlovian conditioning. Respondents are reflexes, not affected by consequences.

160. After reviewing the data, you sit down with the treatment team and the boy. You explain that he's made good progress, suggest continuation of the noncontingent treatment and ask for the boy's input. He says, that while he knows he's doing better, he would like to have stickers added to his plan. Should you incorporate stickers into the plan? 160.a. No, it might skew the results and interfere with the independent variable 160.b. Yes, since the boy believes stickers are good 160.c. Yes, individual preferences and choices are integral parts of selecting treatments 160.d. No, the data do not show the effectiveness of stickers.

160. Answer: c 160. Explanation: Incorporate individuals into the decision making process whenever possible.

161. In utilizing a reinforcer, a behavior analyst must account for establishing operations and __________. 161.a. use primary and generalized conditioned reinforcers 161.b. Skinner's verbal behavior 161.c. setting events 161.d. discriminative stimuli

161. Answer: a 161. Explanation: The behavior analyst needs to strengthen behavior and condition a variety of things as reinforcers.

162. A schedule of reinforcement needs to be __________ to avoid decreased performance. 162.a. gradually thickened 162.b. gradually faded 162.c. gradually diminished 162.d. gradually thinned

162. Answer: d 162. Explanation: Thin schedules of reinforcement; fade prompts.

163. You are working with another Behavior Analyst who has a program for a child involving an FR2VI3 schedule; a ______ schedule of reinforcement. 163.a. simple 163.b. complex 163.c. diverse 163.d. rich

163. Answer: b 163. Explanation: Complex schedules of reinforcement include combined simple schedules of reinforcement.

164. All things being equal, the __________, the lower the probability of a response. 164.a. smaller the stimulus 164.b. greater the stimulus 164.c. smaller the effort 164.d. greater the effort

164. Answer: d 164. Explanation: Matching law proposes a similar idea.

165. When determining the appropriateness of punishers in a program ______ 165.a. you need to consider protecting the person from unnecessary exposure to aversive stimuli 165.b. punishers should only be utilized in emergency situations 165.c. reinforcement has no ethical restraints 165.d. punishment has to be descriptive in nature

165. Answer: a 165. Explanation: The protection of dignity is critical to ethical decision making. Limiting unnecessary exposure to these stimuli affects helps maintain the dignity of the individual.

166. Initially, punishers should be implemented _____. 166.a. only as emergency efforts 166.b. using high intensity punishers 166.c. with nondiscriminative stimuli 166.d. as respondent processes

166. Answer: b 166. Explanation: While punishment is regarded by some as abhorrent, if it is necessary to use punishment, the behavior analyst needs to safeguard the individual from acclimating to the punisher which might render the punisher ineffective and necessitate more intense punishers.

167. An individual engages in pica, the ingestion of non-edibles. Which reinforcement schedule would be most appropriate? 167.a. DRI 167.b. DRL 167.c. DRD 167.d. DRH

167. Answer: a 167. Explanation: Richly reinforcing an incompatible behavior is the best of the 4 offered.

168. A parent uses time-out and a hand signal to indicate time-out is beginning. The mother is checking her watch and makes a similar motion and the child begins to cry. This is probably due to ________. 168.a. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 168.b. respondent conditioning 168.c. the insight of a forthcoming reductive procedure 168.d. emotional responses that are phenomena associated with punishment.

168. Answer: d 168. Explanation: Emotional responding is one potential side effect of using punishment.

169. You observe a parent hug her child contingent upon head slapping. You tell her to do nothing the next time the child slaps her head, advocating the procedure of ________. 169.a. punishment 169.b. extinction 169.c. reinforcement 169.d. baseline

169. Answer: b 169. Explanation: Extinction refers to a procedure where previous reinforcers are withheld.

17. An example of operantly conditioned behavior is ____________. 17.a. a person who is afraid of snakes due to a previous snake bite 17.b. a woman who is afraid of fire due to being burned in a house fire 17.c. a person who has never baked, reads the directions on a box and bakes a cake 17.d. getting hit on the knee and reflexively kicking

17. Answer: c 17. Explanation: There are two types of operant conditioning: contingency shaping and rule governance. In contingency shaped behavior, the individual directly experiences the consequences. In rule governed behavior, an explanation of the consequences changes the behavior. This is an example of operant conditioning; more specifically, rule governance.

170. Punishment, by itself, is rarely completely effective because: 170.a. it models punishing behavior, person(s) involved can become conditioned aversive stimuli, counter control may occur 170.b. punisher suppresses all behavior, person(s) involved is resented and avoided, counter control may occur 170.c. no behavior is established, decrease in general performance, increased repetitious responses may occur 170.d. it models aggressive behavior, person(s) involved can become conditioned reinforcing stimuli, counter control may occur

170. Answer: a 170. Explanation: These are all known side effects to punishment. Punishment does not establish behavior

171. While doing some work with young Jessica, you teach and reinforce when she says "A" when you hold up the letter A. Once she becomes fluent, you hold up an "A" and a "B" to teach her to ___________. 171.a. make decisions 171.b. minimize errors 171.c. discriminate 171.d. equivocate stimuli

171. Answer: c 171. Explanation: Discrimination involves reinforcing responses in the presence of the SD and putting other responses on leaner schedule, punishment or extinction.

172. A sound rationale for conducting descriptive analysis is to develop ___________________. 172.a. statements of causation 172.b. functionally equivalent replacement behaviors 172.c. hypotheses on functional relationships based on the information obtained 172.d. conclusions about the origin of the behavior

172. Answer: c 172. Explanation: While the functional hypothesis still is an educated guess, it is made after a careful examination of relevant data.

173. ____________ is required for all punishment procedures or those procedures, which involve risk to consumer rights or protection. 173.a. Data 173.b. Consent 173.c. Information 173.d. Supervision

173. Answer: b 173. Explanation: Consent, often initially obtained for behavior analytic services, should be secured again if punishment procedures and/or those which put a person at risk.

174. If you utilized the least intrusive and least risky behavioral assessment methods to obtain only necessary information sufficient enough to formulate your hypotheses, you are ___________. 174.a. identifying descriptive information within applicable ethical standards. 174.b. following established functional analysis protocol 174.c. identifying functional relationships within applicable ethical standards 174.d. using the least restrictive intervention

174. Answer: a 174. Explanation: Ethical assessment means the behavior analyst uses only the most necessary methods and procedures to ascertain the function of the behavior.

175. ___________ should be selected by the consumer and/or his or her representatives in consultation with others selected by the team. 175.a. Targets for change 175.b. Long term goals 175.c. Psychiatric medications 175.d. Early intervention

175. Answer: a 175. Explanation: The individual, as much as he possibly can, should participate in selecting which behaviors are to be changed.

176. A behavior analyst works with a child who is doing poorly in school and is not well liked by his parents (who are considering placing him in foster care). The program is designed to increase prosocial attention and compliance that result in proper attention from teachers, parents, and others. Your selection of these two areas of acquisition are based upon the idea that targets for change _________. 176.a. should be data driven 176.b. should attempt to strengthen natural family and community involvement and maintain children in their family home 176.c. avoid punitive procedures 176.d. should be predominantly humanistic in nature

176. Answer: b 176. Explanation: The court system often attempts to keep children with their families. Selecting targets with this understanding is important.

18. Which is an example of rule governed behavior? 18.a. A child who is spanked for spitting quits spitting 18.b. A child who is told not to lie and tells the truth 18.c. A child who is praised for ignoring 18.d. A child who is given a cookie when making the "c" sound

18. Answer: b 18. Explanation: "B" is the only choice where the child's behavior does not directly contact the contingency.

181. A ______ is a single instance of behavior. 181.a. antecedent 181.b. consequence 181.c. response 181.d. reflex

181. Answer: c 181. Explanation: Response and behavior are often used interchangeably, particularly in behavioral literature.

184. In a multiple baseline design, what might create an interpretation problem? 184.a. Failure to control variables 184.b. Response generalization 184.c. Setting generalization 184.d. Failure of the behavior to return to baseline levels

184. Answer: b 184. Explanation: Response generalization is when an untrained behavior emerges. When reinforcing certain skills, for example, other skills not directly targeted also increase. This might even be desirable but makes it difficult to interpret the effect of the independent variable.

85. You are working with a child who has showed the ability to mimic. Teachers and parents have asked you to teach the child to discriminate between different things. You get an apple and a pear and place them on the table. You say, "Point to the apple." If the child points to the pear, you simply put your finger up, wait 5 seconds and say, "Point to the apple." When the child does so, you praise her and give her sip of her favorite drink. In our example, the pear is a(n) ________. 185.a. discriminative stimulus 185.b. S- delta 185.c. SP 185.d. SR+

185. Answer: b 185. Explanation: Reinforcement is withheld. Responding in the presence of the pear is not reinforced.

186. Teachers and parents have asked you to teach the child to choose between different things. You get some apples, a banana, and a pear and place them on the table. You say, "Point to the apple." If the child points to the pear or the banana, you simply put your finger up, wait 5 seconds and say, "Point to the apple." When the child does so, you praise her and give her sip of her favorite drink. Learning the difference between the apple and other fruits is an example of __________. 186.a. discrimination 186.b. generalization 186.c. generality 186.d. genius

186. Answer: a 186. Explanation: Discrimination is the ability to emit different responses to different stimuli. Also, 2 or more stimuli, one response versus one stimulus, two or more responses (response generalization)

187. Intermittent schedules of reinforcement are _______. 187.a. more resistant to extinction than fixed schedules of reinforcement 187.b. equally resistant to extinction as fixed schedules of reinforcement 187.c. inappropriate to implement in applied settings 187.d. consistent with low rates of responses

187. Answer: a 187. Explanation: Intermittent schedules of reinforcement are often used to maintain behavior.

188. The word "cat", a picture of Garfield, and the sound meow might all evoke someone to say, "Cat." All 3 things can be thought of as ________. 188.a. generalization 188.b. discrimination 188.c. stimulus selectivity 188.d. equivalent stimuli

188. Answer: d 188. Explanation: Equivalent stimuli generate the same response.

189. You do some behavioral work with boys and girls with autism. If you noticed some differences between the two genders with respect to average length of session time with same sex therapists, what data display would be most appropriate? 189.a. line graph 189.b. a histogram 189.c. a standard celeration chart 189.d. none of the above

189. Answer: b 189. Explanation: Histograms are good to use for measures of central tendency.

19. Reinforcers and punishers are alike in that ________. 19.a. they increase behavior 19.b. they are respondent 19.c. they are consequences 19.d. they are antecedents

19. Answer: c 19. Explanation: Reinforcers and punishers follow behavior.

190. Jaime is an individual who is engaging in a great deal of exposing self at the grocery store and at school. The most appropriate design is to establish baselines: one at the store and one at school and look at the effectiveness of intervention in the two different environments. This would be ________. 190.a. a multiple baseline across behaviors design 190.b. an alternating treatments design 190.c. a reversal design 190.d. a multiple baseline across settings design

190. Answer: d 190. Explanation: Establishing two different baselines in two different environments is a multiple baseline across settings design.

191. The process of _________ is when a stimulus is withheld which results in a temporary increase in responding and an eventual reduction in response rate. 191.a. reinforcement 191.b. punishment 191.c. extinction 191.d. generalization

191. Answer: c 191. Explanation: A definition of extinction. With extinction you are ensuring that reinforcement is not presented or available for the target behavior.

192. Utilizing a locked padded time-out room for a time-out procedure instead of a bedroom might make it difficult for Anna to transition to a group home. The difficulty with the padded time-out room and the bedroom are __________. 192.a. the stimuli might not be equivalent 192.b. the ethical ramifications of time out rooms 192.c. Anna cannot go to the least restrictive environment 192.d. the procedure has generality

192. Answer: a 192. Explanation: The stimuli in each environment are so different that the discerning behavior analyst would have to probe whether or not it is the time out or the combination of the time out and the room before deciding whether or not to have the child transition to the group home.

193. Signing "water," handing a PECS card for drink, and saying "Wah-tuh," all get Catherine a drink. These different forms of communication yield the same thing because they are essentially __________. 193.a. verbal behaviors 193.b. equivalent stimuli 193.c. discriminative stimuli 193.d. operant events

193. Answer: b 193. Explanation: Each can result in the same "consequence" thus functionally they have equal effect.

194. A teacher comes to you and says a child is eloping from class. Staff respond by chasing after the child and physically escorting the child back. Teaching the child to ask to run and play tag with friends is an attempt to do what? 194.a. punish the initial response 194.b. increase collateral reciprocal behavior 194.c. offer reinforcement for a functionally equivalent replacement behavior 194.d. alter respondent processes

194. Answer: c 194. Explanation: Functionally equivalent replacement behaviors should yield the same reinforcer as the challenging behavior.

195. After completing your functional assessment, you determine a student's disruptive behavior serves the function of getting his peers to laugh. What would be the most functionally equivalent replacement behavior? 195.a. Reinforcing time in seat 195.b. Reinforcing peers for ignoring 195.c. Teaching and reinforcing the child's joke telling behavior 195.d. Reinforcing the child for getting attention by raising his hand

195. Answer: c 195. Explanation: Telling jokes would result in the reinforcer of peer laughter.

196. A behavior analyst has the most confidence in conclusions drawn from 196.a. inferential statistics 196.b. descriptive analysis 196.c. systematic manipulations 196.d. inductive reasoning

196. Answer: c 196. Explanation: A hallmark of EAB and ABA is the reliance on experimental manipulation to provide data from which to base conclusions.

197. As a behavior analyst, you feel you have found an effective procedure for increasing time on task. You do some experimenting with one child and successfully employ the use of the intervention with other children in other settings. You now have more confidence that your procedure has 197.a. generalization 197.b. generality 197.c. collateral benefits 197.d. Parsimony equivalency

197. Answer: b 197. Explanation: Generality always refers to procedures. Look for the idea of procedures or interventions in these type of questions if generality is a possible answer.

198. While consulting with a private school, you work with a teacher on teaching children to self-monitor their behavior. The efforts result in increased completion of assignments, and fewer problem behaviors. You provide your plan to a behavior analyst colleague to use in his school system. If it is effective in both schools, you have confidence the plan has ___________. 198.a. maintaining reinforcers 198.b. evocative stimuli 198.c. generalization 198.d. generality

198. Answer: d 198. Explanation: Generality always refers to procedures.

20. Your goal is to increase signing for toys/playing. Which person is likely to gain stimulus control over signing "toy/playing"? 20.a. The parent who holds up the preferred toy and has the child point to the toy 20.b. The parent who gives the child the toy immediately after the child signs "toy" 20.c. The parent who teaches multiple modes of communication: signing, talking and pictures 20.d. The parent who allows a child to play with only one toy

20. Answer: b 20. Explanation: The immediacy of reinforcement, the timing, is an important factor in making sure a stimulus functions as a reinforcer. Immediate reinforcement of the target behavior will help develop stimulus control.

200. What is the definition of generalization? 200.a. Spread of changes in behavior engendered by a contingency to other operant conditions or other respondent processes, that have not been exposed to that contingency 200.b. Spread of changes in behavior engendered by inconsistency of other stimulus conditions or other responses, that have not been exposed to that contingency 200.c. Spread of changes in behavior engendered by a contingency to other stimulus conditions or other responses, that have not been exposed to that contingency 200.d. Spread of changes in behavior engendered by a contingency to other stimulus conditions or other responses, that have been exposed to that contingency

200. Answer: c

201. You are teaching swimming. You teach the person to do the front crawl. After a few weeks of teaching, the person is doing both the front crawl and also starts doing sidestroke. What has happened? 201.a. stimulus generalization 201.b. response generalization 201.c. learning gradient 201.d. failure to generalize

201. Answer: b 201. Explanation: A slightly different behavior emerges.

202. Teaching a child to swim in a pool results in the child going to the beach and doing the front crawl in the ocean is an example of ____. 202.a. stimulus generalization 202.b. response generalization 202.c. learning gradient 202.d. failure to generalize

202. Answer: a 202. Explanation: The same behavior has generalized to a different environment with a different set of stimuli.

203. "If Pat takes his medication then he can go out and play," is what kind of statement. 203.a. stimulus control 203.b. contingency 203.c. operant behavior 203.d. rate

203. Answer: b 203. Explanation: "If ___, then ____," are contingency statements.

204. Seven hundred instances of SIB in a 16-hour time period is the _______ of the behavior: 204.a. rate 204.b. frequency 204.c. criterion 204.d. duration

204. Answer: a 204. Explanation: Rate = behavior ÷ time

205. ________ is the time prior to the implementation of the independent variable. 205.a. Baseline 205.b. Duration 205.c. Interresponse time 205.d. Latency

205. Answer: a 205. Explanation: Baseline is when behavior is measured with no change in the independent variable(s).

206. If interobserver agreement is low, the behavior analyst _________. 206.a. should minimize the number of observations 206.b. should extend baseline 206.c. should assess reactivity from the presence of the behavior analyst 206.d. should revisit the operational definition(s) with observers

206. Answer: d 206. Explanation: Interobserver agreement tells the behavior analyst how accurate are you measuring what you think you are measuring.

209. A dependent relationship between a response class and one or more stimulus classes (operant), or between two or more stimuli (respondent), often referred to as an "If ___, then ____," relationship is a ____________. 209.a. continuity 209.b. contingency 209.c. response class 209.d. stimulus class

209. Answer: b 209. Explanation: The definition of contingency.

21. You are a consultant with a large machine plant. They ask you to help with workers' compensation claims that are costing the company a great deal of money. You begin the assessment process by defining safe lifting, unsafe lifting, and measuring the ratio of safe lifting to unsafe lifting, which is _______________. 21.a. conceptually systematic 21.b. empirical 21.c. technological 21.d. generality

21. Answer: b 21. Explanation: Empirical refers to how behavior analysts operationally define behaviors so that the behaviors can be directly observed and objectively measured.

210. What exists when changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class? 210.a. functional relationship 210.b. class equivalency 210.c. contingency 210.d. behavior

210. Answer: a 210. Explanation: Functional relationships exist when the changes in the antecedents and consequences produce a change in behavior. This is close to a definition of a functional relationship.

212. ___________ is teaching your dog, Lucy, to sit, roll over, and bark before receiving a treat. 212.a. Stimulus fading 212.b. Shaping 212.c. Chaining 212.d. Thinning

212. Answer: c 212. Explanation: Chaining is when a series of complete behaviors are reinforced in sequence.

213. An alcoholic walks by a bar after a difficult day at work and a fight with her spouse. She passes the neon sign, smells the aroma of her favorite beer, and walks in and orders a brew. What evokes her behaviors? 213.a. The SD's for the behavior are present and evoke the response 213.b. She has not been exposed to enough aversive stimulation 213.c. Her behavior is not yet under the governance of AA rules 213.d. Establishing operations

213. Answer: a 213. Explanation: The SD signals availability of reinforcement for certain responses, the person would not have walked in the bar had there not been the neon sign and beer aroma.

214. A young man has been exposed to books and videos of pornography since he was a child. As he ages into adulthood, he sees large breasted women and exposes himself to them. The sight of large breasts is what for the inappropriate behavior of exposing himself? 214.a. an S-delta 214.b. an SP 214.c. an S-minus 214.d. a discriminative stimulus

214. Answer: d 214. Explanation: The SD signals the availability of reinforcement for the behavior, in the past breasts have been paired with sexual related responses.

215. You are working in a classroom and a new staff enters and says, "Catherine, sit down," and she does so. Why? 215.a. "Catherine, sit down," is probably an SD 215.b. "Catherine, sit down," is probably an S-delta 215.c. "Catherine, sit down," is an intrusive prompt 215.d. "Catherine, sit down," is probably an SP

215. Answer: a 215. Explanation: SD's evoke behavior. The example says the staff is new so the staff does not have stimulus control over Catherine's sitting behavior. It appears the behavior is under stimulus control of "Catherine, sit down."

217. Establishing operations momentarily alters the effectiveness of the reinforcer and the momentary _________ of the response class that has in the past produced the stimulus. 217.a. latency 217.b. frequency 217.c. satiation 217.d. validation

217. Answer: b 217. Explanation: Both the value of the reinforcer and the frequency of the behavior are impacted by establishing operations.

218. A child steals a drink after eating crackers and pretzels. The eating of crackers and pretzels best demonstrates the role of ____. 218.a. negative reinforcement 218.b. negative behavior 218.c. establishing operations 218.d. elicited responding

218. Answer: c 218. Explanation: In this case, the EO increased the value of drink as a reinforcer and drink getting behaviors.

219. Frank says his son Bobby is always more hyper and distractible when he returns home from school because he needs his afternoon meds, which target ADHD symptoms. Frank understands the role of _____. 219.a. reinforcement schedules 219.b. behavioral assessment 219.c. establishing operations 219.d. confounding variables

219. Answer: c 219. Explanation: Medication examples are often related to the ever changing impact of establishing operations.

22. After 15 years in the field, you continue to rely on data from 15 years ago. You are being a naughty behavior analyst and violate what underlying assumption of applied behavior analysis: _________. 22.a. determinism 22.b. empiricism 22.c. philosophic doubt 22.d. teleology

22. Answer: c 22. Explanation: Behavior analysts recognize that conclusions are temporary and can be improved upon.

221. A reinforcement schedule is put in place so that Chris will get a certain reinforcer as he gradually increases the number of words typed per minute. This type of reinforcement schedule is ______. 221.a. DRL 221.b. DRO 221.c. DRH 221.d. DRD

221. Answer: c 221. Explanation: A DRH, the differential reinforcement of higher rates of behavior, are typically aimed at acquisition skills and increasing rates of behavior receive the intervention.

234. A colleague suggests an individual's multiple personality disorder is causing his yelling and crying behaviors. This would be difficult to prove or disprove since you cannot easily define, objectively observe and measure personality, the ___________ dimension of applied behavior analysis. 234.a. deterministic 234.b. empirical 234.c. technological 234.d. parsimonious

234. Answer: b 234. Explanation: Empiricism refers to the idea that behavior analysts, as behavioral scientists, operationally define then objectively observe and measure a dependent variable.

24. The findings of your behavioral research are scrutinized by the editors of several prestigious journals. One writes you back and says the functional assessment, operational definitions, baseline measure, interventions, and data displays follow good behavioral practice. In essence he is saying your work is ______. 24.a. conceptually systematic 24.b. empirical 24.c. technological 24.d. generality

24. Answer: a 24. Explanation: Behavior analysts consistently refer back to the basic assumptions of the field and stick to behavior analytic theories.

240. A support staff comes onto the workroom floor and says, "Bus is here, everyone." The workshop employees pack up their things and leave. Why is this behavior maintained? 240.a. "Bus is here, everyone," is an SD 240.b. There are contacts with natural contingencies 240.c. The employees can discriminate 240.d. The procedure has generality

240. Answer: b 240. Explanation: Behaviors are maintained by reinforcers. Ideally, behaviors are maintained by natural contingencies.

241. Collect baseline data on head slapping for one week, have the parents reinforce the son's behavior of saying, "Come here, please," returning to baseline, and then reintroducing the treatment is a ________ design. 241.a. multiple baseline 241.b. changing criterion 241.c. withdrawal 241.d. reversal

241. Answer: c 241. Explanation: Collect baseline data on head slapping for one week (A), have the parents reinforce the son's behavior of saying, "Come here, please," (B) returning to baseline (A), and then reintroducing the treatment (B); ABAB is withdrawal.

242. A behavioral __________ is a periodic measurement of different stimuli. 242.a. program 242.b. probe 242.c. level 242.d. trend

242. Answer: b 242. Explanation: The definition of a probe.

243. Behavior analysts rely on ______________ to make program decisions. 243.a. clinical insight 243.b. amount of experience 243.c. primary positive reinforcers 243.d. data

243. Answer: d 243. Explanation: There is no substitute for your own data.

245. You have worked with several children with self-injurious behavior and find a combination reinforcement and punishment procedure that works well with all the children on your caseload. You publish your methods and findings and submit them to other behavior analysts. The sharing of your procedures and data is 245.a. Conceptually systematic 245.b. Empirical 245.c. Technological 245.d. Generality

245. Answer: c 245. Explanation: Technological refers to detailing your procedures and sharing them with the scientific community.

246. You are working with a client, who while not dangerous to himself or others, is disruptive to a classroom environment because he constantly flaps his hands. The student is one of 25 students so individual attention is not a viable option. You write up a program where he will be allowed to squeeze a stress ball at any time and will be offered reinforcers for squeezing the stress ball. What type of schedule is this? 246a. DRO 246b. DRI 246c. DRD 246d. DRL

246. Answer: b 246. Explanation: If a behavior is designed so that another behavior cannot occur simultaneously, it is differentially reinforcing incompatible behavior.

247. If a behavior is increasing in frequency, we can say that it is _____. 247a. shaped 247b. a good thing 247c. being reinforced 247d. positively being punished

247. Answer: c 247. Explanation: Behavior increasing is a sign that there is some reinforcing stimulus present in an environment.

248. Parameters of reinforcement include: 248a. Timing, quantity, magnitude, duration and variety 249b. Timing, frequency, quality, and magnitude 248c. Timing, elements, length, and duration 248d. Timing, environment, frequency and variety

248. Answer: a 248. Explanation: MTV/DQ is a different order

249. ____________________ has been shown to be effective in reducing behavior that is maintained by consequences in a ________ schedule. 249a. Reinforcement; complex 249b. Environment; CRF 249c. Non-contingent reinforcement; NCR 249d. Punishment; DRD

249. Answer: c 249: Explanation: Non-contingent reinforcement, also called a fixed time schedule, has been shown to be effective for challenging behaviors that result in non-contingent reinforcement.

25. A colleague asks you to review a new journal article that focuses on increasing the abilities of adults in a day program to ride the bus, select and match clothes, and increase work output. The research in the article is _________. 25.a. experimental 25.b. applied 25.c. parsimonious 25.d selective

25. Answer: b 25. Explanation: Applied work means what the behavior analyst is doing has relevance to the individual, the community and society at large.

250. A student with mental retardation has turned 18, the age of capacity in the state and is invited by the teacher to attend and sign the IEP. Legally, the school system allows the parents to remain as guardian until the student graduates and the parents ask for the child not to attend the IEP. Ethically, is this acceptable? 250a. No 250b. It depends on the school district 250c. Yes 250d. I have no idea

250. Answer: a 250. Explanation: While legal and within the guidelines of the school district, an adult having reached capacity has that capacity until a court of law says the individual is incompetent. The individual should be invited to the IEP and participate to the best of her abilities.

251. You have completed a functional assessment on a female student. The results of your assessment indicate the student engages in aggressive behavior in order to escape demand. While you are developing your plan, the dean comes to you and says, "I like all your ideas but this girl needs a consequence, whether it's a CPI-hold or a time-out. We need to do something, to add a time-out or something, so she knows her aggression is wrong! Can we put something like that in the plan?" Why not concede and use time-out? 251.a. Time out is not as aversive as koosh balls 251.b. Time out is contraindicated for escape behaviors 251.c. Time out is unethical 251.d. Time out should be replaced by physical restraint

251. Answer: b 251. Explanation: If the function of the girls behavior is to escape demand, putting her in time-out reinforces that behavior and will most likely cause it to increase in the future.

252. You have completed a functional assessment on a female student. The results of your assessment indicate the student engages in aggressive behavior in order to escape demand. If you teach the dean and teacher every detail of the program and procedures so they are comfortable running the interventions and demonstrating the techniques to others you ______. 252.a. have been technological 252.b. are using positive reinforcement to win the argument 252.c. are avoiding the stickier ethical concerns 252.d. have trained the trainer

252. Answer: d 252. Explanation: When running a behavior plan, competency-based training for the persons who are responsible for carrying out the program is essential. Once you train one person, they can train others to run the program which is more efficient than the individual behavior analyst having to train everyone. 252.

253. Jayson is a 3rd grader with a history of aggressive behaviors like pushing others and kicking furniture. During the interviewing process, school personnel state that for the several weeks, when Jayson engages in aggressive behaviors, the principal responds by calling Jayson's mother and having him picked up and taken home. During direct observation, Jayson even begins telling on himself for aggressive behaviors which seems to evoke the pattern of attempting to redirect him, behavioral escalation and the eventual call home. The hypothesized function is _______ which is based on ______. 253.a. parent attention; the descriptive analysis 253.b. escaping peer conflict; functional analysis 253.c. teacher attention; systematic manipulation 253.d. accessing items; analog conditions

253. Answer: a 253. Explanation: Jayson's aggressive behavior has been reinforced by being sent home, as indicated by the fact that he continues to behave aggressively after being sent home. This is based on a descriptive analysis: interviews and direct observation. No systematic manipulation has occurred.

254. Jayson is a 3rd grader with a history of aggressive behaviors like pushing others and kicking furniture. During the interviewing process, school personnel state that for the several weeks, when Jayson engages in aggressive behaviors, the principal responds by calling Jayson's mother and having him picked up and taken home. During direct observation, Jayson even begins telling on himself for aggressive behaviors which seems to evoke the pattern of attempting to redirect him, behavioral escalation and the eventual call home. You decide to implement extinction. What would this involve? 254.a. Withholding escape from class 254.b. Withholding parental attention and leaving class/school 254.c. Withholding access to reinforcers 254.d. None of the above

254. Answer: b 254. Explanation: The hypothesis is that parental attention and escaping school are reinforcing the aggressive behavior. Extinction is withholding of previous reinforcers.

255. Jayson is a 3rd grader with a history of aggressive behaviors like pushing others and kicking furniture. During the interviewing process, school personnel state that for the several weeks, when Jayson engages in aggressive behaviors, the principal responds by calling Jayson's mother and having him picked up and taken home. During direct observation, Jayson even begins telling on himself for aggressive behaviors which seems to evoke the pattern of attempting to redirect him, behavioral escalation and the eventual call home. You decide to use extinction, so you take data on aggressive behaviors at school and aggressive behaviors at home, where mom reports aggressive behaviors. You take 3 days of data on aggressive behavior at school and begin your extinction procedure on the 4th day. You take 6 days of data on aggressive behavior at home and begin your extinction procedure on day 7. This is ______. 255.a. withdrawal design 255.b. reversal design 255.c. an alternating treatments design 255.d. a multiple baseline design

255. Answer: d 255. Explanation: A baseline is taken at school first with intervention started. Then, another baseline is taken at home next, intervention started. Although the same behavior is being measured, it is in two different environments. This is example is a multiple baseline across settings.

256. Zayna is referred to you as a cutter. She slices her wrists with sharp objects resulting in tissue damage. Having no experience with this behavior, the behavior analyst _______ 256.a. might refer Zayna to a counselor 256.b. should begin assessment immediately 256.c. should make sure to do a comprehensive sequence analysis 256.d. describe what interventions will work for this behavior

256. Answer: a 256. Explanation: The behavior analyst might be an important contributor to Zayna's program but behavior analysts should practice in areas where they have received training, have experience, and are competent. Without the proper expertise, the behavior analyst can and should sometimes refer away.

257. Zayna is referred to you as a cutter. She slices her wrists with sharp objects resulting in tissue damage. You receive the following information: Zayna was raised by a single father. There is no history of abuse. Zayna's father says she never seems hurt, even when she has been cut or bruised and that he cannot recall the last time she cried about being injured. Ethically, approaching the assessment and treatment ________. 257.a. should also involve a referral to a physician since there are existing questions about physical/medical concerns 257.b. should be based on the assessment by a highly qualified Board Certified Behavior Analyst 257.c. should be predicated on an extensive review of the latest journal articles on cutting behavior 257.d. should be restricted to the lone operant of cutting behavior defined as touching sharp objects to skin

257. Answer: a 257. Explanation: Medical and physical concerns should be addressed and ruled out prior to or concomitant with the implementation of behavior change procedures.

258. An administrator calls and tells you there is an 8 year-old boy who is being suspended following a tantrum that resulted in a teacher's arm being injured. You do some interviews and find out the boy is also hitting his head on the desk and punches and kicks. When the guidance counselor goes to obtain consent, the mother refuses, saying the boy has no problems. Your next move is to _____. 258.a. begin assessment and put procedural safeguards in place 258.b. attempt to persuade the parent to sign consent 258.c. wait until the parent signs consent 258.d. report the negligence of the parent to the Department of Children and Families

258. Answer: a 258. Explanation: The mother is refusing consent but, the child is in imminent danger to self and others he is around. More than likely, harm will come to the boy and/or others if services are not provided, and there is a reasonable probability that behavior analysis services will produce a benefit for the boy without harmful effects. Therefore, the behavior analyst should consult others but can ethically continue with the assessment. Procedural safeguards must be in effect to protect the rights of the little boy.

259. You are attending a meeting about a 20 year-old female high school student in a trainable mentally handicapped program. The team begins discussing upcoming goals and objectives and asks what part the behavior analyst will take in the student's next school year. When posed this question, you might ______. 259.a. discuss functionally equivalent replacement behavior strategies 259.b. ask that the student be brought in and if she has provided consent 259.c. proceed through the meeting since the student does not have capacity 259.d. argue that the voluntary component is innocuous

259. Answer: b 259. Explanation: The 20 year-old should be assumed to be competent unless a court of law declares her incompetent. Regardless of legal status, the student should participate to the greatest extent possible in establishing goals. This addresses the concept of "capacity."

26. There are current presentations at the FABA conference on the rate of pen tapping during 1-hour time intervals. This study can only be construed as ________. 26.a. applied 26.b. experimental 26.c. parsimonious 26.d. generalizable

26. Answer: b 26. Explanation: The experimental analysis of behavior provides the theoretical underpinnings and foundations for applied behavior analysis. However, experimental work does not necessarily have social relevance.

260. You are attending a meeting about a 20 year-old high school student in a trainable mentally handicapped program. During the conference, the parent of the 20 year-old argues that the girl needs to learn how to read. The teacher, a reading specialist and the teaching assistant all provide ample evidence that the girl does not appear to have the ability to learn to read. Should a behavioral goal be established for reading? 260.a. Yes, it is the desire of the parent 260.b. No, there is not agreement among the central participants 260.c. No, behavior analysts cannot help with reading issues 260.d. Yes, if the student's IQ shows she can learn

260. Answer: b 260. Explanation: In general, there should be agreement among central participants about behavioral goals.

261. A program director from your company calls and asks if you can share information about cases you are involved in where there are children with autism. The behavior analyst, ethically, can _____. 261.a. share the information since the colleague works in the same professional capacity 261.b. share the information if the colleague agrees to maintain confidentiality 261.c. politely decline to share information since confidentiality only extends to those with approval who are directly involved in the case 261.d. refer the professional to the ethics board for a breach of ethical standards

261. Answer: c 261. Explanation: The applicable ethical standards for a behavioral analyst include maintaining the confidentiality of the client. The only people that information regarding the services provided should be given to are the ones who have consent.

262. A student is referred for behavior services. The boy, 5, attends a pre-K language program. He has been aggressive towards other students. The mother says he will bite, scratch, and kick other students or adults. The teacher confirms this is true and that it happens mostly during transitions. When you ask specifically what she says at this time, the teacher responds by saying, "Let's get ready to _____," which is almost always followed by crying and then the more aggressive actions. The aggressive behaviors seem to be _____. 262.a. result of a communication disorder, possibly autism 262.b. an unconditioned emotional response 262.c. part of a functional response class 262.d. maintained by social reinforcement

262. Answer: c 262. Explanation: All of the behaviors, biting, scratching, kicking, crying, are in response to the same antecedent and appear to serve the same function.

263. A student is referred for behavior services. The boy, 5, attends a pre-K language program. He has been aggressive towards other students. The mother says he will bite, scratch, and kick other students or adults. The teacher confirms this is true and that it happens mostly during transitions. When you ask specifically what she says at this time, the teacher responds by saying, "Let's get ready to _____," which is almost always followed by crying and then the more aggressive actions. What are the antecedent(s) to the boy's aggressive behaviors _____? 263.a. his language disorder 263.b. the teacher's statement 263.c. crying 263.d. all of the above

263. Answer: c 263. Explanation: The teacher's statement is the stimulus for the crying. Crying behavior precedes the aggressive behavior. An antecedent happens before the behavior.

264. A student is referred for behavior services. The boy, 5, attends a pre-K language program. He has been aggressive towards other students. The mother says he will bite, scratch, and kick other students or adults. The teacher confirms this is true and that it happens mostly during transitions. When you ask specifically what she says at this time, the teacher responds by saying, "Let's get ready to _____," which is almost always followed by crying and then the more aggressive actions. A behavior plan is developed to address the aggressive behavior. You state that, when the boy cries, adults will address their positioning and repeat the demand. If the boy transitions without aggressive behavior, he will receive a small snack upon arriving to the next activity. The crying intervention is an attempt to address what? 264.a. behavioral function 264.b. topographical characteristics 264.c. ethical dilemmas 264.d. precursors to more severe behaviors

264. Answer: d 264. Explanation: The program intervenes once the crying behavior is displayed. This behavior is usually followed by aggressive behaviors. If the intervention of prompting can occur when crying begins, and reinforcement of appropriate response to the prompt, (transition when the teachers says to) the aggressive behavior should be reduced.

265. A behavior plan is developed for a student who is aggressive during transitions. As you attempt to assess the behavior, you suggest the teacher immediately start offering preferred treats when the student transitions without being aggressive. If the small snack increases the student's ability to transition, you can conclude what? 265.a. The function of the aggression was accessing treats 265.b. The treat serves as a reinforcer for transitioning behaviors 265.c. The student needs the bribe to do what is right 265.d. The function of the aggressive behavior is escape

265. Answer: b 265. Explanation: The snack is given when the boy transitions appropriately. It is the increase in the future probability of the appropriate transitioning that determines that the treat is a reinforcer.

266. A person who is under 18 or an adult ruled incompetent does not have __________ to give consent. 266.a. information 266.b. capacity 266.c. voluntariness 266.d. power of attorney

266. Answer: b 266. Explanation: Capacity requires that the person making the decision is of age and competent to make the decision.

268. A young adult is having toileting accidents. The first step is __________. 268.a. completing your behavioral assessment 268.b. researching up to date literature on toileting 268.c. referring to the potty patrol 268.d. ruling out medical and physical concerns

268. Answer: d 268. Explanation: Ethically, you must rule out the possibility of medical concerns if you are to provide behavior services.

269. You are asked to serve on a committee to determine residential placement for a 20 year-old male. Parents and teacher say the most significant problems are the adult's increasing insistence about being independent in routines and arguing when told what to do. With respect to recommending residential placement, your ethical obligation is to ________. 269.a. suggest further assessment as there is no immediate need for a behavioral intervention 269.b. state your hypothesis 269.c. functionally analyze different potential interventions 269.d. do a reinforcer survey

269. Answer: a 269. Explanation: The behavior of the client is not a danger to himself or others. You must offer the least restrictive alternative necessary for treatment of a client that is likely to be effective, efficient and produce the minimum unwanted effects. Without further assessment, you cannot know whether residential placement is the least restrictive alternative or what kind of effects it might have on the client.

271. Among the duties of the behavior analyst are to ensure ________. 271.a. the individual's dignity is preserved 271.b. behavior analysis is not being used to the disadvantage of the person 271.c. the least restrictive, most effective intervention is utilized 271.d. all of the above

271. Answer: d 271. Explanation: Ethically, the behavioral analyst has to preserve the dignity of the client, make sure that the program will not be harmful to the client, and must use the least restrictive alternative that will likely be effective.

272. _________ is when there is no coercion nor duress in obtaining consent. 272.a. Capacity 272.b. Information 272.c. Voluntariness 272.d. Anticoercion

272. Answer: c 272. Explanation: This is the very definition of voluntariness.

273. A program manager, job coach and parent meet and establish goals for an 20 year old educable mentally handicapped adult with behavior problems. This is _________. 273.a. adequate; there is solid representation 273.b. inadequate; parents should be consulted first 273.c. adequate; but the individual should agree on the goals 273.d. inadequate; the individual should help establish goals

273. Answer: d 273. Explanation: Capacity requires that if the client is of age and competent to make decisions, they should be part of the process.

277. Jaime reads the Bible and decides to stop drinking and increase her time of prayer daily. She places crosses around her house to remind her of her faith. When she sees the cross, Jaime says short, silent prayers and makes self-affirming statements and is also given positive feedback from a friend from church. Crosses evoke prayer and moral behavior. They are __________. 277.a. unconditioned stimuli 277.b. discriminative stimuli 277.c. establishing operations 277.d. extinction bursts

277. Answer: b 277. Explanation: A discriminative stimuli (SD) signals that reinforcement is available and evokes behavior. The crosses signal that self-affirmation and praise from a friend from church are available and evoke the moral and prayer behavior.

279. The process of _________ is when a stimulus is withheld which results in a temporary increase in responding and an eventual reduction in response rate. 279.a. reinforcement 279.b. punishment 279.c. extinction 279.d. generalization

279. Answer: c 279. Explanation: Extinction is withholding a reinforcer with the result of the response being reduced. An extinction burst is an increase of the response before it extinguishes.

28. ________________ constitutes the theories and suppositions that guide scientific inquiry about the behavior of organisms. 28.a. Applied behavior analysis 28.b. The experimental analysis of behavior 28.c. Behaviorism 28.d. Behavior modification

28. Answer: b 28. Explanation: EAB and ABA are 2 distinct fields with rich, shared histories. EAB provides the theory that is then extended into applied fields.

281. Jaime kicks the principal's shin, hits the teaching assistant, and says, "I'm outta here!" following academic demands, particularly those involving reading and filling in the blank which typically culminates in being removed from class and sent to the office. If Jaime saying, "I'm outta here," is repeating what the father says, it is ________. 281.a. a mand 281.b. a tact 281.c. an intraverbal 281.d. an echoic

281. Answer: d 281. Explanation: An echoic is parroting what was said.

283. Certain stimuli increase the future probability of a response when they are terminated following that response. This process is ________. 283.a. negative reinforcement 283.b. positive reinforcement 283.c. positive punishment 283.d. negative punishment

283. Answer: a 283. Explanation: Reinforcement is any stimuli that increases the probability of a response. Negative is when a stimulus is removed or attenuated.

284. Unbeknownst to Jaime, she has a stomach virus. Jaime goes to dinner and has chicken fajitas. She proceeds to vomit, becomes feverish and sweaty. The next time she smells chicken fajitas, Jaime notices she is sweaty and hot. This is _________. 284.a. respondent conditioning 284.b. operant conditioning 284.c. generalized conditioned reinforcement 284.d. positive punishment

284. Answer: a 284. Explanation: The vomiting, feverish and sweaty behavior is an unconditioned (or unlearned) response to the stomach flu (the unconditioned stimulus.) The chicken fajitas are a conditioned stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The next time that Jaime smells chicken fajitas, (the conditioned stimulus,) it elicits the conditioned response, feverish and sweaty responses.

286. At 8:55 AM, students enter a classroom without the teacher present. They walk around the class and talk to one another. At 9:00 AM the teacher walks into the classroom, she says, "Good morning, take your seats, please," and the children take their seats within 10 seconds. The students sit quietly and raise their hands to ask questions. One child yells out for 15 seconds and the teacher simply continues her discussion of the day's events. After 1 minute of increased verbalizations, the child sits quietly and then raises his hand. The teacher is a(n) _____ for talking out. 286.a. SP 286.b. SD 286.c. SR+ 286.d. S-delta

286. Answer d 286. Explanation: An S-delta is a stimulus, when present, weakens behavior because in the past, that behavior has been extinguished in its presence. Since the teacher ignores the talking out behavior, she signals that nothing is available to the child for that behavior.

287. At 8:55 AM, students enter a classroom without the teacher present. They walk around the class and talk to one another. At 9:00 AM the teacher walks into the classroom, she says, "Good morning, take your seats, please," and the children take their seats within 10 seconds. The students sit quietly and raise their hand to ask questions. One child yells out for 15 seconds and the teacher simply continues her discussion of the day's events. After 1 minute of increased verbalizations, the child sits quietly and then raises his hand. What is the latency between the teacher's direction and the one child's appropriate responses? 287.a. 5 minutes 287.b. 10 seconds 287.c. 1 minute 287.d. 15 seconds

287. Answer: c 287. Explanation: The latency is the elapsed time between the onset of a specific stimulus and the onset of a response. The stimulus, the teacher's direction, started one minute before the student engaged in the appropriate responses of sitting quietly and raising hand.

288. At 8:55 AM, students enter a classroom without the teacher present. They walk around the class and talk to one another. At 9:00 AM the teacher walks into the classroom, she says, "Good morning, take your seats, please," and the children take their seats within 10 seconds. The students sit quietly and raise their hand to ask questions. One child yells out for 15 seconds and the teacher simply continues her discussion of the day's events. After 1 minute of increased verbalizations, the child sits quietly and then raises his hand. The teacher is obviously an SD for what behavior(s)? 288.a. Talking out 288.b. Walking around class 288.c. Talking with friends 288.d. Sitting down and raising hand

288. Answer: d 288. Explanation: An SD signals reinforcement is available. Since the children sit and raise their hands in her presence, the teacher must be a signal that reinforcers are available for sitting and hand raising behaviors.

289. At 8:55 AM, students enter a classroom without the teacher present. They walk around the class and talk to one another. At 9:00 AM the teacher walks into the classroom, she says, "Good morning, take your seats, please," and the children take their seats within 10 seconds. The students sit quietly and raise their hand to ask questions. One child yells out for 15 seconds and the teacher simply continues her discussion of the day's events. After 1 minute of increased verbalizations, the child sits quietly and then raises his hand. The one-minute of increased responding appears to be a(n) __________ due to the teacher's procedure of withholding her attention. 289.a. anomaly 289.b. spontaneous recovery 289.c. reinforcing effect 289.d. extinction burst

289. Answer: d 289. Explanation: An extinction burst is a temporary increase in a response before it is extinguished. Since the student increases the verbalizations before sitting quietly and raising hands after the teacher withdraws attention, (extinction) it appears to be an extinction burst.

29. Events that are thought to affect the phenomena of interest are carefully manipulated to elucidate their effects is the concept of ________________. 29.a. scientific manipulation 29.b. empiricism 29.c. determinism 29.d. philosophic doubt

29. Answer: a 29. Explanation: Keyword is "elucidate" which means to make clear. Behavior analysts, as behavioral scientists, can manipulate different independent variables to accurately assess the function of behaviors and the effectiveness of interventions. Scientific manipulation, functional analysis and experimental manipulation are often used interchangeably.

290. At 8:55 AM, students enter a classroom without the teacher present. They walk around the class and talk to one another. At 9:00 AM the teacher walks into the classroom, she says, "Good morning, take your seats, please," and the children take their seats within 10 seconds. One child yells out for 15 seconds and the teacher removes a star from his star chart. The loss of a star is probably an attempt to implement 290.a. a response cost 290.b. a negative reinforcer 290.c. aversion therapy 290.d. punitive consequences

290. Answer: a 290. Explanation: A response cost is a reductive procedure where some value of a reinforcer is lost contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior.

291. You are working in a home with a mother, her 12 year-old son, and a grandmother. The reason for your presence is a recent arrest for shoplifting and a suspension in school. You go to the school to collect information and find out the boy's conduct problems all occur in math class. You meet with the teacher, guidance counselor, the child, mother and principal to discuss reinforcing the number of math problems the child completes. The principal insists the boy should be removed from the school and sent to a school for children with conduct disorders. The principal is advocating against what? 291.a. punishment 291.b. functional assessment 291.c. least restrictive alternative 291.d. reinforcement package

291. Answer: c 291. Explanation: ABA ethical considerations require that the least restrictive alternative be used for the client. Removing the child to another school does not meet this requirement.

292. You are working in a home with a mother, her 12 year-old son, and a grandmother. The reason for your presence is a recent arrest for shoplifting and a suspension from school. As all good behavior analysts do, you do direct observation of the boy at home. When the mother is around, she yells at him if he mumbles under his breath, says, "I am ashamed of you for embarrassing yourself and the family with your arrest. What do you have to say for yourself?" and asks to be left alone when the boy asks for a few minutes to talk. The mother is what for the boy's requesting for time behavior? 292.a. S-delta 292.b. SP 292.c. SD 292.d. DCF

292. Answer: b 292. Explanation: An SP is a stimulus that weakens behavior when it is present because that behavior has been punished in its presence. The requests for time to talk will be weakened, (less likely to occur) in the mother's presence due to her positive punishment, (yells and makes negative comments about him) which introduces a stimulus that decreases requesting behavior.

293. You are working in a home with a mother, her 12 year-old son, and a grandmother. The reason for your presence is a recent arrest for shoplifting and a suspension in school. As all good behavior analysts do, you do direct observation of the boy at home. During an observation session, you observe the boy interacting w/ his grandmother. When he slouches, she takes a wooden spoon, taps his buttocks and says, "Sit up straight." When the boy does so, she thanks him and asks him if he needs help with anything. You notice the grandmother and the boy reading his history textbook together and going over spelling words. For slouching, the grandmother is an _______? 293.a. S-delta 293.b. SP 293.c. SD 293.d. SR+

293. Answer: b 293. Explanation: An SP is a stimulus that signals that a punishment is available. The grandmother taps the boy's buttocks and when the boy slouches. Punishment is a stimulus that decreases behavior

294. You are working in a home with a mother, her 12 year-old son, and a grandmother. The reason for your presence is a recent arrest for shoplifting and a suspension in school. As all good behavior analysts do, you do direct observation of the boy at home. During an observation session, you observe the boy interacting with his grandmother. When he slouches, she takes a wooden spoon, taps his buttocks and says, "Sit up straight." When the boy does so, she thanks him and asks him if he needs help with anything. You notice the grandmother and the boy reading his history textbook together and going over spelling words. For studying the grandmother is an ____. 294.a. S-delta 294.b. SP 294.c. SD 294.d. S -

294.a. S-delta 294.b. SP 294.c. SD 294.d. S - 294. Answer: c 294. Explanation: An SD signals that a reinforcement is available. It is a stimulus that when present, evokes behavior because in the past, the behavior has been reinforced. When the boy sits up, his grandmother studies with him and he is more likely to engage in studying behavior. That is reinforcing.

295. If central participants cannot generate a workable functional hypothesis, the behavior analyst might employ the use of _______ which might elucidate the function of the target behavior. 295.a. operant principles 295.b. descriptive analysis 295.c. functional analysis 295.d. respondent process

295. Answer: c 295. Explanation: Functional analysis is used to be specific and sure about what reinforcer is maintaining the target behavior. The 4 broad categories of function, also referred to as the "4 A's" are: attention, avoidance, access, automatic.

296. What would be the best replacement skill to teach a child who spits to get his mother's attention? 296.a. Having the child ask for the mother's attention and receive it 296.b. Remove the child from the home 296.c. Punish the inappropriate responses and targeting shopping skills for acquisition 296.d. Implementation a DRO schedule for the absence of challenging behaviors

296. Answer: a 296. Explanation: Replacement skills should be part of the "fair pair." The skill should serve the same function as the behavior targeted to be decreased. If the boy gets the mother's attention by asking for it, he should decrease his challenging behavior.

297. You are consulting with a family of a mother, father and four children. The oldest son has been diagnosed with autism. Upon arriving at the house, you notice a great deal of mess in the house. When you introduce yourself to the mother she says, "I can't remember where we are supposed to go today but I'll figure it out in a few minutes." Immediately thereafter, you notice the oldest boy, sitting and rocking by himself. When the mother says, "Stand up and say, 'Hello,'" the boy begins slapping his head, repeating, "Go away! Go away!" The mother immediately runs over, hugs the boy and says, "He's scared of strangers." As she comforts him, rocking him slowly, she says, "It'll be okay. Just let mommy help you calm down." After 2 minutes or so, the mother gets up and says, "We'll just let him be for awhile." The most logical first step, here, is to 297.a. conduct four analog conditions 297.b. determine the function and implement a program 297.c. conduct an interview with the mother and review records 297.d. complete a reinforcer survey

297. Answer: c 297. Explanation: Descriptive analysis often begins with interviews and reviewing available records.

298. You are consulting with a family of a mother, father and four children. The oldest son has been diagnosed with autism. Upon arriving at the house, you notice a great deal of mess in the house. When you introduce yourself to the mother she says, "I can't remember where we are supposed to go today but I'll figure it out in a few minutes." Immediately thereafter, you notice the oldest boy, sitting and rocking by himself. When the mother says, "Stand up and say, 'Hello,'" the boy begins slapping his head, repeating, "Go away! Go away!" The mother immediately runs over, hugs the boy and says, "He's scared of strangers." As she comforts him, rocking him slowly, she says, "It'll be okay. Just let mommy help you calm down." After 2 minutes or so, the mother gets up and says, "We'll just let him be for awhile." Based upon your assessment, you determine the child engages in head slapping and screaming to get the attention of the mother. To test your hypothesis, you do systematic manipulations, which involves 298.a. having the mother withhold attention contingent upon the head slapping and collect data then have the mother deliver attention contingent upon the head slapping and collect data 298.b. suggest the non-contingent delivery of attention for 5 minutes then offer another positive reinforcer for the absence of head slapping and screaming 298.c. deliver a reinforcer following the statement, "Go away," and deliver an immediate punisher for head slapping and screaming 298.d. collect baseline on both screaming and head slapping and compare data across behaviors

298. Answer: a 298. Explanation: Systematic manipulations involve the repeated and systematic presentation and removal of the independent variable and the measurement of a dependent variable. In this case, the independent variable is the attention the mother gives her son. The dependent variable is head slapping.

299. You are consulting with a family of a mother, father and four children. The oldest son has been diagnosed with autism. Upon arriving at the house, you notice a great deal of mess in the house. When you introduce yourself to the mother she says, "I can't remember where we are supposed to go today but I'll figure it out in a few minutes." Immediately thereafter, you notice the oldest boy, sitting and rocking by himself. When the mother says, "Stand up and say, 'Hello,'" the boy begins slapping his head, repeating, "Go away! Go away!" The mother immediately runs over, hugs the boy and says, "He's scared of strangers." As she comforts him, rocking him slowly, she says, "It'll be okay. Just let mommy help you calm down." After 2 minutes or so, the mother gets up and says, "We'll just let him be for awhile." The father comes home later and says, "Come say, 'Hello,' son." The boy runs up to his dad and says, "Hello, daddy," and the father and son hug. The child has learned to _________ as his father is a(n) _______ for the greeting behavior. 299.a. generalize; SD 299.b. discriminate; S delta 299.c. discriminate; SD 299.d. generalize; S delta

299. Answer: c 299. Explanation: An SD signals that reinforcement is available. When an SD is present, a behavior is evoked because it has been reinforced before. The boy does not greet when his mother is present but does so in the presence of his father.. He discriminates between the two and realizes his Dad reinforces him for greeting behavior.

30. Behavior analysts attempt to use efficient procedures that are significant to the participants involved, promote generalization, and maintenance of behavior change. This is the _____________ dimension of ABA. 30.a. conceptually systematic 30.b. general 30.c. analytic 30.d. effective

30. Answer: d 30. Explanation: Behavior analysts are supposed to use assessment techniques and interventions that lead to significant, long term change.

300. You are consulting with a family of a mother, father and four children. The oldest son has been diagnosed with autism. Upon arriving at the house, you notice a great deal of mess in the house. When you introduce yourself to the mother she says, "I can't remember where we are supposed to go today but I'll figure it out in a few minutes." Immediately thereafter, you notice the oldest boy, sitting and rocking by himself. If you suggest the mother and father need to organize the house and activities which will offer more routines and make things more predictable for the child with autism, you are making what kind of change? 300.a. reinforcer 300.b. ecological 300.c. choice 300.d. punisher

300> Answer B Explanation: Ecological, or contextual variables ar non-discrete stimuli that overlap with the discrete antecedent behavior relations. The fact that this family has a messy home and lack of routine have a non discrete effect on the boy's responses. If these change, it can strengthen desired behaviors.

301. You are consulting with a family of a mother, father, and four children. The oldest son has been diagnosed with autism. Upon arriving at the house, you notice a great deal of mess in the house. When you introduce yourself to the mother she says, "I can't remember where we are supposed to go today but I'll figure it out in a few minutes." Immediately thereafter, you notice the oldest boy, sitting and rocking by himself. When the mother says, "Stand up and say, 'Hello,'" the boy begins slapping his head, repeating, "Go away! Go away!" The mother immediately runs over, hugs the boy and says, "He's scared of strangers." As she comforts him, rocking him slowly, she says, "It'll be okay. Just let mommy help you calm down." After 2 minutes or so, the mother gets up and says, "We'll just let him be for awhile." A good replacement program would be to teach the son what? 301.a. alternative methods for getting mom to come and provide hugs and attention 301.b. immediate punishment of the head slapping 301.c. ignoring the screaming 301.d. offer procedures with generality

301. Answer: a 301. Explanation: The replacement behavior should be functionally equivalent to the head slapping and screaming behaviors. Since the function is to gain his mother's attention, finding alternative ways to get his mother's attention would be a "fair pair."

302. You are consulting with a family of a mother, father and four children. The oldest son has been diagnosed with autism. Upon arriving at the house, you notice a great deal of mess in the house. When you introduce yourself to the mother she says, "I can't remember where we are supposed to go today but I'll figure it out in a few minutes." Immediately thereafter, you notice the oldest boy, sitting and rocking by himself. When the mother says, "Stand up and say, 'Hello,'" the boy begins slapping his head, repeating, "Go away! Go away!" The mother immediately runs over, hugs the boy and says, "He's scared of strangers." As she comforts him, rocking him slowly, she says, "It'll be okay. Just let mommy help you calm down." After 2 minutes or so, the mother gets up and says, "We'll just let him be for awhile." If you collect baseline data on head slapping for one week, have the parents reinforce the son for saying, "Come here, please," for one week, collect baseline for another week, and then have the parents offer attention on a fixed time 10-minute schedule, what kind of design did you utilize? 302.a. multiple baseline 302.b. changing criterion 302.c. withdrawal 302.d. reversal

302. Answer: d 302. Explanation: A reversal design measures baseline (A), applies an intervention (B),returns to baseline (A), then applies a slightly different intervention (C). If you take a baseline on head slapping (A), then have the parents reinforce the son for saying "Come here, please," (B), return to baseline for a week (A), then have the parents offer attention on a fixed time 10 minute schedule (C), it is a reversal design.

303.You are attempting to decrease thumb sucking for a student in your classroom. You utilize a recording procedure where you look up at the end of a five-minute interval and, if his thumb is in the mouth, you place a check in a box. You do this for one-hour for three days. After three days, you provide him a preferred drink as a reinforcer for playing with a hand-held video game and continue to record his behavior. What are the first three days considered? 303.a. probes 303.b. baseline 303.c. intervention 303.d. direct observation time

303. Answer: b 303. Explanation: A baseline is time before intervention. When you record how often the student is sucking his thumb before applying any intervention, that is baseline.

304. You are attempting to decrease thumb sucking for a student in your classroom. You utilize a recording procedure where you look up at the end of a five-minute interval and, if his thumb is in the mouth, you place a check in a box. You do this for one-hour for three days. After three days, you provide him a preferred drink as a reinforcer for playing with a hand-held video game and continue to record his behavior. What kind of measurement procedure are you using? 304.a. partial interval recording 304.b. whole interval recording 304.c. momentary time sampling 304.d. direct measures

304. Answer: c 304. Explanation: Partial and whole interval recording uses time intervals of about 10 - 20 seconds in duration. Momentary time sampling is the number of time intervals, (usually 1-5 minutes in duration) in a specific period of time, (in this case 1 hour) at the end of which you record whether or not a response is occurring.

305. You are attempting to decrease thumb sucking for a student in your classroom. You utilize a recording procedure where you look up at the end of a five-minute interval and, if his thumb is in the mouth, you place a check in a box. You do this for one-hour for three days. After three days, you provide him a preferred drink as a reinforcer for playing with a hand-held video game and continue to record his behavior. What kind of reinforcement schedule do you have him on? 305.a. DRO 305.b. DRI 305.c. DRL 305.d. DRH

305. Answer: b 305. Explanation: A DRI, or differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior, is a schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcer is delivered contingent on the occurrence of a particular behavior topographically defined as being incompatible with the target behavior. If the student is playing with a hand-held video game, his hand is not free to suck his thumb.

306. You are attempting to decrease thumb sucking for a student in your classroom. You utilize a recording procedure where you look up at the end of a five-minute interval and, if his thumb is in the mouth, you place a check in a box. You do this for one-hour for three days. If you decide to reinforce any behavior except thumb sucking during 10 minute intervals, you are implementing a ______ schedule of reinforcement. 306.a. DRO 306.b. DRI 306.c. DRL 306.d. DRH

306. Answer: a 306. Explanation: A DRO, or differential reinforcement of other behavior is the delivery of reinforcers contingent on the nonoccurrence of a response for a given time interval. If you reinforce any other behavior except thumb sucking, that is DRO.

307. In the experimental analysis of behavior, a pigeon's movements are reinforced until the pigeon will gradually move in a complete circle, an obvious example of _____ 307.a. chaining 307.b. shaping 307.c. classic conditioning 307.d. respondent conditioning

307. Answer: b 307. Explanation: Shaping involves reinforcing closer approximations to a terminal target behavior.

308. Reinforcing closer approximations of a desired behavior is what? 308.a. shaping 308.b. chaining 308.c. thinning 308.d. fading

308. Answer: a 308. Explanation: This is the definition of shaping.

309. Amy Camden is interested in becoming a fireman but is having difficulty passing the obstacle course. Her boyfriend, Will, reinforces Amy's practice runs through the course once she completes running through tires, scaling a rope, and lifting and carrying the firehose. What is Will doing? 309.a. fading 309.b. shaping 309.c. forward chaining 309.d. minimizing

309. Answer: c 309. Explanation: Chaining involves a behavior chain of responses, each associated with a specific stimulus condition. Will reinforces each behavior, running through tires, scaling a rope, lifting and carrying a firehose, all of which are parts of the complex task of completing the obstacle course. Forward chaining starts at the beginning and moves forward to the complex task.

31. Behavior analysts would never say, "That behavior happens for no reason," since behavior analysts are _________. 31.a. teleologists 31.b. psychologists 31.c. Darwinians 31.d. determinists

31. Answer: d 31. Explanation: Behavior analysts assume all behavior is purposeful even if the immediate reason for the behavior is unknown and difficult to observe.

314. You have conducted an AB design in which a treatment for SIB was the independent variable. What might create an interpretation problem? 314.a. Failure to control variables 314.b. Response generalization 314.c. Setting generalization 314.d. Failure of the behavior to return to baseline levels

314. Answer: a 314: Explanation: Without a second "A" condition, there could be extraneous variables in play.

315. The Behavior Analyst must consider ___________ when working with adult clients. 315.a. behaviors the relatives wish to see learned 315.b. behaviors that assist in group home living 315.c. behaviors that are likely to be reinforced in the present and future environments 315.d. the role of the descriptive analysis

315. Answer: c 315. Explanation: When making recommendations to the client regarding interventions, it should be based on supporting environments.

317. The ___________ constitutes the entire constellation of stimuli that can affect behavior. 317.a. environment 317.b. molar system 317.c. behavioral universe 317.d. ecology

317. Answer: a 317. Explanation: This is the definition of environment.

319. Your assessment determines a child engages in screaming and pulling her own hair to avoid tasks. Screaming and pulling hair are the _______________. 319.a. functional response class 319.b. topographical response class 319.c. respondent class 319.d. aggressive behaviors

319. Answer: a 319. Explanation: Screaming and hair pulling don't have the same topography, (look the same) they serve the same function, task avoidance. Thus, they are the functional response class.

32. ___________ is the philosophy that guides behavior analysts. 32.a. Behaviorology 32.b. Behaviorism 32.c. Behaviorists 32.d. Skinnerism

32. Answer: b 32. Explanation: Behaviorism is the belief that environments affect behavior and thus behavior change is not a result of internal functions, like mentalism which attributes cause to internal variables like a mind, or will or desire or other "non-behavior" type events.

322. You are working in a residential facility with a child with numerous behavior problems. Among the behaviors for which the child is admitted are hallucinations, aggressive behavior, property destruction, no friends, narrow interests, and bed-wetting. What would be a good intermediate outcome? 322.a. Decrease aggressive behavior & bed wetting, increase compliments 322.b. Decrease challenging behavior & increase adaptive skills 322.c. Increase number of friends & decrease hallucinations 322.d. Decrease hallucinations & aggression, increase skills

322. Answer: a 322. Explanation: Intermediate outcomes are those that bring a person closer to achieving ultimate outcomes. Ultimate outcomes are goals that will allow a person a change in terms of choice, access to reinforcers, avoidance of aversive stimuli, health and safety, interpersonal relations, and a variety and diversity of things, people and events in the person's life.

327. If a child screams, you should turn away and ignore him is an example of a(n) 327.a. stimulus control 327.b. contingency 327.c. operational definition 327.d. data

327. Answer: b 327. Explanation: Contingency is an If-Then relationship. If a child screams, then you turn away and ignore them, is a contingency-shaped behavior.

328. Changing a prompt from yelling to asking politely changes what? 328.a. An antecedent variable 328.b. An ecological variable 328.c. Ethical operations 328.d. Confounding variables

328. Answer: c 328. Explanation: You must ensure that the dignity of the client is protected, and asking politely does that as opposed to yelling at them.

329. While observing behaviors of a self-injurious child in a classroom, a teacher counts 2 instances of self-injurious behavior while the teaching assistant ends up with 22 instances of SIB. There is then a need to look at the operational definitions and additional training, as there is minimal ________. 329.a. external validity 329.b. interdependent agreement 329.c. interobserver agreement 329.d. descriptive analysis

329. Answer: c 329. Explanation: When evaluating the outcomes of measurement procedures, inter-observer agreement is one way to do so. If there is a 20 count difference in their observations, they are not looking for the same topography.

33. ___________ provides theoretical underpinnings for studying environmental and behavior interactions. 33.a. The experimental analysis of behavior 33.b. Applied behavior analysis 33.c. Both a & b 33.d. Neither a nor b

33. Answer: a 33. Explanation: The experimental analysis of behavior involves exploring the relationships between environmental variables and behavior. However, the behaviors studied do not have social relevance.

330. Working with your goddaughter, you teach her to say "purple" when she sees Barney on television. One day, while watching a football game, she sees the FSU uniforms and says, "purple." The behavior has generalized, albeit incorrectly. The girl has not ______ between the two stimuli. 330.a. generalized 330.b. discriminated 330.c. overcorrected 330.d. evoked appropriate responding patterns

330. Answer: b 330. Explanation: The stimuli of purple and the maroon of the FSU football team are similar, but different. The girl has not discriminated between them.

332. A system of instruction designed to minimize errors is known as 332.a. stimulus fading 332.b. errorless learning 332.c. PSI 332.d. fading in

332. Answer: b 332. Explanation: This is the definition of errorless learning. It uses discrimination training procedures.

333. Modeling a specific sign to a deaf child is what? 333.a. a physical prompt 333.b. an S-delta for signing 333.c. a verbal prompt 333.d. a gestural prompt

333. Answer: d 333. Explanation: A prompt is a supplementary antecedent stimuli used to evoke a response. Modeling the sign evokes the deaf child to do the same.

334. Psychological terms broken down into objective and measurable terms are _______ of behavior(s). 334.a. applications 334.b. contingencies 334.c. operational definitions 334.d. datum

334. Answer: c 334. Explanation: Operational definitions are observable, they define how the behavior affects the environment, how the behavior "operates" to change the environment - consequences of the responses.

335. What precedes a response in time is ________. 335.a. a reinforcer 335.b. an antecedent 335.c. a behavior 335.d. a consequence

335. Answer: b 335. Explanation: This is the definition of an antecedent

336. Kicking, hitting, and scratching describe the __________ of behavior. 336.a. function 336.b. consequences 336.c. topography 336.d. antecedents

336. Answer: c 336. Explanation: The topography is what the behavior looks like. The function is it's purpose. Consequences are what follow the behavior. Antecedents are what precedes behavior.

337. Withholding a previous reinforcer contingent upon a particular response is _____________. 337.a. reinforcement 337.b. extinction 337.c. punishment 337.d. differential reinforcement

337. Answer: b 337. Explanation: Extinction is withholding a consequence resulting in the response class less likely to occur, in other words you do nothing. It is the "absence" of a consequence for the response. In punishment, you remove a stimuli after a behavior. If you had a reinforcer before and you remove it, that is punishment.

339. Number of hits per half-hour is what kind of measure? 339.a. frequency 339.b. rate 339.c. whole interval 339.d. duration

339. Answer: b 339. Explanation: Frequency is number of behaviors without citing time. Rate is number of responses per unit of time. Duration is the elapsed time between the onset and the cessation of a single response. Whole interval is a momentary time sampling. Number of hits per half hour is rate.

34. If procedures are effectively applied to various people and settings, they have __________. 34.a. generality 34.b. analytic 34.c. applied 34.d. technological

34. Answer: a 34. Explanation: Generality always refers to procedures. Generalization, on the other hand, refers to behaviors or stimuli.

340. A lack of _______________ might necessitate reviewing the operational definitions. 340.a. Inter-observer agreement 340.b. interresponse time 340.c. differential reinforcement 340.d. indirect measures

340. Answer: a 340. Explanation: Inter-observer agreement is one way to evaluate the measurement procedures. If this is not present, the topography of the behavior being observed may need to be reviewed and explained before measuring the behavior again.

341. Allan arrives to the group home at which you work and hits himself 700 times in the head w/ his fist. Immediately planning an intervention to reduce this behavior is _______________. 341.a. unnecessary until baseline lowers 341.b. an intermediate outcome 341.c. an ultimate outcome 341.d. ethically sound but unsound behaviorally

341. Answer: b 341. Explanation: Intermediate outcomes are those that bring a person closer to achieving ultimate outcomes. Ultimate outcomes are goals that will allow a person a change in terms of choice, access to reinforcers, avoidance of aversive stimuli, health and safety, interpersonal relations, and a variety and diversity of things, people and events in the person's life. Reducing self injurious behavior is a step closer to achieving bigger goals.

342. Jozi's mother wants her to increase her time in seat and increase time on task. If you provide her specific praise and an M&M every 2 minutes she is in her seat and physical contact and access to music if she is on task for 3 or more minutes, your plan has _________. 342.a. confounding variables 342.b. ultimate outcomes 342.c. sequential intermediate outcomes 342.d. concurrent intermediate outcomes

342. Answer: d 342. Explanation: Intermediate outcomes are steps bringing someone closer to their bigger goals, which are ultimate outcomes. They are concurrent if they can both be achieved at the same time. One does not have to happen before the other. In sequential intermediate outcomes, one is required before the next can be achieved.

343. Reinforcing Adrian's behavior of walking past female staff with his hands in his pockets is considered a ______. 343.a. a DRO 343.b. a DRI 343.c. a DRA 343.d. a DRL

343. Answer: c 343. Explanation: Reinforcing the hands in the pockets is differential reinforcement of an alternative behavior. This is an appropriate alternative to whatever the target behavior was. If the target behavior was grabbing female staff in inappropriate places on their bodies, this could be a DRI. Having hands in pockets is incompatible with grabbing the staff.

344. You recommend to Zack's parents to reinforce any behavior except for flopping to the floor every 5 minutes. This is a ______. 344.a. a DRO 344.b. a DRI 344.c. a DRA 344.d. a DRL

344. Answer: a 344. Explanation: The plan is to reinforce the nonoccurrence of flopping to the floor. That is reinforcing any other behavior. That is differential reinforcement of other behavior, DRO.

345. You increase the amount of toys, availability of drinks, and access to sing-alongs in your classroom, an effort to do _______. 345.a. functional assessment 345.b. descriptive analysis 345.c. environmental enrichment 345.d. reinforcer survey

345. Answer: d 345. Explanation: A reinforcer survey is like a "reinforcer smorgasbord." You have a variety of novel stimuli that you provide to an individual to identify what is reinforcing to that individual.

346. Catherine sits down when you ask because you have previously reinforced sitting when you say, "Sit down." Sit down is a(n) _______. 346.a. verbal behavior 346.b. equivalent stimuli 346.c. discriminative stimuli 346.d. operant event

346. Answer: c 346. Explanation: There is a history of reinforcement for sitting under this stimulus condition.

347. Jeremy watches a child being reprimanded for cheating on a history test and, consequently, stops cheating on tests; an example of __________________. 347.a. rule-governed behavior 347.b. respondent conditioning 347.c. contingency contracting 347.d. reinforcement delivery

347. Answer: a 347. Explanation: Rule governed behavior is a contingency-shaped behavior that a person does not experience themselves. Jeremy changes his response based on the consequences he sees someone else experience.

348. Allan begins hitting himself in the head and Marie says, "I don't do anything when he does this. I put his hands in mine and look at him cross." The SIB is 348.a. exposed to a consequence 348.b. being ignored 348.c. under stimulus control of the evil eye 348.d. likely to decrease

348. Answer: a 348. Explanation: When Allan does self-injurious behavior, he has his hands held and close proximity and attention. This is a consequence. It might actually lead to increase in the behavior if the function is to receive attention.

350. You are consulting with a school system and are assigned to design behavior programs for 20 severely aggressive and self-injurious students. The superintendent's daughter, Susan, is presently in one of the classrooms as a student you are assessing and the teacher, a friend of the superintendent, asks for a behavior program to reduce Susan's chewing food with her mouth open. You should 350.a. begin baseline data collection of Susan's behavior 350.b. immediately implement an acquisition program 350.c. defer until later as the other 20 cases and behaviors are a higher priority 350.d. report this to the Behavior Analysis Certification Ethics Board

350. Answer: c 350. Explanation: The safety of the other students is the thing that you must ethically address first. As a behavioral analyst, you must also be careful not to treat someone just because they are the daughter of your boss.

37. If behaviors being studied have social relevance and significance to the individuals involved, it is part of __________. 37.a. psychology 37.b. applied behavior analysis 37.c. the experimental analysis of behavior 37.d. behaviorology

37. Answer: b 37. Explanation: "Social relevance" is the key to behaviors being applied.

38. You work on improving the fine motor skills of an individual with autism. Your work is _________. 38.a. experimental 38.b. correlational 38.c. statistical 38.d. applied

38. Answer: d 38. Explanation: Working on fine motor skills might open up opportunities to the individual so the work is applied.

39. Work on shaping social behavior of a rat is _________. 39.a. experimental 39.b. correlational 39.c. statistical 39.d. applied

39. Answer: a 39. Explanation: The study does not have social relevance to an individual and a community. In general, most animal studies are regarded as part of the experimental analysis of behavior.

40. If you believe certain environmental variables affect a child's ability to remain on task and you carefully alter conditions to elucidate the effects, you have attempted ___________. 40.a. determinism 40.b. empiricism 40.c. scientific manipulation 40.d. respondent conditioning

40. Answer: c 40. Explanation: Altering conditions is scientific manipulation, sometimes referred to as systematic manipulation; "elucidate" is a keyword.

41. A colleague has an idea that either access to Gameboy and escape from demand might improve a behavior. You take baseline and continue to measure the target response while manipulating access for 1 day and then escape the next day, changing between the 2 interventions for 10 days. You are conducting a(n) ______. 41.a. parametric analysis 41.b. alternating treatments design 41.c. continuous reinforcement sample 41.d. linear analysis

41. Answer: b 41. Explanation: In this example, there are two distinct treatments (aka independent variables): access and escape. The alternating treatments design is one kind of experimental manipulation.

42. "It is likely Jaime hits herself on the head and spits on her hand because mother increases her physical contact and proximity following the behavior(s)." This is a(n) __________. 42.a. functional hypotenuse 42.b. actual demonstration of function 42.c. functional hypothesis 42.d. declaration of the operant

42. Answer: c 42. Explanation: A functional hypothesis is an educated guess about what reinforcer(s) maintains a target behavior. The statement includes the topography of the behavior and the guess about which variable (typically attention, escape/avoidance, access or automatic) is most reinforcing.

43. You instruct an adult to ignore a child's running behavior thinking this might reduce the problem. Your hypothesis, therefore, is probably that ______________ is the maintaining variable (aka reinforcer). 43.a. escape 43.b. attention 43.c. self-stimulation 43.d. access to reinforcers

43. Answer: b 43. Explanation: If attention is thought to be the maintaining variable, ignoring would be one way of implementing extinction. This example shows the necessary link between what the functional hypothesis is and how it drives intervention.

44. All of the following are examples of descriptive analysis except for ________. 44.a. reading the psychological evaluation 44.b. doing a clinical interview with the parents and teacher of an individual with autism 44.c. measuring amount of time spent in room and systematically altering attention and escape to see which variable results in longer time in room 44.d. directly observing a child with attentional difficulties in a classroom

44. Answer: c 44. Explanation: Systematically altering (manipulating) variables is part of functional analysis.

45. A descriptive analysis incorporates ___________. 45.a. analog conditions and inferential statistics 45.b. structured interviews and experimental manipulations 45.c. functional assessment tools, structured interviews, and direct observation 45.d. records review and development of insight

45. Answer: c 45. Explanation: Descriptive analysis refers to a description of the behavior that is derived from typical assessment procedures employed by behavior analysts. Descriptive analysis does not necessarily involve experimental manipulations.

46. _________ is an attempt to organize relevant data to formulate a hypothesis while ________ is an attempt to manipulate variables. 46.a. Functional analysis; descriptive analysis 46.b. Functional analysis; systematic manipulations 46.c. Descriptive analysis; functional analysis 46.d. Descriptive analysis; functional assessment

46. Answer: c 46. Explanation: Organizing data is why the behavior analyst begins with descriptive analysis. Functional analysis (aka systematic manipulations) is often undertaken once the relevant information is obtained.

47. A 12 year-old Caucasian child begins biting her hand when the teacher says, "Sit down and work, please." The teacher, whose classroom is quite cool in temperature, intervenes by doing response blocking. What is the antecedent stimulus? 47.a. the teacher's statement 47.b. response blocking 47.c. hand biting 47.d. the cool temperature

47. Answer: a 47. Explanation: Antecedent stimuli precede the behavior. "Sit down and work, please" comes before biting hand.

48. While consulting with a teacher, she states Allan becomes aggressive in order to escape group activities; thus alluding to ________. 48.a. operant stimuli 48.b. environments 48.c. consequences 48.d. a functional relationship

48. Answer: d 48. Explanation: The relationship between a behavior and the consequence that follows it is a functional relationship.

49. Structured interviews, functional assessment tools, direct observation, and ABC data collection are parts of __________. 49.a. descriptive analysis 49.b. functional analysis 49.c. systems analysis 49.d. pattern analysis

49. Answer: a 49. Explanation: People interviewed who fill out functional assessment tools, ABC sheets, and observe are beginning to describe the behavior.

50. Allan begins hitting himself in the head several hundred times. There is noticeable swelling around his eyes and temples. You are going away for the weekend. What is the best course of action? 50.a. Put an emergency procedure into place 50.b. Collect baseline over the weekend 50.c. Functionally assess the behavior when you return 50.d. Nothing, the behavior should decrease

50. Answer: a 50. Explanation: Ethically, emergency procedures need to be put in place as health and safety are always the primary concerns.

53. Billy's parents are teaching him to read. They initially say, "It's reading time," and immediately offer reinforcers when he begins to read in response to the stimulus. They also work with his teacher and provide books/magazines with sports and reading groups with his friends, which Billy enjoys. The reading behavior is maintained because _____. 53.a. it is under control of an SD, "It's reading time." 53.b. it contacts natural contingencies 53.c. it is part of the stimulus response paradigm 53.d. reading is fundamental

53. Answer: b 53. Explanation: Behavior is evoked by discriminative stimuli/SD's but behavior is maintained by reinforcers. Be careful that scenario based question don't lead you toward responding without understanding what the question is.

54. As a behavior analyst, you feel you have found an effective procedure for increasing time on task. You do some experimenting with one child and successfully employ the use of the intervention with other children in other settings. You now have more confidence that your procedure has ________. 54.a. generalization 54.b. generality 54.c. collateral benefits 54.d. Parsimony equivalency

54. Answer: b 54. Explanation: Keyword is "procedures". If procedures work with different individuals and in different settings, they have more generality.

55. Teaching a child to toilet in the classroom, in the mall restroom, and in the parent's home is aimed at the behavior __________. 55.a. discriminating 55.b. strengthening 55.c. generalizing 55.d. thinning

55. Answer: c 55. Explanation: Behaviors often generalize to untrained places and untrained settings. A skill like toileting is something you want to generalize across all environments.

56. You have completed a study on self-injurious behavior. The parents detail when the child engages in the behavior (usually at night) and let you know the child bites his arms, bangs his head on the corners of tables, and kicks his heels on the floor. This tends to happen when he is left alone during bedtime that the parents respond to by running into his room to stop him. What is the topography? 56.a. being left alone 56.b. night time 56.c. parents running in 56.d. biting arm, head banging, kicking heels

56. Answer: d 56. Explanation: The topography is the form of the behavior. A scenario like this involves great detail. However, the question is in respect to what form the behavior takes.

57. You have conducted an ABA design in which a treatment for SIB was the independent variable. What might create an interpretation problem? 57.a. Failure to control variables 57.b. Response generalization 57.c. Setting generalization 57.d. Failure of the behavior to return to baseline levels

57. Answer: d 57. Explanation: The effect of any treatment is demonstrated by the change in the behavioral measure. If the treatment yields changes in the rate of SIB and those changes persist even in a return to a baseline condition, it is reasonable to hypothesize that there is some other maintaining variable or the behavior would return to baseline levels.

58. The Behavior Analyst must consider ___________ when working with adult clients. 58.a. behaviors the relatives wish to see learned 58.b. behaviors that assist in group home living 58.c. behaviors that are likely to be reinforced in present and future environments 58.d. the role of the descriptive analysis

58. Answer: c 58. Explanation: If behavior is to be maintained, it needs to contact natural reinforcers in the current and future environments in which a person lives, works and recreates.

59. Prioritizing challenging behaviors, a Behavior Analyst would begin with _____. 59.a. the cost effectiveness of the plan 59.b. the difficulty in changing the behavior 59.c. desires of the parent/guardian 59.d. consideration of danger to client's or others' safety

59. Answer: d 59. Explanation: Health and safety supersede all other considerations.

60. You are working with a family where an adult brother and sister are living in the same house. The sister has a long history of prescription drug abuse, is lethargic and sleeps most of the day, while the brother has spent time in and out of treatment facilities for schizophrenic behaviors. During observation of one of the arguments, you note that every time the sister addresses her brother, she yells or says something derogatory to him. When she does this, the brother walks away and says, "Shut up, you drug addict. Why don't you just decrease your medication and you might feel better about yourself?" The sister is an SD for what? 60.a. The brother's verbal tirade 60.b. The brother walking away 60.c. Both a and b 60.d. Neither a nor b

60. Answer: c 60. Explanation: SD's, aka discriminative stimuli, evoke behaviors. They signal certain reinforcers are available. The sister's presence evokes the behaviors as something is reinforcing the brother's actions.

61. You are working with a family where an adult brother and sister are living in the same house. The sister has a long history of prescription drug abuse, is lethargic and sleeps most of the day, while the brother has spent time in and out of treatment facilities for schizophrenic behaviors. During observation of one of the arguments, you note that every time the sister addresses her brother, she yells or says something derogatory to him. When she does this, the brother walks away and says, "Shut up, you drug addict. Why don't you just decrease your medication and you might feel better about yourself?" The sister complains her brother always drives her crazy and shouldn't be talking about her medications. You advise the sister to refrain from yelling and making derogatory comments, a change of a(n) ______________ variable. 61.a. antecedent 61.b. consequence 61.c. temporal 61.d. equivalent

61. Answer: a 61. Explanation: Antecedents precede behaviors.

62. An adult in a workshop is prescribed 3 antipsychotic medications. All medications are taken in the morning and known side effects are increased sedation. The workshop staff complain that the adults sleeps during work time suggesting that _____________ might be impacting the adult's behaviors. 62.a. the medications as establishing operations 62.b. the lack of reinforcers in the present environment 62.c. the presence of too many unconditioned stimuli 62.d. the underlying psychiatric illness

62. Answer: a 62. Explanation: Establishing operations change the value of a reinforcer and the probability of behaviors occurring that typically result in the reinforcer.

Changing the temperature of a class alters what variable? 63.a. antecedent 63.b. ecological 63.c. independent 63.d. confounding

63. Answer: b 63. Explanation: Room temperature, lighting, noise level, seating arrangement are common examples of ecological variables.

64. If you are studying number of leg movements during a one-hour period in a classroom setting, your study is most likely part of __________________. 64.a. applied behavior analysis 64.b. experimental analysis of behavior 64.c. behaviorism 64.d. behavior modification

64. Answer: b 64. Explanation: While the behavior is studied in school, the question does not suggest what, if anything, is socially relevant about the behavior.

65. If you author a program for a severely impaired young lady with autism and put provisions in place to ensure her safety while also allowing for minimal segregation from others and the community, you have utilized ________. 65.a. sound behavioral practice 65.b. ethical decision making 65.c. forced choice procedure 65.d. psychology as a dimension of your practice

65. Answer: b 65. Explanation: Ethical decision making involves addressing the behaviors of concern while minimizing exposure to aversives and isolation.

66. All stimuli that might impact a behavior are part of an individual's _________. 66.a. operant stimuli 66.b. environment 66.c. consequences 66.d. functional relationship

66. Answer: b 66. Explanation: This is very close to the accepted definition of environment.

68. A client at an adult day treatment center is moved from a one to one staffing ratio to a three to one staffing ratio. The change in staffing ratio is what kind of intervention? 68.a. A change in reinforcement schedule 68.b. An antecedent manipulation 68.c. A probe 68.d. An ecological change

68. Answer: d 68. Explanation: This type of question leads one to thinking, "The amount of reinforcement changes" or "They're probing something". Stay within the information you have. Number of staff to clients and number of students in a class are ecological changes: they may have an impact on behavior but the variable is not discrete.

69. A parents works long and hard to get their child to dress and prepare for school. The parent provides gentle prompts and reinforces compliance with praise and stickers. The child learns to reliably dress when the parent is present. You can conclude the parent has stimulus control _____. 69.a. over the child 69.b. over the praise and stickers 69.c. over the child's dressing and preparatory behaviors 69.d. over nothing because of the generalization concerns

69. Answer: c 69. Explanation: Behaviors, not people, are strengthened/reinforced. People gain stimulus control over behaviors.

70. You are working in a home with a mother, her 12 year-old son, and a grandmother. The reason for your presence is a recent arrest for shoplifting and a suspension in school. You go to the school to collect information and find out the boy's conduct problems all occur in math class. You meet with the teacher, guidance counselor, child, mother and principal to discuss reinforcing the number of math problems the child completes. The principal insists the boy should be removed from the school and sent to a school for children with conduct disorders. The principal is advocating against the _______________. 70.a. punishment 70.b. functional assessment 70.c. least restrictive alternative 70.d. reinforcement package

70. Answer: c 70. Explanation: The correct answer can only be "c"; nowhere is there a mention of an effect on behavior nullifying "a" or "d" being an answer.

71. As all good behavior analysts do, you directly observe a boy at home. When the mother is around, she yells at him saying, "I am ashamed of you for embarrassing yourself and the family with your arrest. What do you have to say for yourself?" The boy says, "Can we talk?" and the mother says, "Leave me alone." The mother is what for the boy's requesting for time behavior? 71.a. S-delta 71.b. SP 71.c. SD 71.d. SR+

71. Answer: b 71. Explanation: While the boy engages in behavior (after all, everything we do is behavior), the net effect of the mother saying, "Leave me alone," is an attempt to decrease the son's requests. Note, at the same time, the mother avoiding interaction with the son is being negatively reinforced and is, probably, likely to recur.

72. A child advocate tells the school staff there is no reason for a child's behavior except for his bipolar disorder. The child advocate is violating what dimension of applied behavior analysis? 72.a. empiricism 72.b. determinism 72.c. philosophic doubt 72.d. scientific manipulation

72. Answer: b 72. Explanation: Determinism means behaviors are the result of environmental phenomena. Bipolar disorder is a label and labels are not sufficient explanations for behavior.

74. One of the tools you use in descriptive analysis is sequence analysis. What best illustrates this tool? 74.a. Having parents record a narrative of the adult's day 74.b. Having the workshop manager record behaviors at the time they occur 74.c. Set up an ABC format sheet and have the workshop manager record behavior 74.d. Ask her to record the frequency of behaviors for one hour per day at the end of 5- minute intervals

74. Answer: c 74. Explanation: Sequence analysis is another term for antecedent-behavior-consequence, or ABC, analysis.

75. You have begun a functional assessment of a young girl who is in constant trouble at her high school. You complete structured interviews, directly observe the girl, and get some functional assessment tools completed. Your hypotheses suggest that there are several maintaining variables. In order to determine the most significant variable, you set up four analog conditions: alone, escape contingent upon challenging behavior, an enriched environment, and attention contingent upon challenging behavior. You collect and interpret data on the different conditions. What have you just done? 75.a. functional analysis 75.b. component analysis 75.c. functional assessment 75.d. pattern analysis

75. Answer: a 75. Explanation: Analog conditions is another term for manipulating distinct variables, which is what the behavior analyst does when functionally analyzing behavior. Component analysis ("b") is when a treatment package/intervention (the independent variable) is broken down to ascertain what part or parts are the most effective. Functional assessment ("c") involves records review, structured interviews and data collection but no variables are manipulated. Pattern analysis ("d") is a means to record behavior data to elucidate what time, environment, people are most often paired with certain behaviors.

76. The critical distinctions between contingency shaped and rule governed behavior is that, in contingency shaped behavior, the organism ___________. 76.a. contacts the actual consequences 76.b. does not contact the actual consequences 76.c. contingently observes before responding 76.d. responds with an increased effort

76. Answer: a 76. Explanation: Contacting the contingency is contingency shaped; learning via observation or explanation is rule governed. Both contingency shaped and rule governance are operant.

77. A teacher walks into class and says, "Take your seats," which results in the students sitting down. The behavior governed by antecedent stimuli are said to be _____________. 77.a. under stimulus control 77.b. respondently conditioned 77.c. rule-governed 77.d. extinction processes

77. Answer: a 77. Explanation: Note the behaviors are under stimulus control.

78. A system of instruction designed to minimize errors is known as _________. 78.a. stimulus fading 78.b. errorless learning 7 8.c. PSI 78.d. fading in

78. Answer: b 78. Explanation: Errorless learning is one method of discrimination training.

79. Taking baseline on two different behaviors, applying a treatment to one of the dependent measures while maintaining baseline with the other dependent variable, and then applying treatment to the second dependent variable and analyzing the data to elucidate treatment effects constitutes what kind of design? 79.a. Multiple baseline 79.b. Reversal 79.c. Withdrawal 79.d. Changing criterion

79. Answer: a 79. Explanation: The answer is in the first 6 words. Draw graphs out if necessary.

80. Tanya is talking on the phone with her friend about a client's tantrums. As a behavior analyst, you ___________. 80.a. ask Tanya to refer to Catherine as "CC" 80.b. ask Tanya to continue as she is failing to maintain confidentiality 80.c. ask Tanya to cease as she is failing to maintain confidentiality 80.d. praise Tanya for opening others' eyes to children with autism

80. Answer: c 80. Explanation: Confidentiality should govern all the work done by behavior analysts. It is extensively covered in the Guidelines for Responsible Conduct provided by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board.

81. Jeremy attempts to hit a staff on the head with his scooter. The Program Coordinator has him placed in a mechanical restraint and says he cannot have the scooter anymore. This might be a necessary emergency procedure but, what else is necessary? 81.a. Assessment of the factors leading up to the use of the emergency procedure 81.b. Assessment of the need for a mechanical restraint for benign behavior 81.c. Full descriptive analysis of the child's behavior in the past 24 hours 81.c. Possible use of PRN medication

81. Answer: a 81. Explanation: While health and safety are the first considerations, it is important to understand how the environmental events led to the behavior and assess the appropriateness of the interventions.

82. What are the four tenets of behavior analysis? 82.a. Determinism, empiricism, scientific inquiry, philosophic doubt 82.b. Determinism, empiricism, scientific manipulation, philosophic doubt 82.c. Determinism, behaviorism, scientific inquiry, philosophic doubt 82.c. Determinism, empiricism, scientific inquiry, law of parsimony

82. Answer: b 82. Explanation: Re-read the early section of Cooper, Chapter 1 to review if you need.

83. Unlike psychology, applied behavior analysis holds that behavior, in its own right, can be a target for change; that is, ABA is ______________. 83.a. applied 83.b. behavioral 83.c. analytic 83.d. technological

83. Answer: b 83. Explanation: Psychologists and counselors attempt to change thoughts and feelings. Being behavioral means the emphasis of the work will involve changing behavior and that behavior alone merits consideration for change.

84. You are attempting to increase a young juvenile offender's personal interactions and job skills to increase the likelihood of getting a job, earning a paycheck and meeting his probation requirements and avoiding more time at the juvenile detention center. In essence, this work is most importantly about ___________. 84.a. intermediate outcomes 84.b. ultimate outcomes 84.c. applying the analysis of behavior 84.d. providing functional equivalent replacement behaviors

84. Answer: b 84. Explanation: Ultimate outcomes not only increase social contacts and increased opportunities to access reinforcers but decrease the risk of exposure to aversive contingencies.

85. Observable, occurs in time and a combination of the two are ______. 85.a. characteristics of applied behavior analysis 85.b. characteristics of behavior 85.c. operational definitions 85.d. definitions for stimuli

85. Answer: b 85. Explanation: remember temporal locus, temporal extent and repeatability (3 dimensions of bx)

86. Saying something like "relax" instead of "sit-away" to a child is more likely to maintain results because __________. 86.a. generalization is more likely to occur 86.b. it is more likely to contact natural contingencies 86.c. observers can agree about the vernacular 86.d. it is more descriptive

86. Answer: a 86. Explanation: Generalization sometimes requires planning and teaching. If behaviors can be easily replicated in the natural environment and contact natural reinforcers, the behaviors are more likely to generalize.

87. Taking baseline, applying a treatment to one variable, returning to baseline and applying the same treatment to a different variable is a _________ design. 87.a. multiple baseline 87.b. reversal 87.c. withdrawal 87.d. changing criterion

87. Answer: b 87. Explanation: In questions like these, the behavior analyst can label the different variables accordingly: Taking baseline (A), applying a treatment to one variable (B), returning to baseline (A) and applying the same treatment to a different variable (C); ABAC is a reversal design.

88. In the ________ analysis of behavior, a behavioral scientist evaluates the patterns of different reinforcement schedules. 88.a. systematic 88.b. applied 88.c. experimental 88.d. socially relevant

88. Answer: c 88. Explanation: Reinforcement schedules are used in applied work but the question does not indicate how social relevance plays a part so the answer can only be experimental.

89. You have a child who learns to toilet at the local behavior analyst's clinic. Everywhere else, though, the child fails to toilet in a commode. The behavior has not yet ____________. 89.a. generalized 89.b. discriminated 89.c. overcorrected 89.d. evoked appropriate responding patterns

89. Answer: a 89. Explanation: Behaviors that generalize occur in many different environments and with different people.

90. ___________ would be the best way to correct the problem of a child failing to toilet in a commode. 90.a. Teach the child to ask for the bathroom 90.b. Teach the child to discriminate between the toilet and pants/bed 90.c. Teach the child how to pull up pants 90.d. Teach the child on several kinds of toilets

90. Answer: d 90. Explanation: Promoting generalization involves varying the stimuli involved in training.

91. Behavior analysts admire psychologists like Albert Ellis. Ellis' work on rationale emotive behavior therapy, pioneered in the early 1970's is sometimes met with some speculation since behavior analysts are guided by __________. 91.a. determinism 91.b. empiricism 91.c. behaviorology 91.d. philosophic doubt

91. Answer: d 91. Explanation: Behavior analysts assume conclusions are temporary and can be improved upon.

92. Which is not the best ultimate outcome? 92.a. Jaime will learn to make friends, sustain her job, and increase her recreational skills 92.b. Jaime will learn to be productive at work, interact positively with her family, and make good choices 92.c. Jamie will learn to obtain things by asking or using money, increase her contact with other people and develop a hobby 92.d. Jaime will learn social skills, independence in hygiene, and decrease verbal outbursts to one or less per week

92. Answer: d 92. Explanation: "D" is the right answer as the skills in "D" are measurable and, therefore, intermediate outcomes: skills acquired that lead up to more general ultimate outcomes.

93. Bill is tired because he was up all night with the baby, hungry because he had to fast before getting some blood work, and thirsty because he has limited breaks during a hot day. He comes home and immediately heads to the refrigerator. The refrigerator is __________. 93.a. an SD 93.b. an EO 93.c. an SP 93.d. an S-delta

93. Answer: a 93. Explanation: This scenario leads you to believe the answer should be establishing operation/EO since the examples are all establishing operations. However, the refrigerator does not increase the value of a reinforcer. It signals reinforcers are available and evokes reaching and opening behaviors.

94. You are attempting to increase a convicted criminal's personal interactions and job skills to increase the likelihood of him getting a job, earning a paycheck and meeting his probation requirements and avoiding more time in jail. In essence, this work is most importantly about ___________. 94.a. intermediate outcomes 94.b. ultimate outcomes 94.c. applying the analysis of behavior 94.d. providing functional equivalent replacement behaviors

94. Answer: b 94. Explanation: The ultimate outcome is the "big picture." It pertains to increasing reinforcers, choices and social contacts. Intermediate outcomes would be some progress steps along the way.

95. You recommend to Freddie's parents to reinforce any behavior except for flopping to the floor every 5 minutes. This is a ______. 95.a. DRO 95.b. DRI 95.c. DRA 95.d. DRL

95. Answer: a 95. Explanation: Keyword is "except". The differential reinforcer of other behavior means you offer a known reinforcer as long as the person fails to engage in the target behavior(s).

96. You no longer allow Jaime to tear her shirt or to tear from a tearing bin. You should expect _______. 96.a. an initial increase in the tearing behavior 96.b. a gradual decrease in tearing 96.c. increased interresponse time 96.d. transfer of stimulus control

96. Answer: a 96. Explanation: This is the concept of extinction: withholding a previous reinforcer. The net effect of this is, often, the extinction burst, an initial increase in response rate.

97. You increase the amount of toys, availability of drinks, and access to sing-alongs in your classroom, an effort to do _______. 97.a. functional assessment 97.b. descriptive analysis 97.c. environmental enrichment 97.d. a reinforcer survey

97. Answer: c 97. Explanation: In this case, you have not addressed an individual and have made no mention of collecting data. You've simply increased the amount of activities and reinforcers in the classroom environment.

98. Jaime sits down when you ask because you have previously reinforced sitting when you say, "Sit down." Sit down is a(n) _______. 98.a. verbal behavior 9 8.b. equivalent stimuli 98.c. discriminative stimuli 98.d. operant event

98. Answer: c 98. Explanation: Discriminative stimuli evoke behavior because of a reinforcement history.

99. Jeremy watches a child being reprimanded for cheating on a history test and, consequently, stops cheating on tests; an example of __________________. 99.a. rule-governed behavior 99.b. respondent conditioning 99.c. contingency contracting 99.d. reinforcement delivery

99. Answer: a 99. Explanation: While Jeremy has not contacted the contingency directly, his behavior is shaped by consequences; rule governed behaviors are operant.

A DRI schedule designed to decrease the frequency of running around class and tapping other children on the head involves: A. Arranging for the child to earn a reinforcer in the absence of these behaviors B. Providing a reinforcer contingent on being on task and sitting quietly in his seat C. Changing the seating arrangement of the class D. Ensuring the child had breakfast that morning

A

A child who learns to say "red" when presented with a red card, also says "red" when presented with an orange card. This is called: A. Stimulus generalization B. Response generalization C. Discrimination D. Failure to generalize

A

A college professor, before handing out an exam, informs the class that they can leave class as soon as they finish the exam. What type of contingency is he implementing? A. Independent Group Contingency B. Dependent group contingency C. Interdependent group contingency D. Naturalistic group contingency

A

A parametric study is one that: a) Examines and compares the effects of a range of different values of the independent variable b) Involves use of a single-value independent variable that is manipulated c) Isolates the effects of confounding variables that exert unknown or uncontrolled influences on the dependent variable d) Is used to study the most effective elements of a treatment package

A

A person "getting wet" in the rain is NOT considered an occurrence of behavior because "getting wet" A. does not specify an interaction between an organism and its environment. B. can occur under only one, very specific environmental condition. C. is a hypothetical construct and cannot therefore meet the criteria for an occurrence of behavior. D. does not have social or clinical significance in a science of human behavior.

A

A person who learns to say "red" when presented with a red card also says "red" when presented with an orange card. This is called: a) Stimulus generalization. b) Response generalization. c) Discrimination. d) The Premack Principle

A

A student for whom you are providing behavior analysis services lives with her mother. Her parents are divorced and her mother has custody per a court order. The father calls you and asks for a progress report on his daughter. What do you tell the father? a) Tell him that since he is no longer the legal guardian, you are not ethically permitted to release any information on the student without written authorization from the mother b) Since he is the father, you tell him how his daughter is doing c) You tell him that since he and the mother are divorced, you are only permitted to send a written report in the mail. d) Tell him that he needs to call the school principal for the information as you are ethically not permitted to do so.

A

A study has external validity if: a) It's findings are generalizable to other settings, populations, or individuals. b) It's findings are valid for the subjects studied. c) If the changes in behavior appear in untrained responses. d) If the changes in behavior appear in untrained environments.

A

An experimenter examines the effects of token reinforcement on wandering behavior exhibited each day for six months. The independent variable in this study is: a) Token reinforcement. b) Wandering behavior. c) Number of days. d) Number of months.

A

Carlos participated in a toothbrushing skill acquisition program. When he started the program, he needed physical assistance to perform each step. After two weeks, he met all objectives and was able to complete each step independently. The program involved the use of graduated guidance, praise, and token reinforcement. In the future, the behavior analyst would like to examine which procedures made the program most effective (i.e., guidance, praise, or token reinforcement). To determine this, the behavior analyst could use a A. component analysis. B. discriminant analysis. C. nonparametric analysis. D. parametric analysis.

A

Describing behavior program procedures in terms of the basic principles of behavior is adhering to which dimension of behavior analysis? A. Conceptually systematic B. Applied C. Technological D. Analytic

A

Direct replication is necessary to: a) Increase confidence that the IV caused the changes in the DV b) Study whether the results would be obtained in other situations. c) Study whether other populations could benefit from the intervention d) Increase confidence that response measures used measured what they were supposed to.

A

Edward begins to engage in severe head banging. The first step in the development of a treatment plan (in addition to ensuring safeguards are in place) should be: a. Contact his Primary Care Physician to rule-out any medical complications that may be responsible for this new behavior b. Conducting a formal Analogue Functional Analysis. c. Attempt a DRO procedure. d. Wait to see of the behavior continues for more than one week.

A

Every Sunday after lunch, Lisa talks to her mom. At first, Lisa only called her mom. Now, on Sundays after lunch, Lisa will call her mom, text her mom, or drive to her mom's house to see her in person. In terms of contacting her mom, Lisa is demonstrating ______? A. Response generalization B. Stimulus generalization C. Prompting D. Task avoidance

A

Gradually transferring stimulus control from prompts to other discriminative stimuli is a process called __________________. A. Shaping B. Modeling C. Maintenance D. Fading

A

How often is a reinforcer produced in an FR 10 schedule? a) Every l0th response b) Every 10 minutes c) On the average, every l0th response d) On the average, every 10 minutes

A

If a behavior analyst states, "It took four attempts, but Johnny completed the puzzle," she is using which measure? A. Whole interval B. Percent of occurrence C. Trials to criterion D. Frequency

A

In ______ conditioning, the correlation is not between two stimuli as in ________ conditioning, but between a response and a(n) _______. a. operant, respondent, consequence b. respondent, operant, establishing operation c. operant, respondent, SD d. respondent, operant, consequence

A

It is desirable to use the multiple baseline design when: a) The behavior is likely to be irreversible b) Leaving an untreated subject, behavior, or setting is impractical. c) You want the most powerful design d) The behaviors have not been assessed with a functional analysis

A

Jody had an access-maintained tantrum for 14 minutes and it started 3 seconds after she was told, "No." It had been 2 days since the previous tantrum. The latency is: A. Unknown B. 2 days C. 14 minutes D. 3 seconds

A

Manipulating a students chair in a classroom setting to avoid distraction fro the window is an example of a manipulation of a A. Context variable B. Antecedent variable C. Confounding variable D. Ecological variable

A

Non-contingent reinforcement is considered what type of intervention? A. Antecedent intervention B. Consequence intervention C. Establishing operation D. Punishment intervention

A

Patrick's teacher has arranged for some reading instruction in which she reads from a prepared script, and Patrick is to provide active responses to tasks presented in the script. The teacher provides immediate feedback to him, depending on his responses. This is an example of: a. Direct instruction b. PSI c. Respondent conditioning d. Incidental teaching

A

Procedurally speaking, what is the difference between a multiple baseline design across 3 settings and 3 identical A-B designs implemented concurrently in 3 settings? a) In a multiple baseline design, the treatment variable would be introduced at three different points in time, unlike the 3 identical A-B designs. b) Only the multiple baseline design involves changes in both an independent and dependent variable c) No difference. d) None of the above

A

Providing a complete description of one's procedures in a behavior analytic study of classroom management techniques is adhering to which dimensions of behavior analysis? A. Conceptually systematic B. Applied C. Technological D. Analytic

A

Select a procedure for promoting response generalization. a. When training self feeding, use different kinds of utensils that require varying techniques to use them b. When training hand washing, train in different bathrooms that have different "looks." c. Train loosely in the acquisition phase to avoid overly narrow stimulus control over the learned behaviors. d. Reinforce behavior in one situation, and extinguish all other topographies.

A

Talking out in class results in a child losing a star on his star chart. The loss of a star appears to be an attempt to implement a(n) __________________ procedure. A. Response cost B. Negative reinforcement C. Aversion therapy D. Errorless learning

A

The 3 fundamental properties of behavior are: a. Repeatability, occurs in time, and combination of the two b. Repeatability, functional, operational c. Functional, operant, and occurs in time d. Operationally defined, repeatable, and occurs in time

A

The number of times response opportunities are presented before an individual achieves a pre-established level of accuracy is called: a) Trials to criterion. b) Number correct. c) Percentage correct d) Trials to reinforcement.

A

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. You would like to use a reinforcer for independent functioning. The question is how long do you ask her to perform these activities before the reinforcer is delivered? What kind of data do you need to answer that question? a. Latency of SIB after mom leaves b. Duration of SIB episodes c. Rate data d. Trails to criterion

A

The use of a withdrawal design is LEAST appropriate when: A. evaluating an intervention for severe problem behavior. B. evaluating the effects of an intervention for behavior that has multiple functions. C. extraneous variables cannot be controlled. D. multiple participants are being evaluated.

A

Three student researchers recently completed a study using a multiple baseline design. Their supervisor identified several confounds during the intervention and indicated that the research should be replicated before it is submitted for publication. The study may lack ______? A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Participant retention D. Sufficient baseline data

A

What are the two components of a motivating operation? A. value and behavior altering B. reinforcing and value altering C. punishing and behavior altering D. behavior altering and topography altering

A

When asked why a certain behavior happened, the behavior analyst states that the behavior "came out of nowhere." If the behavior analyst meant what he said, he is violating the assumption of __________________. A. Philosophical doubt B. Determinism C. Technological D. Being conceptually systematic

A

Which data collection technique is most appropriate for recording out of-seat behavior in a classroom? a) Record the frequency and duration of the behavior b) Record the frequency of the behavior c) The latency of the behavior d) Permanent product recording.

A

Which of the follow types of graph would be best to represent the number of autos sold per car-manufacturing company? a. Bar Graph b. Line Graph c. 6 cycle Graph d. Frequency Polygon

A

Which of the following is not "a behavior" from a behavior analyst's perspective? a) anxiety b) hitting c) cursing d) spitting

A

Which schedule of reinforcement is probably the best for maintenance of desired behavior? a. VI 1', LH 5" b. FR 3 c. FI 5' d. VR 17

A

You are a school behavior specialist who has been asked to consider the possibility of a system-wide training project for classroom teachers. According to a report, there are many classrooms that are becoming increasingly chaotic, and children's achievement test scores are plummeting. What would be the first step in this process? a. Assess the need for training b. Define training objectives c. Design a curriculum d. Set up training classes for all teachers

A

You are a school behavior specialist who has been asked to consider the possibility of a system-wide training project for classroom teachers. According to a report, there are many classrooms that are becoming increasingly chaotic, and children's achievement test scores are plummeting. You wish to collect follow-up data on performance. What kind of measurement tool should be used? a. The same measurement tool that was initially used in training b. A social validation tool that is designed for this purpose c. The rate of correct interactions and incorrect interactions between each teacher and students d. Percentage of correct interactions between students and teacher

A

You are assigned to collect data on hand mouthing using a partial interval recording system. Your observational session is divided into contiguous 10 second intervals. During the first 10 second interval, hand mouthing is observed to occur for five seconds. You should score that interval as: a) An occurrence b) A non-occurrence c) A blank d) "No chance" event

A

You are consulting with a family of a mother, father and four children. The oldest son has been diagnosed with autism. Upon arriving at the house, you notice a great deal of disarray in the house. When you introduce yourself to the mother she says, "I can't remember where we are supposed to go today but I'll figure it out in a few minutes." Immediately thereafter, you notice the oldest boy, sitting and rocking by himself. When the mother says, "Stand up and say, 'Hello,'" the boy begins slapping his head, repeating, "Go away! Go away!" The mother immediately runs over, hugs the boy and says, "He's scared of strangers." As she comforts him, rocking him slowly, she says, "It'll be okay. Just let mommy help you calm down." After 2 minutes or so, the mother gets up and says, "We'll just let him be for a while." Based upon your assessment in the above scenario, you determine the child engages in head slapping and screaming to get the attention of the mother. To test your hypothesis, you do systematic manipulations, which should involve (C.A. 4-4, 5, 5a, 5b) a) having the mother withhold attention contingent upon the head slapping and collect data then have the mother deliver attention contingent upon the head slapping and collect data b) suggest the noncontingent delivery of attention for 5 minutes then offer another positive reinforcer for the absence of head slapping and screaming c) deliver a reinforcer following the statement, "Go away," and deliver an immediate punisher for head slapping and screaming d) collect baseline on both screaming and head slapping and compare data across behaviors

A

You are talking with a staff member about a client's behavior, and that staff tells you that the client exhibited a tantrum the other day. You wish to set up a program, but you feel that you will need consent to do it. What are the three elements needed? a. capacity, informed, voluntariness b. informed, voluntariness, older than 18 years old c. no coercion, cost/benefits, approval d. informed, approval, legal age

A

You are teaching a child to ask for help as a replacement skill for aggression. You praise the child every time she asks appropriately for help. Your data show that aggression is now almost non-existent and that she is asking for help when she needs it. Next you should: a) Place "asking for help" on a different schedule of reinforcement b) Plan an ultimate outcome c) Contact the funder and close the case as a treatment success d) Implement a multiple baseline design

A

You are working with a child on teaching swimming. You teach the child to do the front crawl. After a few weeks of teaching, the child is doing both the front crawl and also starts doing the breast stroke. What has occurred? A. Stimulus generalization B. Response generalization C. Failure to generalize D. Maintenance

A

You are working with a client who finds physical touch to be aversive. When the person is off task, the program calls for you to give a warning by counting to "10"; at that point, you gently touch him if he has not back on task. The touch remains until he returns to task. Please note that being touched is aversive for this particular individual. If the person gets back on task when he is touched, this is an example of: a. Escape b. Avoidance c. Positive reinforcement d. Negative punishment

A

You are working with a client who finds physical touch to be aversive. When the person is off task, the program calls for you to give a warning by counting to 10; at that point, you gently touch him if he is not back on task. The touch remains until he returns to task. Please note that being touched is aversive for this particular individual. If the person gets back on task when he is touched, this is an example of: A. Escape B. Avoidance C. Positive reinforcement D. Stimulus fading

A

You have been asked to consult on a case involving a 10 year old girl who engages in some severe SIB at home, such as scratching her head, banging her head, and poking her eyes. She lives at home with her mother and father. She is nonverbal, but will take her parents by the hand and show them things that she wants. She seems to be able to perform many tasks, but the SIB definitely interferes with many activities. For example, she engages in high-rate SIB during meals. Select the most reasonable first step in the treatment process. You wish to conduct some descriptive analyses. Which of the following is NOT a rationale for such an activity? a. To determine functional relations b. To provide information that might lead to a functional relationship c. To examine patterns of the behavior d. To generate hypotheses about the behavior

A

You wish to broaden Ellen's social contacts with others. You note that many of her potential peers enjoy bowling and eating at Italian restaurants. But, you are unsure if Ellen shares these same interests. What might you do? a. Conduct a reinforcer preference survey. b. Implement a DRO schedule using bowling as a reinforcer. c. Use an establishing operation to make bowling a reinforcer. d. Ask Susan's mother

A

• Individuals are most likely to satiate on A. CRF schedules B. FR schedules C. intermittent schedules D. VR schedules

A. CRF schedules

• The student orally responded to a peer's greeting on 9 of 10 opportunities. These data are measuring A. Frequency B. force C. duration D. locus

A. Frequency

• In many ways, "sticking to" a pre determined scope and sequence for curriculum and instruction, without any adjustments, violates which ethical standard? A. behavioral assessment and ongoing evaluation B. most effective treatment procedures available C. treatment by a competent behavioral analyst D. none of these

A. behavioral assessment and ongoing evaluation

• Kalani does not greet peers. The IEP team decided to target Kanali greeting peers regularly. The teacher incorporates a reinforcement system where Kanali is initially expected to greet two peers in the day to earn reinforcement. After this is mastered, the criteria increases to four greetings to earn reinforcement. After this is mastered, the criteria increases to six greetings to earn reinforcement. The most appropriate design for this example is: A. changing criterion design B. AB design C. changing conditions design D. reversal design

A. changing criterion design

• Mrs. Kimura implemented a reinforcement intervention to improve Maile's spelling. She evaluated the reinforcement intervention using a reversal design. Maile's spelling accuracy is called the ____________________. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. confounding variable D. intervention variable

A. dependent variable

• The student who follows the rules each day earns 5 extra minutes of recess. Following the rules is considered the A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. confounding variable D. intervention variable

A. dependent variable

• Which schedule of reinforcement is illustrated by the following phenomenon? In many college courses, a mid term exam occurs during the 8th week of the semester, and a final exam is scheduled during the 16th week of the semester. This virtually guarantees that students' studying behavior will increase dramatically immediate before the exams, and virtually disappear after the exams. A. fixed interval B. variable interval C. fixed ratio D. variable ratio

A. fixed interval

• Use this dimension of measurement to collect data on how many correct math problems the student completes. A. frequency B. duration C. latency D. rate

A. frequency

• In order for a practice to be considered "socially valid" it must: A. meet the acceptability requirements of its consumers B. meet the effectiveness requirements of the environment C. use techniques considered ethical by professionals D. all of the above

A. meet the acceptability requirements of its consumers

• When the presence of an observer affects the behavior of the students being observed and the teacher, this is known as ____________________. A. reactivity B. observer drift C. complexity D. expectancy

A. reactivity

• In applied behavior analysis, applied refers to target behaviors and interventions conducted in A. real life settings (classrooms, homes, etc.) B. laboratory settings C. simulated settings D. generalization settings

A. real life settings (classrooms, homes, etc.)

• A good way to identify potential reinforcers for an individual is A. reinforcer sampling B. reinforcer conditioning C. reinforcer testing D. reinforcer matching

A. reinforcer sampling

ABAB design is also known as the A. reversal design B. alternating treatments design C. changing criterions design D. multiple baseline

A. reversal design

• Sandie cleans her room when her father asks her to clean it. He then offers to take her shopping. The next time he asks her to clean her room, she does so immediately. This illustrates A. the Premack principle B. the matching law C. a natural schedule of reinforcement D. pairing

A. the Premack principle

• The person who knows best what kind of reinforcement a student desires at any one time is A. the student B. the teacher C. the parents D. peers

A. the student

Continuous reinforcement schedules are most useful during the _________ phase of learning.

Acquisition

"Gregor has difficulty learning because he has Down syndrome" is an example of what explanation of behavior? A. biophysical explanation B. developmental explanation C. cognitive explanation D. behavioral explanation

Answer Key: A

Every time the teacher asks a question, an overly eager student raises and waves his hands in front of her. In order to get him to stop this behavior, the teacher calls on him for the answer. The probability of the student raising and waving his hands again is: A. increased B. decreased C. extinguished D. reinforced

Answer Key: A

Factors affecting the efficacy of a response do NOT include: A. degree of student's disability B. schedule of reinforcement C. delay between discriminative stimulus and delivery of reinforcer D. physical effort required to perform the response

Answer Key: A

For an explanation of behavior to be parsimonious, it must A. provide the simplest explanation B. be testable C. provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances D. account for a substantial quantity of behavior

Answer Key: A

Ms. Lannister announces to the class that they will be transitioning from reading to math. Jamie begins to cry and puts his head down. Ms. Lannister is busy with other students and is not able to immediately attend to Jamie's crying. Ms. Lannister goes to Jamie after 20 minutes in which case Jamie has been sitting with his head down on his desk, while other students have been working on their math activity. What is the likely function of Jamie's behavior? A. avoidance B. tangible C. sensory D. attention

Answer Key: A

Ms. Lannister taught Jamie to use a self monitoring of his on task behavior during reading time. She observes Jamie in his general education art class and Jamie is displaying many off task behaviors. Ms. Lannister teaches Jamie to use the self monitoring checklist in this setting. Ms. Lannister next observes Jamie in his health class and Jamie is displaying many off task behaviors. Ms. Lannister again teaches Jamie to use his self monitoring checklist in health class. This is an example of which generalization procedure? A. sequentially modify B. train sufficient exemplars C. introduce to natural maintaining contingencies D. train loosely

Answer Key: A

Ms. Stark is teaching John to tie his shoes in steps starting with the first step and moving on to the next step once John reaches mastery of the first step. This is an example of? A. forward chaining B. increasing assistance C. graduated guidance D. task analysis

Answer Key: A

Ms. Tully teaches Samuel a functional communication skill of asking for one to one time/help when he needs assistance. She provides immediate attention and assistance when Samuel uses the functional communication skill. If Samuel tantrums, Ms. Tully ignores Samuel. This is an example of which differential reinforcement schedule? A. DRA B. DRL C. DRI D. DRO

Answer Key: A

Robb is teaching Rikkon to order food from many different places in which the procedures may vary slightly. Rikkon has learned to pay and get his food in the school cafeteria, order food from McDonald's drive thru, stand in line at Koa Pancake House to order his food, and order his food at the Chili's restaurant. This is an example of applying which generalization procedure? A. train sufficient exemplars B. use indiscriminable contingencies C. train loosely D. sequentially modify

Answer Key: A

The first step in self instruction involves: A. an adult modeling the procedure while overtly talking through each step B. a student completing the steps following an adult's directions C. a student completes the steps following picture prompts D. none of the above

Answer Key: A

These types of schedules result in behaviors that are resistant to extinction A. Intermittent B. CRF C. Fixed D. Interval

Answer Key: A

You can hypothesize the function of the behavior by looking primarily at the _________________. A. consequence B. setting events C. discriminative stimulus D. establishing operation

Answer Key: A

A teacher measured Tommen's out of seat behavior during reading, music, and math periods. The appropriate design for use in this instance was: A. reversal design B. multiple baseline design C. alternating treatments design D. changing criterion design

Answer Key: B

John was on a CRF schedule to reinforce the behavior of raising his hand before speaking out. His teacher decided she needed to thin his schedule of reinforcement from a CRF to VI 10 schedule. John's use of handing raising decreased and he began to call out without raising his hand. The behavioral principle which explains this situation is __________. A. Premack Principle B. ratio strain C. thinning D. behavioral contrast

Answer Key: B

Ms. Baratheon notices that Robert is beginning to ask for help (1:1 help) at least 3 times an instructional period. She decides to limit this behavior to once an instructional period. Robert receives reinforcement when he asks for help (1:1 help) only once in an instructional period. If Robert asks for help a second time within an instructional period, Ms. Baratheon ignores Robert. This is an example of which differential reinforcement schedule? A. DRO B. DRL C. DRA D. DRI

Answer Key: B

Ms. Stark no longer gives John attention for his tantrum behaviors. After a few times of ignoring his tantrums she sees that his frequency of tantrums is decreasing. This is referred to as __________________________. A. positive reinforcement B. extinction C. punishment D. negative reinforcement

Answer Key: B

Shae was learning to place a food order when at a local restaurant. During her training period, Shae was taught to make her selection when asked, "May I take your order." However, when at the local restaurant Shae did not respond with her food order when asked, "What can I get you." Shae demonstrated a lack of _____________________. A. response generalization B. stimulus generalization C. response maintenance D. A and B only

Answer Key: B

A functional analysis consists of: A. indirect assessments B. scatterplot data C. experimentally manipulated conditions D. all of the above

Answer Key: C

According to Baer, Wolf, & Risley, which dimension of ABA is concerned with intervention procedures being thoroughly described so that another ABA professional could implement the procedure accurately? A. behavioral B. conceptually systematic C. technological D. analytic

Answer Key: C

It takes Arya 30 minutes to complete 20 multiplication examples. Her teacher wants this reduced to 15 minutes. The most appropriate design for this example is: A. reversal design B. AB design C. changing criterion design D. multiple baseline design

Answer Key: C

Joffrey had 6 tantrums on Wednesday and 12 tantrums on Friday. This describes which dimension of behavior? A. duration B. topography C. frequency D. locus

Answer Key: C

Joffrey tantrums 2.3 times in one hour. This describes which dimension of behavior? A. force B. duration C. rate D. frequency

Answer Key: C

Joffrey's tantrums involve lying on the ground face down, crying, and banging his fists on the ground. This describes which dimension of behavior? A. duration B. force C. topography D. rate

Answer Key: C

Maintenance _______________________ across time. A. consistency B. settings C. generalization D. reliability

Answer Key: C

Ms. Stark reinforces Robb's appropriate behavior by adding marbles to a jar. Each time that Robb displays inappropriate behavior, Ms. Stark removes two marbles from the jar. Robb stops displaying inappropriate behavior. Ms. Stark's removing marbles functioned as ___________________________. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. negative punishment D. positive punishment

Answer Key: C

Ms. Stark reinforces Robb's appropriate behavior by adding marbles to a jar. Each time that Robb displays inappropriate behavior, Ms. Stark removes two marbles from the jar. Robb stops displaying inappropriate behavior. Ms. Stark's removing marbles is an example of _____________________ A. negative reinforcement B. extinction C. response cost D. positive punishment

Answer Key: C

On community based instruction days, Gendry has been screaming each time he sees a yellow bus. Ms. Stark decides to teach Gendry to quietly sing his favorite song with her as they walk from the school to the bus stop. Ms. Stark reinforces Gendry's singing along with her and if Gendry screams, Ms. Stark ignores him. This is an example of which differential reinforcement schedule? A. DRL B. DRA C. DRI D. DRO

Answer Key: C

Pairing stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicits a response is known as all of the following EXCEPT: A. classical B. Pavlovian C. shaping D. respondent conditioning

Answer Key: C

The number of behavioral occurrences observed in session 1 is graphed. In session 2, the number of behavioral occurrences is added to the number of occurrences for the previous session and plotted on the graph. This describes which type of graph? A. bar B. line C. cumulative D. pie

Answer Key: C

The process of systematically manipulating antecedents and consequences to determine their effect on occasioning and maintaining the target behavior is _____. A. functional behavior assessment B. enhanced functioning C. functional analysis D. experimental control

Answer Key: C

This theory holds that human behavior is lawful and its causes can be identified in environmental events. A. Gestalt B. Positivist C. Deterministic D. Constructivist

Answer Key: C

After finishing lunch, Jaqen left his trash on the table. His teacher responded by having him pick up the trash left behind at each table in the cafeteria. This procedure is known as __________. A. positive practice B. negative practice C. response cost D. restitutional overcorrection

Answer Key: D

During period 3 math, Yara will get 9 of 10 correct in 3 consecutive opportunities. What is missing from this behavioral objective? A. performance criteria B. learner C. condition D. target behavior

Answer Key: D

Euron has received reinforcement for on task behavior during math time (non preferred subject). Ms. Greyjoy notices that Euron has been on task for science period after the math period. This is an example of A. stimulus overselectivity B. discriminative stimulus C. response control D. stimulus generalization

Answer Key: D

Given a highly controversial topic, Tyrion will present two arguments for each side (pro and con) of the topic and will then choose a side of the topic that he most agrees with and justify his choice. What is missing from this behavioral objective? A. learner B. condition C. target behavior D. performance criteria

Answer Key: D

Mr. Lewin has noticed that a student in his fourth period class has been exhibiting some inappropriate behaviors. Mr. Lewin has attempted to correct the behavior using evidence based behavior management programs, but Samuel continues to exhibit the behaviors. Mr. Lewin and the IEP committee have decided to develop a Behavior Support Plan for Lewin. What is the next step in developing a Behavior Support Plan? A. conduct a functional assessment B. screening C. conduct a functional analysis D. identify the target behavior

Answer Key: D

Ms. Stark is teaching Robb to tie his shoes. Ms. Stark starts by prompting through all of the steps except for pulling tight the last step. Once Robb is able to pull tight consistently, she prompts him through all but the last two steps. Ms. Stark is using ________________ A. graduated guidance B. task analysis C. increasing assistance D. backward chaining

Answer Key: D

Ms. Stark provides reinforcement to John with positive praise and encouragement when he is engaging in any behavior except for tantrum behavior. This is an example of which differential reinforcement schedule? A. DRI B. DRA C. DRL D. DRO

Answer Key: D

Positive behavior support (PBS) can be successfully implemented with _______________________ A. individuals B. all students in a classroom C. all students in a school D. all of the above

Answer Key: D

When Eddard is told he needs to put away his toys when recess is over, Eddard cries for about 35 minutes. Which dimension of behavior is being measured? A. latency B. rate C. locus D. duration

Answer Key: D

When should the teacher stop baseline and intervene? A. after collecting at least 3 data points B. when time permits C. after collecting more than enough data D. when baseline data are stable or have established a trend in an undesirable direction

Answer Key: D

Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary reinforcer? A. verbal praise B. a paycheck C. a gold star D. a nap

Answer Key: D

Which single case research design cannot be used to assess for a functional relation? A. changing criterion B. reversal C. multiple baseline D. AB

Answer Key: D

A student learns the concept of "red" through training on a continuum of red colored items as well as blue and green items. The teacher has used: • A. general case programming • B. training loosely • C. train and hope • D. indiscriminable contingencies

Answer Key:A

A teacher designed an intervention to teach Ann to stay on task during reading, music, and math periods. The appropriate design for use in this instance was: • A. multiple baseline design • B. changing criterion design • C. reversal design • D. alternating treatments design

Answer Key:A

During math and science, Tommy plays with his school supplies instead of doing his assignments. His peers laugh at the silly things he does (flicking spit balls with his pencil, stacking his erasers, etc.). During social studies class, Tommy pays close attention to the teacher, reads his textbook when told to do so, and completes all assignments without delay. What likely accounts for the differences in Tommy's performance across classes? • A. setting events • B. peer laughter • C. extinction • D. positive practice

Answer Key:A

Fading stimulus prompts gradually so that the student consistently makes correct responses is a method of • A. errorless learning • B. time delay • C. increasing assistance • D. response prompting

Answer Key:A

Fisticuffs loses recess time contingent on kicking peers at recess, but earns recess time contingent on walking to an adult supervisor, or saying, "Stop it" to a peer, when faced with conflict situations at recess. This scenario illustrates the application of • A. DRA • B. DRI • C. DRL • D. DRO

Answer Key:A

Generalization across time is also known as • A. maintenance • B. temporal generalization • C. stimulus generalization • D. response generalization

Answer Key:A

Gradual removal of prompts is known as _______________. • A. fading • B. backward chaining • C. shaping • D. all of the above

Answer Key:A

Gradual removing of prompts is known as ______________. • A. fading • B. backward chaining • C. shaping • D. all of the above

Answer Key:A

In applied behavior analysis, applied refers to target behaviors and interventions conducted in • A. real life settings (classrooms, homes, etc.) • B. laboratory settings • C. simulated settings • D. generalization settings

Answer Key:A

In many ways, "sticking to" a pre determined scope and sequence for curriculum and instruction, without any adjustments, violates which ethical standard? • A. behavioral assessment and ongoing evaluation • B. most effective treatment procedures available • C. treatment by a competent behavioral analyst • D. none of these

Answer Key:A

In order for a practice to be considered "socially valid" it must: • A. meet the acceptability requirements of its consumers • B. meet the social acceptability requirements of the environment • C. use techniques considered ethical by professionals • D. all of the above

Answer Key:A

Individuals are most likely to satiate on • A. CRF schedules • B. FR schedules • C. intermittent schedules • D. VR schedules

Answer Key:A

Maile's spelling accuracy is called the ____________________. • A. dependent variable • B. independent variable • C. confounding variable • D. intervention variable

Answer Key:A

Ms. Takiyama is teaching her students to make instant ramen. She guides the students in following a picture recipe that illustrates the steps of the task. When a student does not begin a task step, or makes an error, Ms. Takiyama physically assists the student in doing the step correctly. The picture recipe is • A. a visual prompt • B. a verbal prompt • C. a faded prompt • D. a model prompt

Answer Key:A

Ms. Targaryen would like to increase Drogo's spelling accuracy by implementing the cover, copy, compare strategy. What is the independent variable? • A. The strategy • B. Spelling test • C. Spelling accuracy • D. Drogo

Answer Key:A

On average, students in science Group A ask for assistance 8 12 times per 20 minutes period. The teacher wants to decrease this behavior. She tells the group that if they are able to complete their 20 minute lab assignment with no more than 8 requests for assistance, they will receive 5 bonus points for their work. This is an example of • A. Differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior • B. differential reinforcement of other behaviors • C. differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors • D. noncontingent reinforcement

Answer Key:A

Systematically waiting before delivering a prompt and allowing a student to respond before the prompt is a procedure known as • A. time delay • B. stimulus shaping • C. duration • D. latency

Answer Key:A

The ABAB design is also known as the • A. reversal design • B. alternating treatments design • C. changing criterions design • D. multiple baseline

Answer Key:A

The best way to conduct a functional analysis is to • A. conduct a single subject experiment using a multielement or reversal design • B. conduct a behavioral interview of family members • C. conduct an ABC analysis • D. observe the student across several days and record the observations on a scatterplot

Answer Key:A

The events or unresolved conflicts that initiate an escalation cycle are • A. triggers • B. peak • C. escalators • D. unconditioned stimuli

Answer Key:A

The student orally responded to a peer's greeting on 9 of 10 opportunities. These data are measuring • A. accuracy • B. topography • C. duration • D. locus

Answer Key:A

The student who follows the rules each day earns 5 extra minutes of recess. Following the rules is considered the • A. dependent variable • B. independent variable • C. confounding variable • D. intervention variable

Answer Key:A

Time delay is a prompting technique that employs • A. temporal fading • B. graduated guidance • C. automated audio prompts • D. video prompting

Answer Key:A

Use this dimension of measurement to collect data on how many correct math problems the student completes. • A. event • B. duration • C. latency • D. rate

Answer Key:A

What is known as a "demonstration of behavior"? • A. Modeling • B. Shaping • C. Positive Reinforcement • D. Operant Conditioning

Answer Key:A

When the function of a student's verbal threats is to avoid school, suspension from school • A. will reinforce future occurrences of the student's verbal threats • B. is what that student deserves for voicing verbal threats • C. will teach that student a lesson • D. will show that student we won't put up with the student's verbal threats

Answer Key:A

When the presence of an observer affects the behavior of both the students being observed and the teacher, this bias is known as ____________________. • A. reactivity • B. observer drift • C. complexity • D. expectancy

Answer Key:A

When using a planned ignoring procedure, the teacher should • A. Reinforce other students' appropriate behaviors • B. comment on the inappropriate behavior • C. place a dunce cap on the student's head • D. none of the above

Answer Key:A

Which dimension of applied behavior analysis focuses on social validity? • A. Applied • B. Effective • C. Generality • D. Behavioral

Answer Key:A

Which is NOT considered an occasion in which IDEA requires the development of a behavior support plan? • A. when a student causes disruption in school and community based educational environments • B. when a student's behavior is such that it may result in a suspension up to ten days • C. when a student's behavior is such that it may result in a change of educational placement • D. when a pattern of behavior impedes the learning of the student or of another student

Answer Key:A

Which schedule of reinforcement is illustrated by the following phenomenon? In many college courses, a mid term exam occurs during the 8th week of the semester, and a final exam is scheduled during the 16th week of the semester. This virtually guarantees that students' studying behavior will increase dramatically immediate before the exams, and virtually disappear after the exams. • A. fixed interval • B. variable interval • C. fixed ratio • D. variable ratio

Answer Key:A

Which type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction? • A. variable • B. fixed • C. CRF • D. naturalistic

Answer Key:A

A high school special education teacher has a 10th grade student sorting color blocks every day until the student reaches 10/10 for five consecutive days. This may be in violation of which ethical ABA procedure? • A. Services whose overriding goal is personal welfare • B. Programs that teach functional skills • C. Most effective treatment procedure • D. Therapeutic environment

Answer Key:B

A student who is at the maintenance level of a new skill should be on a(n) _____________schedule of reinforcement • A. continuous • B. intermittent • C. natural reinforcement • D. variable ratio 2

Answer Key:B

According to Alberto and Troutman, which one is NOT a function of inappropriate behavior? • A. gain attention • B. extinction • C. escape from attention • D. avoid a demanding or boring task

Answer Key:B

Accountability is not only ethical practice, but also a way for teachers to __________________________. • A. showcase their ability to write appropriate goals • B. verify effectiveness of his or her teaching • C. demonstrate compliance with federal mandates • D. None of the above

Answer Key:B

Applied behavior analysis is concerned primarily with • A. respondent conditioning • B. operant conditioning • C. developmental theory • D. biophysical explanations of behavior

Answer Key:B

As Ms. Bolton analyzes her graphic data on Walda's on task behavior, she notices that in her simple A B design, there is a positive change in level and trend after the intervention is introduced. Ms. Bolton can tentatively say that her intervention demonstrated ____________________. • A. Undesirable outcome • B. Effectiveness • C. External validity • D. Experimental control

Answer Key:B

Fading stimulus prompts gradually so that the student consistently makes correct responses is a method of • A. increasing assistance • B. time delay • C. response prompting • D. errorless prompting

Answer Key:B

From a behavioral perspective, the fact that most people, including you and me, do NOT teach for free, illustrates: • A. people are inherently greedy • B. money is a generalized conditioned reinforcer • C. money is a primary reinforcer • D. all of these

Answer Key:B

From most preferred to least preferred, the procedures for reducing behaviors are: • A. remove desirable stimuli; differential reinforcement; extinction; present aversive stimuli • B. differential reinforcement; extinction; remove desirable stimuli; present aversive stimuli • C. differential reinforcement; remove desirable stimuli; extinction; present aversive stimuli • D. remove desirable stimuli; extinction; differential reinforcement; present aversive stimuli

Answer Key:B

Graduated guidance is a fading procedure that • A. begins with a verbal prompt • B. is used to fade physical prompts • C. is concerned with the time the prompt is given • D. always increases the amount of assistance within a trial

Answer Key:B

Having students with severe disabilities stack blocks instead of teaching them how to stack their own personal food items on a shelf illustrates a violation of which ethical standard? • A. therapeutic environment • B. programs that teach functional skills • C. behavioral assessment and ongoing evaluation • D. all of these

Answer Key:B

Interobserver agreement is also known as ________? • A. All of the above • B. Reliability • C. Consensus • D. Validity

Answer Key:B

Keone is a 12 year old boy with autism spectrum disorder. He attends middle school, is passionate about sports, and likes to read manga. Who is he mostly likely to imitate? • A. Sandy, an 11 year old, who lives next door to him and attends a private school. • B. Alika, a 15year old outstanding basketball player, who he often sees at the park where he watches basketball games. • C. Timmy, a classmate, who likes to play video games. • D. Trina, his older sister, who often takes care of him.

Answer Key:B

Mr. G. checked at five minute intervals to see if Jane was playing appropriately in a small group. He was using: • A. interval recording • B. time sampling • C. event recording • D. duration recording

Answer Key:B

Ms. Coulter was successful using a token reinforcement system with Jordan to decrease his inappropriate behaviors in her class. Mr. Johnson is now going to implement the same token system in his other class in hopes that Jordan's behavior will improve This is an example of what generalization technique? • A. train loosely • B. sequential modification • C. introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies • D. mediate generalization

Answer Key:B

Ms. Sims was having difficulty getting Tia to sit during morning circle. She decided that she would reinforce Tia's attempts to sit during circle time. She began by providing reinforcement to Tia when she was standing next to her chair. Once Tia could do that, she only provided reinforcement Tia when she had one knee on her chair. When Tia was consistently placing one knee on her chair, then Ms. Sims only provided reinforcement when any part of her butt was touching the chair. Ms. Sims employed which of the following behavioral techniques? • A. modeling • B. shaping • C. criterion conditioning • D. positive practice

Answer Key:B

Ms. Takiyama is teaching her students to make instant ramen. She guides the students in following a picture recipe that illustrates the steps of the task. When a student does not begin a task step, or makes an error, Ms. Takiyama physically assists the student in doing the step correctly. Ms. Takiyama's physical assistance is • A. a visual prompt • B. a response prompt • C. a faded prompt • D. a model prompt

Answer Key:B

Ms. Targaryen would like to increase Drogo's spelling accuracy by implementing the cover, copy, compare strategy. What is the dependent variable? • A. Spelling test • B. Spelling accuracy • C. The strategy • D. Drogo

Answer Key:B

Ms. Tarly would like to increase Stannis's multiplication facts fluency from a rate of 10 correct per minute to 40 correct per minute. Which single case research design should she implement? • A. Reversal • B. Changing criterion • C. Multiple baseline • D. Alternating treatments

Answer Key:B

Ms. Tyrell wants to implement multiple strategies with Tommen to determine which strategy is the most effective. Which single case research design should Ms. Tyrell implement? • A. Changing criterion • B. Alternating treatments • C. A B • D. Multiple baseline

Answer Key:B

Professor Grundy implemented a BSM procedure to increase his writing. His goal was 10 pages per day. One component of his plan was to put a marble in a cup each time his mind wandered from his writing task. His rule was that he'd write one extra page for each marble over 10 that accumulated in his cup each day. What behavioral principle is Professor Grundy employing with the marble component of his BSM plan? • A. Negative reinforcement • B. Positive punishment • C. Negative punishment • D. Positive reinforcement

Answer Key:B

Stimulus generalization is the performance of a skill • A. at least one week after meeting criterion • B. in a setting where training did not occur. • C. in conditions where an appropriate discriminative stimulus in not present • D. in another training environment

Answer Key:B

The abscissa or x axis on a line graph usually indicates __________________. • A. Scale • B. Time period • C. Dependent variable • D. Performance of target behavior

Answer Key:B

The antecedent stimuli refers to which component of a behavioral objective? • A. Performance criteria • B. Condition • C. Target behavior • D. Learner

Answer Key:B

The basic single subject design is the • A. reversal design • B. AB design • C. changing criterion design • D. multiple baseline design

Answer Key:B

The intervention being evaluated in a single subject research design is known as the • A. dependent variable • B. independent variable • C. confounding variable • D. intervention variable

Answer Key:B

The ordinate scale or y axis on a line graph indicates _____________________. • A. Scale • B. Performance of target behavior • C. Time period • D. Independent variable

Answer Key:B

The teacher implements a spelling strategy to increase Maile's spelling accuracy, the strategy is the ____________________. • A. dependent variable • B. independent variable • C. confounding variable • D. intervention variable

Answer Key:B

The term "therapeutic" in therapeutic environment refers to an environment that is ____________________. • A. inclusive of students with disabilities • B. safe, humane, and responsive to individual needs • C. least restrictive • D. calming and peaceful

Answer Key:B

This phase of the escalation cycle is associated with teachers who teach clearly, have organized classrooms, and provide students with contingent and non contingent attention/reinforcement. • A. agitation • B. calm • C. peak • D. escalation

Answer Key:B

This technique is often successful in teaching students to tie their shoes as it allows for a feeling of success and independence at the end of every trial • A. shaping • B. backwards chaining • C. forward chaining • D. total task presentation

Answer Key:B

To identify the function of problem behavior, focus on • A. the topography of the problem behavior • B. the consequences to the problem behavior • C. the antecedents to the problem behavior • D. the situations when the problem behavior does not occur

Answer Key:B

Tyrion picks his nose in class. His teacher provides token reinforcers whenever Tyrion keeps his hands in his pockets. This is an example of: • A. DRA • B. DRI • C. DRL • D. DRO

Answer Key:B

Use this dimension of measurement to collect data on how long (minutes and seconds) it takes a student to complete a math assignment. • A. event • B. duration • C. latency • D. rate

Answer Key:B

When Sara sees the family dog, she approaches him and "pets" him, but when she sees the cat, she goes into another room and does not approach or pet her. This is an example of • A. respondent conditioning • B. stimulus control • C. response generalization • D. concept formation

Answer Key:B

When behavior analysts say a goal is humane, he or she is saying ___________________________. • A. appropriate and responsible • B. most effective way to improve student behavior • C. sensitive to the desired outcome • D. None of the above

Answer Key:B

When designing an intervention to address problem behavior in the classroom, the first type of approach to use should be • A. extinction • B. differential reinforcement • C. positive punishment • D. response cost

Answer Key:B

When the observer changes the stringency in which he or she applies operational definitions, this bias is known as ________________. • A. reactivity • B. observer drift • C. complexity • D. expectancy

Answer Key:B

Which item illustrates two dimension of measurement - force and locus? • A. The student shouted, 5 occurrences. • B. Mica squeezed hard enough that it left a thumbshaped bruise on Kia's left bicep • C. Alton types 110 correct characters per minute with only 1 error during timed typing trials • D. Alton's types with 99% accuracy

Answer Key:B

Which of the following illustrates a prompt that is likely to be the most effective in teaching a student where to write his name on his paper? • A. An example of a neatly written assignment, including a student's name on the line at the top of the paper. • B. Yellow highlighting added to the line at the top of the paper where the student's name should be written • C. Verbal instructions to the students to remember to write their names on their papers • D. Reminding the students to work quietly and to concentrate on their assignment

Answer Key:B

Which of the following statements identifies the function of problem behavior? • A. Leah hit her brother because she was angry. • B. Leah hit her brother because he screams and runs crying to their mother when he gets hit • C. Leah hit her brother because she didn't sleep well the night before. • D. Leah hit her brother because he stuck his tongue out at her.

Answer Key:B

self monitoring occurs ___the time that a student performs a task; selfevaluation occurs ___ . • A. after; during • B. during; after • C. after; after • D. during; during

Answer Key:B

A reversal design has: • A. two phases • B. three phases • C. four phases • D. five phases

Answer Key:C

A task analysis should be used when • A. the need exists to systematically introduce various prompts • B. a teacher wants to decrease a student's inappropriate behaviors • C. a teacher wants a student to acquire a complex behavioral chain • D. all of the above

Answer Key:C

A task analysis should be used when • A. the need exists to systematically introduce various prompts • B. a teacher wants to decrease a student's inappropriate behaviors. • C. a teacher wants a student to acquire a complex behavioral chain. • D. all of the above.

Answer Key:C

A teacher arranges for a student to earn a preferred activity contingent on the student voicing 4 or fewer curse words per period, then 3 or fewer curse words per period, then no more than 1 curse word per period. This procedure demonstrates • A. DRA • B. DRI • C. DRL • D. DRO

Answer Key:C

A teacher is using a strategy for many years and continues to use this strategy because of past success could be in violation of which ethical ABA procedure? • A. Programs that teach functional skills • B. Accountability • C. Most effective treatment procedure • D. Treatment by a competent and professionally trained in ABA

Answer Key:C

Discrimination learning occurs through the process of • A. concept formation • B. prompting • C. differential reinforcement • D. delayed reinforcement

Answer Key:C

During period 1 when only girls are present in the resource room , Tonya raises her hand frequently to answer questions and follows teacher instructions immediately. In period 2, however, when several boys are also present in the resource room, Tonya rarely raises her hand to answer questions and usually sits and stares at her desk rather than follow teacher instructions. The presence of the boys in period 2 is likely a(n) • A. unconditioned stimulus • B. discriminative stimulus • C. setting event • D. punisher

Answer Key:C

During period 1 when only girls are present in the resource room, Tonya raises her hand frequently to answer questions and follows teacher instructions immediately. In period 2, however, when several boys are also present in the resource room, Tonya rarely raises her hand to answer questions and usually sits and stares at her desk rather than follow teacher instructions. The teacher's question is a(n) • A. unconditioned stimulus • B. discriminative stimulus • C. setting event • D. punisher

Answer Key:C

Ethically, participation in a behavior change program must be • A. informed • B. voluntary • C. both a and b • D. none of the above

Answer Key:C

Extinction should generally be used in conjunction with reinforcement procedures because • A. reinforcement will reduce anxiety associated with extinction • B. extinction is a highly aversive procedure, and is thus unethical • C. extinction is a weak procedure that requires the support of other, more effective procedures • D. if extinction is not implemented consistently, at least some behavior change may occur

Answer Key:C

For an explanation of behavior to be parsimonious, it must • A. account for a substantial quantity of behavior • B. be testable • C. provide the simplest explanation • D. provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances

Answer Key:C

In Zuna & McDougall, a simple modification that reduced Callie's escape motivated behaviors: • A. taking away her recess • B. changing where she sat during reading • C. allowing her to use nonstandard colors when writing • D. all of these

Answer Key:C

In respondent conditioning, Pavlov demonstrated that after pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus across repeated trials, eventually • A. the conditioned stimulus functions as a reinforcer • B. a dog will work to obtain the conditioned stimulus • C. the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response that was originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus • D. the unconditioned stimulus will no longer be effective in eliciting the response

Answer Key:C

Joffrey tantrums by the door. This describes which dimension of behavior? • A. Frequency • B. Force • C. Locus • D. Topography

Answer Key:C

Kai joined the paddling team at school and learned to paddle an outrigger canoe. When he went fishing with his uncle in a small boat, the engine quit and he began paddling towards shore with his hands. This is an example of • A. multiple exemplar training • B. maintenance • C. response generalization • D. general case extension

Answer Key:C

Kalani counts on his fingers to solve arithmetic computation problems. The teacher wants to teach him to solve the math problems "in his head." She gives him, consecutively, various assistance strategies of lessening the concrete nature of his prompt. The most appropriate design for this example is: • A. changing criterion design • B. AB design • C. changing conditions design • D. reversal design

Answer Key:C

Mr. Hawkins wants Abel to learn to purchase a newspaper from a newspaper vending machine. Over two weeks, Abel purchases newspapers from four different newspaper machines. This is an example of what generalization technique? • A. train loosely • B. sequentially modify • C. train sufficient exemplars • D. indiscriminable contingencies

Answer Key:C

Ms. Baratheon notices that when the counselor comes into observe and record data on Gendry, Gendry's desirable behaviors tend to increase. This is known as what bias that can affect interobserver agreement? • A. Complexity • B. Observer drift • C. Reactivity • D. Expectancy

Answer Key:C

Ms. Miranda wanted to collect baseline data on how often Lauren speaks to her neighbor during silent reading. She divided the 15 minutes of the silent reading period into equal 30 second time blocks and made a notation of Lauren's talking during each time block. The method of data collection she used was: • A. event recording • B. time sampling • C. interval recording • D. anecdotal recording

Answer Key:C

Ms. Snow wants to record data on Davos's off task behaviors that occur frequently and continuously. What recording system should Ms. Snow use? • A. Percent • B. Event • C. Interval • D. Latency

Answer Key:C

ONLY the following individuals can be taught to use BSM procedures effectively: • A. Children and adults with average to above average intelligence. • B. Children under the age of 16 • C. Children and adults, with and without disabilities • D. Individuals without disabilities over the age of 16

Answer Key:C

Primary reinforcers include: • A. points earned on an exam • B. money • C. water • D. all of these

Answer Key:C

Procedures that are mistakenly attributed as "behavioral" include: • A. positive reinforcement • B. negative reinforcement • C. electroconvulsive shock therapy • D. antecedent control

Answer Key:C

Safety is the main concern during this phase of the escalation cycle. • A. agitation • B. acceleration • C. peak • D. escalation

Answer Key:C

The behavioral term used to designate the situation in which some, but not all, instances of a particular response result in reinforcement is • A. inappropriate reinforcement • B. unpredictable reinforcement • C. intermittent reinforcement • D. predicted reinforcement

Answer Key:C

The extent to which data are consistent when two separate individuals record data on the same target behavior is called: • A. validity • B. redundancy • C. reliability or interobserver agreement • D. interobserver agreement or consensus

Answer Key:C

The goal of behavior analysis is to ______________ the number of options available to people. • A. decrease • B. control • C. increase • D. limit

Answer Key:C

The proper name for "time out" is • A. response cost • B. penalty box • C. time out from positive reinforcement • D. exclusion

Answer Key:C

The term used to designate the situation in which some, but not all, instances of a particular response result in reinforcement is • A. inappropriate reinforcement • B. unpredictable reinforcement • C. intermittent reinforcement • D. predicted reinforcement

Answer Key:C

To determine the most effective intervention for a behavior, it is necessary to analyze • A. Antecedents and behaviors • B. behaviors and consequences • C. antecedents and consequences • D. antecedents only

Answer Key:C

Use this dimension of measurement to collect data on how long (minutes and seconds) it takes a student to get started on a math assignment after the teacher says, "Start your math, now." • A. event • B. duration • C. latency • D. rate

Answer Key:C

Visual inspection of graphic data to describe a change in mean is referring to • A. Standard deviation • B. Trend • C. Level • D. Variability

Answer Key:C

When the observational coding system is difficult to use or when many behaviors are being observed simultaneously, this bias is known as ______________. • A. reactivity • B. observer drift • C. complexity • D. expectancy

Answer Key:C

Which component is poorly constructed from this behavioral objective? "Given 10 two digit addition problems, the student will solve the addition problems with 80% accuracy." • A. Condition • B. Target behavior • C. Performance criteria • D. Learner

Answer Key:C

Which of the following steps occurs LAST when teaching students how to self instruct? • A. student performs task while teacher states the task steps aloud • B. student performs task while stating the task steps aloud • C. student performs task while covertly self instructing • D. adult model performs task while stating the task steps aloud to self; student watches & listens

Answer Key:C

Why are behavior analysts also considered determinists? • A. They determine all decisions with the intervention. • B. They are determined to have the student succeed. • C. Their position is predicated on solid evidence. • D. None of the above

Answer Key:C

Why is it ethical for students with disabilities to learn functional skills? • A. Replaces academic skills • B. Will make life easier for the family at home • C. Enables students to function effectively in their environment • D. None of the above

Answer Key:C

Wilson's class went two days a week to work at a local grocery store. To assist with generalization, such as sorting, she created a simulation of the grocery store in their classroom using some of the same items as those in the grocery store. This is an example of promoting generalization using: • A. indiscriminable contingencies • B. train loosely • C. program common stimuli • D. general case programming

Answer Key:C

___________________refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable. • A. baseline • B. repeated measurement • C. experimental control • D. none of the above

Answer Key:C

"Ramsey put your shoes on and then we can go play outside." Ramsey continues to play with his toys and three minutes later, Ramsey puts on his shoes. Which dimension of behavior is this an example of? • A. Locus • B. Duration • C. Rate • D. Latency

Answer Key:D

According to Alberto and Troutman, which one is NOT a function inappropriate behavior? • A. obtain an activity (e.g., computer game) • B. avoid an event (e.g., writing a paragraph) • C. gain or escape from sensory stimulation (e.g., rocking back and forth, or covering ears) • D. making parent's life miserable (e.g., hiding parent's car key)

Answer Key:D

Baseline data is collected during what phase? • A. Before the start of the intervention design • B. "A" phase • C. "B" phase • D. Both "A" and "B" phases

Answer Key:D

During this phase of the escalation cycle, a student displays inappropriate ("engaging") behaviors that are likely to get an immediate response from you. • A. agitation • B. calm • C. peak • D. escalation

Answer Key:D

Gradually delaying reinforcement while a student is learning a new skill is a generalization strategy called • A. train and hope • B. program common stimuli • C. use multiple exemplars • D. use indiscriminable contingencies

Answer Key:D

Gregor scratches his skin so hard he bleeds. This describes which dimension of behavior? • A. Latency • B. Topography • C. Rate • D. Force

Answer Key:D

John was doing poorly in spelling with weekly test scores ranging from 20% to 40%. His mother decided to give him $2.00 if he earned 90% or better on a test. Since receiving the $2.00 for scores of 90% or higher, his spelling test scores are now consistently 90% 100%. His mother employed which of the following behavioral techniques? • A. bribery • B. Premack Principle • C. conditioning • D. positive reinforcement

Answer Key:D

Jon has been learning how to wash clothes. Ms. Stark has broken down this behavior into sequential steps. This is called _______________. • A. Scaffolding • B. Prompting • C. Checklist • D. Task analysis

Answer Key:D

Mr. Woo wants to know if using a number line or counting chips would be more effective when teaching addition to James. The most appropriate design to use is: • A. multiple baseline design • B. reversal design • C. AB design • D. alternating treatments design

Answer Key:D

Ms. Baelish decides to follow math time (non preferred activity) with story time (preferred activity) for Petyr in hopes of increasing the probability of the low frequency math activity. This is an example of __________________________. • A. pairing • B. positive punishment • C. negative reinforcement • D. Premack principle

Answer Key:D

Ms. Clegane has been working with Sandor on sharing a toy or snack with other students during class free time. During library time, as Ms. Clegane walked around to monitor her students, she saw Sandor sharing a book on sharks with another student. Ms. Clegane was happy to see this because Sandor was demonstrating learning at which level? • A. Maintenance • B. Fluency • C. Acquisition • D. Generalization

Answer Key:D

Ms. Greyjoy decides to reinforce Theon's on task behavior every fifth time he is on task. What type of reinforcement schedule is she using? • A. Fixed interval • B. Continuous schedule of reinforcement • C. Variable interval • D. Fixed ratio

Answer Key:D

Ms. Stark made sure that the counselor coming into observe Sansa had no knowledge of Sansa's previous history. What bias is Ms. Stark hoping to eliminate? • A. Reactivity • B. Observer drift • C. Complexity • D. Expectancy

Answer Key:D

Ms. Tarth reinforces Brienne's behavior on an average every of 7 minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Ms. Tarth using? • A. Responseduration • B. Limited hold • C. Fixedinterval • D. Variable interval

Answer Key:D

One disadvantage of an AB design is: • A. it cannot evaluate performance over time • B. it does not require a baseline • C. it has only a nondescriptive function • D. it does not allow for determining a functional relation

Answer Key:D

Preventative strategies that might help a student reduce off task comments during reading instruction include • A. ensuring that the student can read the material aloud by practicing prior to class • B. reducing the amount of reading (e.g., from one paragraph to one sentence) • C. having student read to educational assistant, rather than in front of whole class • D. all of these

Answer Key:D

Procedures that are mistakenly attributed as "behavioral" include: • A. response cost • B. extinction • C. shaping • D. hypnosis

Answer Key:D

Shadowing or spatial fading are techniques used with • A. time delay • B. increasing assistance • C. decreasing assistance • D. graduated guidance

Answer Key:D

Shaq misses a free throw because he failed to position his feet correctly at the foul line. His coach makes Shaq position his feet correctly, not once, but three times in rapid succession. This is an example of • A. restitutional overcorrection • B. negative practice overcorrection • C. unconditioned aversive stilumi • D. positive practice overcorrection

Answer Key:D

Stimulus control is the term used by applied behavior analysts to describe bringing behavior under the control of • A. time • B. place • C. circumstances • D. all of the above

Answer Key:D

The consent that ensures voluntary participation in a behavior change program must be _____________. • A. informed • B. voluntary • C. descriptive • D. both A & B

Answer Key:D

The last letter in the differential reinforcement of behavior acronyms DRA, DRI, DRL, & DRO respectively stand for • A. alternative, incompatible, lesser, & obvious • B. adequate, inconsistent, lesser & obvious • C. adequate, inconsistent, lower rates, & other • D. alternative, incompatible, lower rates, & other

Answer Key:D

The paycheck that teachers receive twice per month • A. is a conditioned reinforcer • B. is a secondary reinforcer • C. illustrates a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement • D. all of these

Answer Key:D

The reason for preferring self management to control by external change agents includes: • A. increased consistency • B. ability to carry out program in any setting • C. commitment of a student to a program through involvement • D. all of the above

Answer Key:D

The researcher designed an intervention to help Sam, Iris, and Noah to stay on task in computer class. The appropriate design for use in this instance was: • A. reversal • B. changing criterion • C. multiple baseline across settings • D. multiple baseline across participants

Answer Key:D

The schedule of reinforcement that keeps gamblers pumping tokens into slot machines: • A. fixed interval • B. variable interval • C. fixed ratio • D. variable ratio

Answer Key:D

Thinning a schedule of reinforcement should result in all of the following EXCEPT • A. removal of teacher as a necessary behavior monitor • B. decreasing expectation of reinforcement • C. maintenance of the behavior over longer periods of time • D. lower, more variable levels of responding

Answer Key:D

Use of an extinction procedure may result in • A. induced aggression • B. initial increase in behavior • C. spontaneous recovery • D. all of the above

Answer Key:D

Use this dimension of measurement to collect data on how many correct math problems per minute the student answers. • A. event • B. duration • C. latency • D. rate

Answer Key:D

When Sara sees the family dog, she approaches him and "pets" him, but when she sees the cat, she goes into another room and does not approach or pet her. This happens because the dog responds to petting by snuggling Sara while the cat responds to petting by scratching Sara. The behaviors of approaching the dog and petting the dog are maintained by • A. stimulus control • B. the S delta • C. setting events • D. positive reinforcement

Answer Key:D

When teachers demonstrate their competency of applied behavior analysis by allowing others to evaluate their effectiveness, they are practicing which ethical procedure? • A. Most effective treatment • B. Treatment by a competent and professionally trained in ABA • C. Treatment by a competent and professionally trained in ABA • D. Accountability

Answer Key:D

When the observer has preconceived notions about students based on past experience or information from parents and/or teacher affects the interpretation of what the observer is seeing, this bias is called ________________. • A. reactivity • B. observer drift • C. complexity • D. expectancy

Answer Key:D

When using ___________________ for fading prompts, the teacher begins with a level of prompting that virtually assures that the student will produce the appropriate response. • A. increasing assistance • B. visual prompts • C. backwards chaining • D. decreasing assistance

Answer Key:D

When using ____________________ for fading prompts, the teacher begins with a level of prompting that virtually assures that the student will produce the appropriate response. • A. increasing assistance • B. visual prompts • C. backwards chaining • D. decreasing assistance

Answer Key:D

Which factors must be considered when attempting to determine whether a proposed intervention is ethical? • A. community standards • B. individual freedom and responsibility of the student • C. laws • D. all of the above

Answer Key:D

Which of the following maintain problem behavior? • A. negative reinforcement and positive punishment • B. extinction and positive punishment • C. negative reinforcement and negative punishment • D. negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement

Answer Key:D

Which of the following provide information when conducting functional assessment to formulate a hypothesis about the underlying function of a target behavior? • A. ABC descriptive analysis • B. anecdotal reports, and scatter plot analysis • C. behavioral interviews • D. all of these

Answer Key:D

Which of the following statements is true? • A. It is unethical to believe that a child is incapable of learning academic and preacademic skills • B. It is unethical to waste the time of students for whom there is clear evidence that they are not capable of mastering traditional academics • C. It is unethical not to consider the particular environment in which an individual lives when making decisions about the skills to be taught • D. all of the above

Answer Key:D

Why is DRA often effective in reducing problem behavior? • A. Because DRA eliminates the problematic setting events • B. Because the behavior that is reinforced is more desirable than the problem behavior • C. Because most individuals will do anything that earns reinforcement • D. Because the behavior that is reinforced accomplishes the same function as the problem behavior

Answer Key:D

Why is handheld technology a resourceful tool for teachers and researchers? • A. versatility of data recording • B. portable • C. data can be exported • D. All of the above

Answer Key:D

keep up your hard work

Answer Key:D

2. An incredible fear of snakes that results from a being bitten by a snake as a youngster is an example of ________. 2.a. respondent conditioning 2.b. operant conditioning 2.c. establishing operation 2.d. extinction

Answer: a 2. Explanation: Respondent conditioned responses are often conceptualized as reflexes. The relationship is between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that precede the response.

Which is an example of a reinforcing effect? 3.a. Use of PRN medication that increases self-injury 3.b. Providing snacks for being in seat that decrease in seat behavior 3.c. Changing the seating arrangement of the class due to more students 3.d. Ensuring the child had breakfast that morning

Answer: a 3. Explanation: Reinforcers, by definition, result in an increase in behavior. Note there is no value judgment in this statement. Behavior that increases and is maintained is being reinforced. The keyword is "increase".

Certain stimuli increase the future probability of a response when they are terminated following that response. This process is ________. 8.a. negative reinforcement 8.b. positive reinforcement 8.c. positive punishment 8.d. negative punishment

Answer: a 8. Explanation: Something terminated is a negative operation. The probability of the response increasing is a reinforcing effect.

9. The quarterback from a high school football team tries out for the baseball team. With no prior experience, he becomes a very competent pitcher. His pitching motion is an example of ________. 9.a. response generalization 9.b. stimulus generalization 9.c. generalized conditioned reinforcers 9.d. generality

Answer: a 9. Explanation: The throwing of a football and a baseball are similar, not identical, motions/behaviors. The emergence of a slightly different, untrained behavior (throwing a baseball) after training another behavior (throwing a football) is an example of response generalization.

Stimuli presented or withdrawn that decrease the future probability of a behavior are ________. 7.a. reinforcers 7.b. punishers 7.c. operant 7.d. consequences

Answer: b 7. Explanation: The keyword is "decrease". A decrease in behavior following a positive or negative operation is punishment so the stimuli are termed "punishers

1. _________________ is the relationship between an antecedent, a response, and a consequence; that is some change in the consequence alters some extent of the response class. 1.a. Pavlovian conditioning model 1.b. The respondent conditioning model 1.c. The operant conditioning model 1.d. The rule governed behavior model

Answer: c 1. Explanation: Operant conditioning refers to behaviors shaped by consequences. The keyword to look for is "consequence".

4. The process of _________ is when a stimulus is withheld which results in a temporary increase in responding and an eventual reduction in response rate. 4.a. reinforcement 4.b. punishment 4.c. extinction 4.d. generalization

Answer: c 4. Explanation: The keyword is "withheld". Extinction is a procedure. It involves withholding a previous reinforcer.

A stimulus that follows a behavior in time is a ________. 5.a. reinforcer 5.b. punisher 5.c. consequence 5.d. discriminative stimulus

Answer: c 5. Explanation: Consequences proceed behaviors.

Allowing Jefferson to eat Gummy-Worms throughout the class may make any food item ineffective as reinforcers. What has occurred? 10.a. fading 10.b. thinning 10.c. shaping 10.d. satiation

Answer: d 10. Explanation: Satiation is often thought of as "having had enough."

The extent to which a behavior changes as a result of the presentation and removal of an antecedent stimulus, established through operant conditioning is ________. 6.a. reinforcement 6.b. contingency 6.c. rule-governed behavior 6.d stimulus control

Answer: d 6. Explanation: This is the exact definition of stimulus control.

A behavior analyst designs a behavior plan to teach social skills and sharing in children. She wishes to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment in an ABA design. This is an example of what characteristic of science? a. Determinism b. Experimental Evaluation c. Philosophic doubt d. Empiricism

B

A behavior analyst designs an intervention for several members of a group home. The behavior analyst writes the intervention using several acronyms and abbreviations in the plan. The plan is highly effective, but the acronyms tend to confuse the other behavior analysts. What dimension of ABA did the treatment plan violate? A. Applied B. Technological C. Effective D. Conceptually Systematic

B

A behavior is observed to occur 80 times in a 40 minute session. What is the rate of the behavior, expressed in number of occurrences per minute? a) 3 b) 2 c) 20 d) 8

B

A behavior occurs in environments other than the one in which the behavioral techniques were applied, or affects other behaviors not directly treated. We say that the training effects have: a) conceptualized b) generalized c) consolidated d) generality

B

A child saying "kitty" when she sees a dog is an example of a(n): (C.A. 3-17) a) Intraverbal b) Tact c) Mand d) Textual behavior

B

A coach tells the pitcher, "If you fake a motion towards the plate, the runner can advance. We don‟t want that to happen." The pitcher changes his stance and the motion he makes towards the plate. This behavior change is an example of _________. a) contingency shaped behavior b) rule-governed behavior c) respondent conditioning d) discrimination training

B

A horizontal line through a set of data points on a line graph shows the ________ of the behavior. a) Trend b) level c) range d) variability

B

A researcher systematically varies the conditions of an earlier experiment in order to examine its generality. This is an example of a: a) Direct reproduction b) Systematic replication c) Component analysis d) Systematic reproduction

B

Alternative appropriate behaviors that serve the same function for an individual: A. Always involve skills the individual already possesses B. Produces the same reinforcer for the individual C. Have the same topography as the problem behavior D. Always requires the same amount of response effort as the problem behavior

B

An experimenter examines the effects of three types of prompts on compliance in a developmentally disabled person. In this experiment, what is the independent variable? A. The location of the environment B. The three types of prompts C. The level of compliance D. The diagnosis of the individual

B

An experimenter wishes to evaluate which of 3 interventions is most effective to treat self-injurious behavior of a student she consults with. Which experimental design would be the most efficient approach to answer this question? a) Multiple Baseline Design across interventions b) Alternating Treatments Design c) A-B-A-B Withdrawal Design d) Changing Criterion Design

B

Arthur is exhibiting some inappropriate behaviors when there is some uncertainty as to the next activity. What might be the most reasonable first step in correcting this problem? a. Set up a behavior program that teaches tolerating uncertainty b. Teach Arthur to ask about upcoming events. c. Do a DRO schedule of reinforcement. d. Attempt a DRI if possible

B

Behavior Analyst Jack wanted to show how well his treatment intervention was working. He taught the teacher a three step procedure which included: walk up to a student; look him or her in the eyes; and third, tell them how much she appreciated his or her hard work. He wanted to choose the experimental design that would show that the best results were when the teacher did all three steps of his intervention. Bart wanted to show the teacher what the difference was between using all three steps compared to using one only or two of the steps. Which experimental design would give Jack what he seeks? a. multiple baseline across behaviors b. component analysis c. changing criterion design d. parametric analysis

B

Behavior analysis interventions that are effective in changing an individual's behavior in a socially important way are said to have: a) Parsimony b) Social validity c) Primary importance. d) Inter-observer reliability.

B

Behavior analytic interventions that are effective in changing an individual"™s behavior in a socially important way are said to have: A. Parsimony B. Social validity C. Primary importance D. Interobserver reliability

B

Behavior is objectively observed and thoroughly described and quantified. This is which underlying assumption of behavior analysis? a. Technological b. Empirical c. Applied d. Conceptually Systematic

B

Billy is a 5 year child with Down's Syndrome who exhibits some mild tantrums when examined by his physician. The tantrums comprise crying, whining, and occasionally throwing himself on the floor. The initial assessment suggests that the tantrums are escape maintained behavior. The most reasonable initial plan of action when Billy exhibits a tantrum is to: a. Temporarily place him in the waiting room until he calms down. b. Have Billy stay with the physician to ensure safety, and make sure that before Billy leaves the office, he has been cooperative for at least 1 minute. c. Have Billy go to an adjoining room and perform some overcorrection activities by practicing appropriate social behavior d. Use a water mist procedure.

B

Bob exhibits some low-level aggression when asked to do a task. What procedure might the most appropriate attempt in the initial stages of treatment? a. Timeout b. Escape extinction c. Overcorrection d. Counseling with the guidance counselor

B

Data paths are created by connecting successive data points with a straight line. Successive data points should not be connected when: a) The teacher was not present to collect the data b) They fall on either side of a phase/condition change line c) there is a high degree of variability d) there is an unplanned treatment intervention change

B

Describe how a DRI schedule might be used to decrease the frequency of walking around and bothering other workers at the work site. a. Have the person earn a reinforcer contingent on the absence of bothering others b. Provide a reinforcer contingent on working diligently and quietly at his seat c. Move his seat away from others and make it somewhat "isolated." d. Reinforce appropriate asking to visit others

B

Doug works as a Behavior Analyst in a private residential program serving adults with severe Developmental Disabilities. The direct care staff in this program is generally unmotivated and provides poor care. Doug is assigned to develop a behavior plan for Sally who is very aggressive. One of the primary concerns for Doug should be: a. The risk that a consultant will review his treatment protocol. b. The likelihood that any behavior plans will be correctly implemented. c. The collection of precise baseline data. d. That he conducts a Functional Analysis himself to avoid any problems with the staff.

B

Gradually transferring stimulus control from prompts to other discriminative stimuli is process called __________. a) shaping b) fading c) modeling d) maintenance

B

How are a conditioned stimulus and a discriminative stimulus different? a) A conditioned stimulus acquires its controlling function through association with stimuli that occur immediately after the response. b) A discriminative stimulus acquires its controlling function via stimuli that occur immediately after the response c) No difference. d) A conditioned stimulus controls Operant behavior. A discriminative stimulus controls Respondent behavior.

B

How often is a reinforcer available in an FI 10' schedule? a) Every l0th correct response b) For the first response after 10 minutes e) On the average, every l0th response f) On the average, every 10 minutes

B

If a study's written description of a procedure is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate the procedure, the study is: a) empirical b) technological c) parsimonious d) conceptually systematic

B

If an experimental design is described as A-B-A-B, we can assume that the B condition differs from the A condition with respect to the: a) Dependent variable b) Independent variable c) Abscissa d) Duration

B

In behavior analysis, the __________________ is usually __________________. A. Independent variable; a measure of behavior B. Dependent variable; a measure of behavior C. Baseline measure; unrelated to the behavior D. Independent variable; implemented before the baseline measure

B

In discrimination training: a) There are two or more responses, some of which are reinforced. b) There is one response, which is reinforced in the presence of the discriminative stimulus and is not reinforced in the presence of the S-delta. c) No responses are reinforced. d) Two stimuli are used and one is made more salient than the other so the discrimination will be learned.

B

In reference to maintenance, functional arrangements between behavior and antecedent and consequence events that occur in the environment in which the behavior of interest is to be maintained are called: A. Stimulus discriminates B. Natural contingencies C. Generalization D. Maintenance schedules

B

Jamie and Morgan have similar behavior challenges and similar daily schedules. A behavior analyst has spent extensive time and effort on developing and implementing Morgan's plan, which is proving to be very successful. How should the behavior analyst proceed with developing a treatment plan for Jamie? A. Because the behaviors are topographically similar, implementing the plan designed for Morgan would be appropriate as it is the least restrictive option. B. Complete a separate functional assessment and plan for Jamie. C. Use the same plan for both, just ensure the ecological variables correspond to the student. D. Do a separate functional analysis, but the same behavior supports can be applied to both students.

B

Jamie frequently falls to the floor and screams at school. Preliminary behavioral assessment data indicate that his tantrums are maintained by attention and escape from demand situations. Jamie's behavior analyst wants to examine precisely how attention and escape conditions affect these behaviors. The behavior analyst does not want to conduct the analysis in Jamie's classroom because she would not be able to control for potentially important factors. Relating to this scenario, which statement is TRUE? A. Analyses that involve experimental conditions are almost always conducted in the person's natural environment. B. The behavior analyst could conduct the analysis in a vacant classroom, but the generality of the findings is an issue to be considered. C. The behavior analyst should conduct detailed interviews with the teacher and school staff to determine functional relations. D. Only if the analysis is conducted in Jamie's classroom can a reasonable hypothesis be generated.

B

Kirk is interested in collecting data on Cary's whining behavior. Every ten minutes, Kirk puts a + on a data sheet if whining occurs, and a - if it does not occur. For a + to be scored, the behavior must occur at least once in the interval. Kirk is using: a) Whole interval recording b) Partial interval recording. c) Momentary time sampling d) Event recording

B

Michael wants to dunk a basketball. A basketball goal is 10 feet high. Michael asks his friend to measure how high he jumps, and to provide him with reinforcement each time he jumps higher than the last measurement. Michael does this until he is able to dunk. What procedure is Michael and his friend using? A. Chaining B. Shaping C. Prompting D. Reinforcing

B

Ms. Lannister is graphing Tyrion's behavior of greeting the teacher each morning. There is only one opportunity to greet the teacher each morning. Which type of graph would be useful in monitoring progress to the criterion of five consecutive correct responses? • A. Line • B. Cumulative record • C. Bar • D. None of the above

B

Select a procedure that exemplifies discrimination training: a. When training hand washing, train in different bathrooms that have different "looks." b. Reinforce behavior when a particular verbal cue is provided, and do not reinforce the behavior in the presence of other cues c. Train the behavior on FR1 first then observe the child on a VR4 schedule. d. None of the above

B

Select the best example of a discriminative stimulus: a. A person becomes upset when he is presented with a task b. A child says "fine" when a stranger says "How are you?" c. A student becomes nervous upon entering the exam room d. A child's eyes water when onions are being cut in the room

B

Select the best example that shows an Establishing Operation. a. A child begins to whine when his mom walks in the room. b. A child steals drinks after eating salty foods. c. A guy talks street talk when with his friends. d. A mom smiles when her child tells her thank you

B

Some stimuli increase the future probability of a response when they are terminated immediately following that response. This process is called: a) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) negative punishment

B

The BEST definition for mouthing behavior would be any instance of Luke. A. placing his mouth on any object for at least 5 seconds. B. placing his open mouth on a non-nutritive object or placing a non-nutritive object in his mouth. C. making contact with his mouth to any non-nutritive object. D. mouthing a non-nutritive item for 3 or more consecutive instances within a 30 second interval.

B

The PRIMARY advantage of using a multiple baseline design across subjects is that: A. an intervention may be applied to more than one individual. B. experimental control can be demonstrated without a reversal. C. it is the most effective method for establishing functional relations. D. more individuals benefit from the effects of an intervention.

B

The form or shape of a behavior is known as its: a) Topology b) Topography c) Magnitude d) Latency

B

The number of time intervals in a specific period of time during which a response occurs continuously for an entire interval is which measure? A. Partial-interval recording B. Whole-interval recording C. Momentary time sampling D. Percentage of occurrence

B

The philosophy of determinism, as applied to the analysis of behavior, assumes that behavior is: a. subject to random occurrences. b. caused by some event or combination of events. c. a cause of other events. d. determined by the will of the person.

B

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. You wish to do some systematic manipulations to confirm the hypothesis. Which of the following best exemplifies this? a. Collect and organize ABC data b. Have mom remain close to the child. Then have her leave the child's side. Count SIB when the child is close to mom and when mom is not close by. c. Examine ABC data and look for SIB when mom is close by and when mom is not. d. Examine SIB in and out of task.

B

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. Another variable that you wish to study is sleep patterns. You are guessing that when she does not sleep well, the SIB becomes more violent. This is what type of variable? a. SD b. MO c. CS d. CR

B

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. In the systematic manipulation, you indeed see that the child quickly engages in SIB as soon as the mom leaves her side. In fact, it starts up within 1-2 seconds after the mom gets up to leave. These are examples of what kind of data? a. Rate b. Latency c. Duration d. Partial interval recording

B

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. Which of the following is the best rationale for conducting a systematic manipulation in this case? a. To collect all of the information possible about the SIB b. To provide the most reliable information about the function of the SIB c. To provide external validity information d. To provide some inductive reasoning for the assessment

B

The term, "schedule thinning" refers to: a) A prompting reduction plan b) Changing a reinforcement schedule from continuous to intermittent c) No occurrences of the behavior are reinforced. d) Switching from a high to a low rate of responses for the target behavior

B

To prioritize behaviors exhibited by a particular individual, which of the following would be the most compelling consideration? a) How much it will cost to change the behavior b) Danger to the client's safety c) How difficult it will be to change the behavior d) Wishes of the parents

B

Tokens are known technically in behavior analysis as: a. Conditioned reinforcers b. Generalized conditioned reinforcers c. Negative reinforcers d. SD's

B

Using a mean _________ of the target behavior to determine reinforcement interval during a DRO is a sound behavioral practice. a) Duration b) IRT c) Rate d) Frequency

B

What if you teach the child to swim in a pool and the child goes to the beach and can do the front crawl in the ocean? A. Stimulus generalization B. Response generalization C. Failure to generalize D. Natural contingencies

B

What kind of phenomenon might pose interpretational problems in this design? a) Response generalization b) Stimulus generalization c) Momentum d) Fading

B

When setting criteria for behavior change, behavior analysts attempt to implement the simplest mode of intervention necessary to elicit the desired outcome. As such, the identified outcome criteria should be A. applied to ecological assessments to generalize skills. B. developed prior to the identified intervention. C. initially broad in focus with subsequent reduction to a target response. D. measured independent of practice effects or reactivity.

B

When the mother employs the extinction procedure, she would expect to see: a) An immediate decrease in the behavior followed by a "burst" in the rates b) An immediate increase in the rates followed by a steady decrease c) A slow decrease in the rates over next couple of months d) The head banging immediately ceases and then you would see "spontaneous recovery."

B

Which explanation meets all 4 components of a useful explanation (i.e., inclusive, verifiable, predictive utility, and parsimonious) A. developmental • B. behavioral • C. biochemical • D. cognitive

B

Which measure would probably be the best measure for crying? A. Frequency B. Duration C. Percentage D. Latency

B

Which reinforcement schedule results in a scalloped pattern of responding? a) Fixed ratio. b) Fixed interval. c) Variable ratio. d) Variable interval.

B

Which schedule of reinforcement is most effective at maintaining behaviors? A. Continuous reinforcement B. Intermittent reinforcement C. Extinction D. Ratio

B

Which schedule of reinforcement shows a "break-run" pattern on a cumulative record? a. variable interval b. fixed ratio c. fixed interval d. variable ratio

B

You are asked to teach a college class on basic principles of behavior. You decide to design the class based on principles of learning, and therefore set up frequent exams, study objectives, and a "pace yourself' system wherein students decide when they will take each exam. This is an example of: a. Direct instruction b. Personalized system of instruction (PSI) c. Discrete trials d. Respondent conditioning

B

You are working with a client who finds physical touch to be aversive. When the person is off task, the program calls for you to give a warning by counting to "10"; at that point, you gently touch him if he has not back on task. The touch remains until he returns to task. Please note that being touched is aversive for this particular individual. If the person gets back on task during the counting, this is an example of: a. Escape b. Avoidance c. Positive reinforcement d. Stimulus fading

B

You are working with a client who finds physical touch to be aversive. When the person is off task, the program calls for you to give a warning by counting to 10; at that point, you gently touch him if he is not back on task. The touch remains until he returns to task. Please note that being touched is aversive for this particular individual. If the person gets back on task during counting, this is an example of: A. Escape B. Avoidance C. Positive reinforcement D. Stimulus fading

B

You have been asked to consult on a case involving a 10 year old girl who engages in some severe SIB at home, such as scratching her head, banging her head, and poking her eyes. She lives at home with her mother and father. She is nonverbal, but will take her parents by the hand and show them things that she wants. She seems to be able to perform many tasks, but the SIB definitely interferes with many activities. For example, she engages in high-rate SIB during meals. Select the most reasonable first step in the treatment process. At first, you are puzzled by the behavior. You therefore work with the child, and then let the hypotheses evolve from your data. This example demonstrates the process of: a. Induction b. Deduction c. Social learning theory d. Stimulus equivalence

B

You have been asked to consult on a case involving a 10 year old girl who engages in some severe SIB at home, such as scratching her head, banging her head, and poking her eyes. She lives at home with her mother and father. She is nonverbal, but will take her parents by the hand and show them things that she wants. She seems to be able to perform many tasks, but the SIB definitely interferes with many activities. For example, she engages in high-rate SIB during meals. During some of your interviews, the parents report that the behavior began about 2 years ago when the child was afflicted with a serious intestinal bacterial infection. What should be your next step? a. Include that fact in your analysis b. Immediately ask for a medical exam that looks at the status of the infection c. Conduct a functional analysis of the current reinforcers d. Report the problem to child protective services

B

You have been asked to consult on a case involving a 10 year old girl who engages in some severe SIB at home, such as scratching her head, banging her head, and poking her eyes. She lives at home with her mother and father. She is nonverbal, but will take her parents by the hand and show them things that she wants. She seems to be able to perform many tasks, but the SIB definitely interferes with many activities. For example, she engages in high-rate SIB during meals. One of the tools that you wish to use is a pattern analysis. Which best exemplifies this method? a. Have the parents record a narrative during the day so that you can examine the behavior and the situations under which it occurs. b. Have the parents record behaviors and the time that they occur during the day c. Set up an ABC format sheet and have the parents record behavior d. Allow the parents to tally the data frequencies and the antecedents they observed

B

You take an initial baseline on "in seat" behavior. You then implement a token economy in which in seat behavior is reinforced with tokens. Your treatment team decides to demonstrate the efficacy of the token system, and recommends an A-B-C-B reversal design. Which of the following is an example of such a design? a. In the 3rd phase, stop implementing the token system b. In the 3rd phase, present tokens for out of seat behavior c. Present the tokens for in seat behavior in another setting d. Implement a schedule of less frequent tokens in phase 3

B

You teach a child to name a picture of an orange (see the picture, say "orange"). Then, in learning Spanish, you teach that the word "orange" is the same as "naranja" in Spanish. Then upon seeing a picture of an orange, the child says "naranja." This ability to do so is an example of: a. Generalization training b. Stimulus equivalence c. Discrimination training d. Spontaneous Recovery

B

A. multiple baseline design • Baseline data are collected during which phase? A. Before the start of the research design B. A phase C. B phase D. Both A and B phases

B. A phase

• Which item illustrates two dimension of measurement - force and locus? A. The student shouted 5 times B. Mica squeezed hard enough that it left a thumb shaped bruise on Kia's left bicep C. Alton typed 110 correct characters per minute with only 1 error during timed typing trials D. Alton typed with 99% accuracy

B. Mica squeezed hard enough that it left a thumb shaped bruise on Kia's left bicep

• A teacher continually reminds a student to get back to work. Finally, the student stops talking and looking around, and works diligently on his task. The teacher walks away and leaves the student alone. The student's on task behavior may increase due to A. SR+ B. SR C. Both SR+ and SRD. d. none of these

B. SR

• Ms. Castillo records some initial data (without interceding) on the number of times Kimo uses inappropriate language in her class. This data condition is known as: A. performance B. baseline C. intervention D. frequency

B. baseline

• Use this dimension of measurement to collect data on how long (minutes and seconds) it takes a student to complete a math assignment. A. force B. duration C. latency D. rate

B. duration

• A procedure that is mistakenly attributed as "behavioral" is: A. negative reinforcement B. electroconvulsive shock therapy C. positive reinforcement D. antecedent control

B. electroconvulsive shock therapy

• Mrs. Kimura implemented a reinforcement intervention to improve Maile's spelling. She evaluated the reinforcement intervention using a reversal design. The reinforcement intervention is the ____________________. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. confounding variable D. intervention variable

B. independent variable

• A student who is at the maintenance level of a new skill should be on a(n) _____________schedule of reinforcement A. continuous B. intermittent C. FR2 D. FR1

B. intermittent

• When the observer changes the stringency in which he or she applies operational definitions, there will be bias known as ________________. A. reactivity B. observer drift C. complexity D. expectancy

B. observer drift

• Applied behavior analysis is concerned primarily with A. respondent conditioning B. operant conditioning C. developmental theory D. biophysical explanations of behavior

B. operant conditioning

• Having an adolescent or adult student/client with a severe disability stack blocks instead of teaching them how to stack their own personal food items on a shelf illustrates a violation of which ethical standard? A. therapeutic environment B. programs that teach functional skills C. behavioral assessment and ongoing evaluation D. all of these

B. programs that teach functional skills

• Mr. G. checked at five minute intervals to see if Jane was momentarily playing appropriately in a small group. He was using: A. interval recording B. time sampling C. event recording D. duration recording

B. time sampling

A behavior analyst is adhering to which underlying assumption of behavior analysis when she conducts several tests of her treatment before she writes it in a formal behavior program? A. Determinism B. Law of parsimony C. Empiricism D. None of the above

C

A group home resident's favorite food is liver. In general, it is found to reinforce a wide range of his behaviors. Today, however, he has had some friends for dinner, and he has eaten all the liver that he wants. It is found that liver does not work as a reinforcer for him tonight. What has taken place? a) Deprivation b) Extinction c) Satiation d) Spontaneous recovery.

C

A major benefit of product recording is that: A. it is the easiest recording method. B. it is used when a behavior results in a certain tangible outcome. C. the observer does not have to be present when the behavior occurs. D. one can always determine who engaged in the behavior that led to the product that was recorded.

C

A person is asked to make his bed. His caregiver checks 30 minutes later and the bed has been made. No one else was present during that time. The staff person records that the resident made the bed, even though he did not observe that behavior directly. The data collection method being used is: a) Duration recording b) Event recording c) Permanent product recording d) Whole interval recording

C

A resident of a group home takes out the trash independently for the first time when you make a verbal request. You provide descriptive praise and the behavior is observed to increase in the future. You have used what procedure? a) negative reinforcement b) negative punishment c) positive reinforcement d) CS-US pairing

C

A survey of published research in applied behavior analysis shows studies covering academic skills, language acquisition and use, work productivity and performance, marital interactions, child-rearing skills, consumption of electricity, public littering, clothing selection, self help skills, highway speeding, seat belt usage, exercise, elevator use, and sport and leisure skills, all of which are behaviors that have social significance. This indicates that this type of research is: a) analytic b) effective c) applied d) parsimonious

C

An experimenter is interested in the effects of contingent reinforcement (using edibles) on punctuality and scheduled activities. He chooses a subject and on Day 1 begins collecting baseline data in the prevocational training area, morning academic class, and afternoon social skills group. After getting stable baseline data in all three areas, he begins treatment in the pre-vocational area or Day 12, begins treatment in the morning academic class on Day 23, and begins treatment in afternoon social skills group on Day 35. What design is he using? a) Multiple baseline across subjects b) Multiple baseline across behaviors c) Multiple baseline across settings d) A-B-A-B design.

C

An experimenter measures the level of noise in a school bus full of children under the following conditions: Baseline, Rock Music, Baseline, Classical Music. In this experiment, the dependent variable is: a) Time. b) The number of children on the bus. c) The level of noise. d) The type or music.

C

Before Susan, a BCBA, finalizes her treatment plan, she makes sure she conducts at least 3 direct observations with her client. This most closely adheres to what attitude of science? A. Parsimony B. Experimentation C. Empiricism D. Determinism

C

Bob teaches Jeff to wash dishes in the Transition House. Jeff is then asked to wash dishes at his own home. What will probably happen? a. He will not be able to wash the dishes. b. Jeff will probably be able to wash the dishes. c. As his house is more like the Transition House, Jeff will be more able to do the dishes correctly. d. It is up to Jeff.

C

Chad plays baseball for his local men's league team. Today, in honor of one of the sponsors, the whole team is wearing colored wristbands. Chad does not like to wear the wristband while playing in the game because it is unpleasant to him. The wristband functions as a _____? A. Punishing stimuli B. Contingent stimuli C. Aversive stimuli D. Restitutional intervention

C

Design an errorless discrimination procedure to teach a child to pick out an apple from an array of fruit that includes the apple, a pear, and a banana. a. Place all of the fruit on a table, have the child pick out the apple when asked, and reinforce correct responses. For errors, interrupt the trials for 1 minute. b. Place all of the fruit on a table, have the child pick out the apple when asked, and reinforce correct responses. Use gestural prompts to indicate the apple, and then fade out the prompts over time. For errors, issue a reprimand and use a correction trial wherein the child must point to the apple 3 times in a row before moving on to the next trial. c. Place the apple by itself and have the child point to the apple when asked. Then gradually fade in the pear by moving it closer and closer to the apple. Then repeat with the banana. d. Negatively reinforce the improper response while gradually shaping the correct response.

C

Experiments that show convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable are said to have a high degree of: a) Inter-observer reliability b) External validity (generality) c) Internal validity d) Confounding variables

C

Gina's client loves to throw his pencil on the ground for attention. He will generally laugh afterwards, and then comply when told to pick it up. On Monday, it took the client 2 minutes to pick up the pencil after being told to pick it up, and on Wednesday it took the client 1 minutes to pick the pencil up after being told. What is Gina measuring? A. IRT B. Frequency C. Latency D. Momentary Time Sampling

C

How often is a reinforcer produced in a VR 10 schedule? a) Every l0th response. b) Every 10 minutes c) On average, every l0th response d) On average, every 10 minutes.

C

If baseline measurements yield unstable, extremely variable results, the best thing for an experimenter to do is: a) Begin treatment immediately, in order to get stability. b) Begin treatment immediately, in order to achieve the maximum treatment effect. c) Extend the baseline and try to isolate or control the sources of variability. d) Take a break.

C

In self-control, where does the ultimate control lie? (Or, why is "self' control a misnomer?) a. With the self b. The choice of the person c. In the environment d. With a contract manager

C

Katherine is a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA), with only experience in the treatment of young children with Autism. Her supervisor is having a very difficult time with a high school tudent diagnosed with PTSD and reassigns the case to Katherine As a BCBA, it is Katherine's responsibility to: a. Accept the referral and begin to read-up on PTSD b. Begin with a formal clinical interview to determine the appropriate DSM IV diagnosis c. In a professional manner, tell the supervisor that he should refer the case to a colleague who has experience with this age and disability. d. Suggest to the child's parents that they seek a psychotherapy provider since this is a mental illness and not likely to be effectively treated with an ABA approach.

C

Kevin works in a program as the Behavior Analyst that has a very conservative Human Rights policy. This policy requires that all potential positive interventions be attempted prior to implementing any "restrictive" treatment plans. In order to provide treatment interventions in this agency consistent with the BACB™ Guidelines for Responsible Conduct of Behavior Analysts, Kevin should: a. Follow the policy and try all procedures that she can find in the literature. b. Suggest a psychopharmacological consult as a substitute intervention. c. Refuse to implement programs that he does not believe will be effective. d. Seek Human Rights Committee approval to probe a restrictive intervention to demonstrate whether or not it will be effective.

C

Ms. Stark wants to teach Arya a functional skill such as washing clothes. She uses visual directions along with showing Arya step by step how to wash clothes. Arya watches Ms. Stark perform each step. This is an example of ________________________________. A. Independent practice • B. Guided practice • C. Modeling • D. Shaping

C

Observation sessions should be scheduled so that the representativeness of the data can be maximized. Considering behaviors occurring in a school setting, which of the following options is consistent with this recommendation? A. Behaviors are given letter-codes that represent the complete topographical definition of the behaviors, e.g., "on-task academic behavior" is represented by "O" on the recording sheet. B. Observations should be made only when the behavior is likely to occur most frequently during a day, for instance, during a particular academic class. C. Recordings of behavior during the whole school day may be needed initially to assess the representativeness of samples within the day. D. Representativeness can be assured by scheduling observations in sessions of 60 minutes or more in the morning and afternoon school schedule.

C

On successive days, Jason has teased other residents 20, 15, and 10 times, respectively. Should the experimenter's treatment be introduced at this time? a) Yes, because we want to decrease the behavior as quickly as possible, to demonstrate that the treatment works. b) Yes, because we need more effective treatments. c) No, because the behavior is already decreasing in the desired direction. d) No, because the trend is increasing.

C

Please choose the best sequence that should occur when implementing respondent conditioning: a. US followed by CS yields CR b. US followed by UR yields CR c. CS followed by US yields CR d. CS followed by SD yields CR

C

Requiring a student who disrupts the class by throwing papers and tipping over chairs to clean the mess up and then clean the rest of the room by sweeping and cleaning desktops is a(n) __________________ procedure. A. Negative reinforcement B. Negative punishment C. Positive punishment D. Extinction

C

Requiring a student who disrupts the class by throwing papers and tipping over chairs to clean the mess up and then clean the rest of the room by sweeping and cleaning desktops. The specific, or technical, name for the type of procedure is: A. Restitution B. Stimulus shaping C. Over-correction D. Corporal punishment

C

Robert exhibits frequent attention-seeking behavior that involves tantrums, aggression, and property destruction. Your assessment suggests that the behavior occurs because it produces attention from the parents. Which is probably the best technique to try? a. A DRO schedule in which the child earns snacks for the absence of target behaviors. b. A DRO schedule in which the child earns attention for the absence of target behaviors. c. Teach Robert to ask for attention appropriately d. Verbal reprimand with a brief timeout

C

Select the best example of a Conditioned Stimulus. a. A child cries when put in the "naughty chair." b. A person's heart races after ingesting a Coke. c. A person's heart races just before receiving a shot. d. A child takes the long way home to avoid going home to his abusive mother

C

Select the best staff training package. a. Staff is given a book on behavior analysis and asked to read it. Comprehension tests are given after each chapter. b. Staff is given explanations of the procedures and given a quiz. Then a weekly feedback system is implemented to sharpen their skills. c. Explanations of each procedure are given to the staff. Then the supervisor demonstrates the procedures. Then staff is given opportunities to practice the skills in real life situations followed by feedback from the trainer. d. The supervisor conducts role playing sessions with the staff with weekly feedback provided for performance.

C

Session notes: "The client engaged in self-injurious behavior. The client swung an open hand towards his leg repeatedly contacting the palm of his hand. A red mark was observed as a result of the behavior." What is this session note describing? A. Function B. Measurement C. Topography D. Antecdent

C

Susan grew up in an abusive household. After many years of fighting, she was finally removed from the home and placed in the foster care system. However, Susan still will wait for permission to eat her dinner because that is what her prior household would have her do. This behavior is ______? A. Respondent B. Phylogenic C. Ontogenic D. Elicited

C

Susan recorded data on a student's fidgeting behavior in the following way: She divided a 10-minute recording period into 10-second intervals and recorded in each interval a "+" if the target behavior occurred at least once. The percentage of intervals of target behavior occurrence was about 45%. The data resulting are most likely to be an A. accurate measure of inter-response times. B. inaccurate measure of inter-response times. C. overestimate of the occurrence of the behavior. D. underestimate of the occurrence of the behavior.

C

The behavior analyst has had good results with an intervention she designed that makes access to video games contingent upon playing with other children. She now wants to compare the effects of differing amounts of video game access time. She should conduct a A. changing criterion study. B. nonparametric study. C. parametric study. D. reversal study.

C

The measurement of time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a response is called: a) Duration recording b) Momentary time sampling. c) Latency recording d) IRT recording

C

The mother in the above scenario has been allowing him to stay home from school for the morning when he urinates in his pants before school; allowing him to stay home reinforces the urination. If the mother were to implement extinction, she would have to: a) Place the child in a timeout in his room b) Withhold speaking to the child for at least 2 or 3 minutes after he urinates c) Help him clean up his clothes and take him to school as soon as possible d) Reinforce appropriate toileting and gently reprimand him for soiling his pants

C

The purpose of conducting a functional assessment is to: A. Complete a functional analysis B. Manipulate variables that affect behavior C. Obtain information from which to create a hypothesis statement D. Determine how effective a treatment intervention is

C

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. A main question is how to address the SIB as well as what to do when the SIB occurs. Select the best, most reasonable approach in this case. a. Overcorrection in which the child practices signing for mom's attention b. Implement Isolation timeout each time SIB occurs c. Gradually decrease the mother's proximity and prevent or block SIB as necessary; also train a functionally equivalent replacement behavior to access mom's attention d. Ignore the SIB until it extinguishes

C

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. Fortunately, treatment is progressing nicely. The child is beginning to function more independently, sleep through the night, and generally cooperate with the daily schedule. Moreover, you see that some other potential reinforcers might be emerging. To assess this, how might you survey these? a. Interview the teachers b. Ask the child c. Lay out some food, toys and activities and track which she selects d. Fill out a FAST

C

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. Your systematic manipulations confirm that the behavior occurs whenever the mom leaves the child's side. The next step is to design an intervention. Which of the following is the best approach to design an intervention? a. Slowly fade the mom's presence from the child b. Teach the child kid to engage in activities without mom close by. Use food as the reinforcer. c. Teach the child to engage in activities without mom close by. Use proximity to mom as the reinforcer. d. Reinforce independent functioning and use overcorrection for SIB.

C

To select a target behavior for an adult, a behavior analyst should consider: a) Behavior that would assist in living in large group homes b) Behaviors that the relatives wish to see learned c) Behaviors that are likely to be reinforced in the client's present or future environment. d) The amount of reinforcement it will require

C

What is a fundamental tenet of behaviorism? a. Behavior is a function of the mind. b. Behavior is a function of environmental variables, the self and genetic history. c. Behavior is a function of past and present environment, as well as genetic makeup. d. Behavior is a function the environment and cognitions of the person.

C

When an observer notes everything the client does or says as well as events before and after the episode of behavior, he or she is using: A. Duration recording B. Permanent product recording C. ABC recording D. Time sampling

C

When an observer notes everything the client does or says as well as events before and after the episode of client behavior, he/she is using: a) A stopwatch b) Permanent product recording c) ABC recording d) Whole interval recording

C

When using an alternating treatments design it is important to randomly: A. assign participants to treatment conditions. B. select participants from the population of interest. C. order treatment conditions presented during each phase. D. change each criterion level.

C

Which of the following definitions is best? a) Head banging = when John bangs his head b) Head banging = When John hits his head with his hand. c) Head banging = When John hits his head with either hand hard enough to be heard 10 feet away d) Head banging - When John touches his head with his hand.

C

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective punishment? a. FR1 b. Unpaired with reinforcement c. Slowly increasing the intensity of the punisher over time d. Ensure alternative ways of obtaining the reinforcer

C

Which of the following measures would be the MOST appropriate for reporting head banging during each 5-minute interval of work? A. duration of head banging B. latency from a request to the first response C. rate of head banging D. inter-response time

C

Which of the following would not be a type of function of behavior identified during a functional assessment? A. Attention B. Escape C. Frustration D. Access to tangibles

C

You are a school behavior specialist who has been asked to consider the possibility of a system-wide training project for classroom teachers. According to a report, there are many classrooms that are becoming increasingly chaotic, and children's achievement test scores are plummeting. After the initial training, what would be the next logical step? a. Conduct post-tests and then monitor annually b. Be available for future problems and report to the school board at least 2x/year c. Set up a maintenance and monitoring system that initially tracks teacher skills and student behavior weekly d. Examine the system for stimulus generalization procedures in the home

C

You are a school behavior specialist who has been asked to consider the possibility of a system-wide training project for classroom teachers. According to a report, there are many classrooms that are becoming increasingly chaotic, and children's achievement test scores are plummeting. What might be the most effective training package of procedures? a. Classroom lectures for teachers b. A combination of role playing and classroom situations c. Some lecture combined with real-life demonstrations and feedback d. A self instructional format on computers complete with simulations

C

You are a school behavior specialist who has been asked to consider the possibility of a system-wide training project for classroom teachers. According to a report, there are many classrooms that are becoming increasingly chaotic, and children's achievement test scores are plummeting. You are asked to report the results of your efforts at the next school psychology convention. To make this possible, you write up, in great detail, the methods and procedures of the project. A reviewer states that your procedures are indeed linked to principles of behavior analysis; therefore, your project characterizes what feature of applied behavior analysis? a. Applied b. Technological c. Conceptually systematic d. Generality

C

You are having trouble getting Kenny on the van. Apparently, the action is effortful, as he has to climb up the stairs, which gives him trouble. In fact, he has actually given up even trying. Using behavioral momentum, how can this be treated? a. Provide a reinforcer for getting on the van. b. Prompt him briskly down the hall, and release him right before he reaches the steps of the van. Then fade the release point backwards. c. Give a reinforcer for some low effort actions then give the direction to "get on the van." d. Give small reinforcers for just looking at the van, then slowly increase the size of the reinforcer as he begins getting up to walk toward the van.

C

You are supervising clients at the workshop, and you would like to increase their productivity. When you examine the schedules of reinforcement, you find that they are all on a FI10' schedule of access to food. How might you increase productivity? a. Change to a FI 15' b. Give them more food before workshop sessions c. Program a limited hold (FI10' LH 15") d. Withhold attention for being tardy

C

You are working with a client who is unable to speak. You have identified as an ultimate outcome the access to most, or all, of the social/sporting events in the community. What would be the most reasonable intermediate outcome that could lead to the ultimate outcome? a. Learn to put on a necktie that looks presentable. b. Learn to tie the shoes c. Learn to send faxes to the bus dispatcher that request pickups d. Teach the client to speak, so that he may call any transportation service.

C

You finally find a peer group for Ellen. The members of this particular group enjoy interaction with each other, and appear to "do favors" for each other such as getting each other coffee, helping with household chores, etc., as part of their social fabric. What might you teach Ellen to make it most likely that she will be successful? a. Positive social interactions b. Assertive skills c. How to do favors for others d. How to ask for attention appropriately

C

You find that one of your clients has a substantial anxiety reaction to being in the lunchroom. You posit that there is some kind of respondent conditioning process that has caused this, and you wish to try respondent extinction. This would involve a. Social extinction - ignore the child when he becomes anxious b. Escape extinction - do not let the child escape from the lunchroom c. Have the child frequently enter the lunchroom without any "traumatic" events occurring. d. Have the child perform a task while in the lunchroom.

C

You have been asked to consult on a case involving a 10 year old girl who engages in some severe SIB at home, such as scratching her head, banging her head, and poking her eyes. She lives at home with her mother and father. She is nonverbal, but will take her parents by the hand and show them things that she wants. She seems to be able to perform many tasks, but the SIB definitely interferes with many activities. For example, she engages in high-rate SIB during meals. Select the most reasonable first step in the treatment process. a. Quickly design a program to address the SIB b. Consult with her teachers regarding her self-esteem c. Conduct interviews with the parents and ask for any records that are available d. Conduct interviews with her teachers and ask for any records that are available

C

You have been asked to consult on a case involving a 10 year old girl who engages in some severe SIB at home, such as scratching her head, banging her head, and poking her eyes. She lives at home with her mother and father. She is nonverbal, but will take her parents by the hand and show them things that she wants. She seems to be able to perform many tasks, but the SIB definitely interferes with many activities. For example, she engages in high-rate SIB during meals. From your descriptive analysis, you generate many kinds of information. You would like to have some rate data across days. How might you do this? a. Plot the number of occurrences of the behavior b. Count the number of occurrences and plot them by the situation in which they occurred c. Count the number of occurrences and divide by the recording time each day d. Count the number of occurrences and multiply it by the dependent variable

C

You have conducted a multiple baseline design in which a treatment for hand mouthing and hair pulling was the independent variable, and the treatment was presented sequentially across different behaviors. What kind of phenomenon might create an interpretational problem in this kind of design? a. A failure of the behavior to return to baseline levels b. problems in inter-observer agreement c. Response generalization d. Stimulus generalization

C

Your significant other wakes up earlier than you for work during the week. However, whenever they wake up, they always make too much noise and wake you up as well. If you wanted to implement a differential reinforcement procedure targeting the noise-making behavior, what differential reinforcement procedure would be best? A. DRO B. DRA C. DRI D. DRH

C

Which of the following is true regarding applications of applied behavior analysis in schools and community settings? A. ABA programs are for individuals with autism as this population has the strongest research base. B. A strength of discrete trial teaching is that it promotes generalization of skills. C. A range of intervention techniques must be considered and individualized to student needs. D. Comprehensive ABA programming is considered synonymous with discrete trial teaching.

C. A range of intervention techniques must be considered and individualized to student needs.

• Why is it ethical for students with disabilities to learn functional skills? A. Because functional skills replace academic skills B. Because functional skills will make life easier for the family at home C. Because functional skills will enable students to behave effectively in their environment D. None of the above

C. Because functional skills will enable students to behave effectively in their environment

• Why are behavior analysts also considered determinists? A. They determine all decisions with the intervention. B. They are determined to have the student succeed. C. Their position is predicated on solid evidence. D. None of the above.

C. Their position is predicated on solid evidence.

• When the observational coding system is difficult to use or when many behaviors are being observed simultaneously, a potential bias to the reliability of the data is ______________. A. reactivity B. observer drift C. complexity D. expectancy

C. complexity

• ___________________refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable. A. baseline B. repeated measurement C. experimental control D. none of the above

C. experimental control

• Ms. Miranda wanted to collect baseline data on how often Lauren speaks to her neighbor during silent reading. She divided the 15 minutes of the silent reading period into equal 30 second time blocks. She scored a 30 second time block if she observed Lauren talking during that time block. The method of data collection she used was: A. event recording B. time sampling C. interval recording D. anecdotal recording

C. interval recording

• Use this dimension of measurement to collect data on how long (minutes and seconds) it takes a student to get started on a math assignment after the teacher says, "Start your math, now." A. event recording B. duration C. latency D. rate

C. latency

• John was doing poorly in spelling with weekly test scores ranging from 20% to 40%. His mother decided to give him $2.00 if he earned 90% or better on a test. Since receiving the $2.00 for scores of 90% or higher, his spelling test scores are now consistently 90% 100%. His mother employed which of the following behavioral techniques? A. Premack Principle B. conditioning C. positive reinforcement D. shaping

C. positive reinforcement

• The extent to which data are consistent when two separate individuals record data on the same target behavior is called: A. validity B. redundancy C. reliability or interobserver agreement D. interobserver agreement or consensus

C. reliability or interobserver agreement

• The term "therapeutic" in therapeutic environment refers to an environment that is ____________________. A. inclusive of students with disabilities B. calming and peaceful C. safe, humane, and responsive to individual needs D. least restrictive

C. safe, humane, and responsive to individual needs

• In respondent conditioning, Pavlov demonstrated that after pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus across repeated trials, eventually A. the conditioned stimulus functions as a reinforcer B. a dog will work to obtain the conditioned stimulus C. the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response that was originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus D. the unconditioned stimulus will no longer be effective in eliciting the response

C. the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response that was originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

• Saying that reinforcement is provided contingent on a response means A. the reinforcer must have a meaningful relationship to the response B. the reinforcer is only presented if the response occurs C. the reinforcer is presented on a fixed schedule D. the reinforcer must be one selected in advance B. the reinforcer is only presented if the response occurs • Primary reinforcement includes: A. points earned on an exam B. money C. water D. all of these

C. water

A behavior analyst is measuring the time it takes for a client to say, "You're welcome" after the staff says, "Thank you." The behavior analyst is measuring __________________. A. Frequency B. Duration C. Inter-response time D. Latency

D

A behavior definition is tested, and it is found that two observers using it agree on the occurrence or non-occurrence of the target behavior 90% of the time. This technique is called: a) Social Validity b) Direct observation c) Parsimonious d) Inter-observer agreement.

D

A child is having a tantrum in your classroom. You believe that the tantrum is occurring for your attention. You therefore ignore the tantrum until it ceases while continuing daily activities. You note that the tantrums decrease over time. This is an example of: a. Punishment b. Establishing operation c. Timeout from reinforcement d. Extinction

D

A graph is a visual representation of data that may be used to: a) Provide motivational feedback to those whose behavior is being graphed. b) Provide the experimenter with visual information on which to base decisions about treatment effectiveness. c) Provide information about when to make changes in conditions, treatments, or phases of an experiment. d) All of the above.

D

A person is asked to make his bed. His caregiver checks 30 minutes later and the bed was made. No one else was present during that time. The caregiver records that the client made his bed even though he did not observe the behavior directly. The data collection method used is: A. Duration recording B. Whole-interval recording C. Latency recording D. Permanent product recording

D

An experimenter implements a reinforcement program in a classroom setting to increase John's rate of reading. During the study, he measures the number of words read per hour. He also measures the number of words read in a science class, even though the reinforcement program is not used in this 2nd class. Why is the experimenter measuring John's behavior in the 2nd class? a) To measure stimulus generality of the effects of instruction b) To measure response generalization c) To conduct a systematic replication to examine setting generality d) To measure stimulus generalization of the reading skills

D

An experimenter measures the level of noise in a school bus full of children under the following conditions: Baseline, Rock Music, Baseline, Classical Music. The experimental design used is: a) Multiple baseline b) Multi-element. c) A-B-A-B design d) A-B-A-C design.

D

An intervention that occurs as a reactive strategy is considered a _______? A. Antecedent intervention B. Response intervention C. Behavior intervention D. Consequence intervention

D

An occasional measurement of response to different stimuli is called a: a) Infrequency measurement b) Infrequency recording c) Frequency recording d) Probe.

D

As a Behavior Analyst, Jeff cannot identify any effective reinforcers to help reduce George's (a man with profound mental retardation) very dangerously aggressive behaviors. Jeff decides to draft a plan that includes having George earn tokens to "buy" all of his daily food, clothing, toiletries, mattress, pillow, and sheets. This program: a. Should be implemented only with the "assent" of George. b. Should be based on a functional analysis. c. Be monitored by a devastative data analysis. d. Should not be implemented.

D

How often is a reinforcer available in a VI 10' schedule? a) Every l0th correct response b) Every 10 minutes c) On the average, every l0th response d) On the average, for the first response after every 10 minutes.

D

If you collect baseline data on head slapping, have the parents praise their son on a CRF schedule for saying, "Come here, please" instead of head slapping, and then have the parents offer attention on a Fixed Time 10' schedule, then in the next condition provide praise again on a CRF schedule when he says "come here please" instead of head slapping, what kind of design did you utilize? a) Multiple Baseline b) Changing Criterion c) Withdrawal Design d) ABCB Reversal Design

D

Nancy is a school behavior analyst who decided to run a withdrawal design to show the effectiveness of reinforcement for teaching vocabulary words to fourth graders. a. This design is adequate if a sufficient baseline measure is implemented before treatment begins b. This design is adequate if a sufficient baseline measure is implemented before treatment begins and alternated intermittently with treatment for at least two times. c. This design is adequate because withdrawal designs are scientifically valid. d. This design is not adequate for this study.

D

Response-contingent consequences a. do not maintain rule governed behavior b. have nothing to do with avoidance or escape behavior c. matter in respondent behaviors only d. maintain contingency shaped behavior

D

Results of a functional assessment reveal that a child engages in hand-biting when she is in a room by herself. The likely function of behavior is: A. Attention B. Access to tangibles C. Escape/avoidance D. Automatic reinforcement

D

Select the best behavioral objective. a. Linda will decrease head hitting. b. Linda will learn to brush her teeth, based on the information provided by the group home operator, the office manager, and the nurse. c. Susan will learn to do her laundry, based on information given by the group home parent, the PM trainer, and the transition coordinator. d. Susan will learn to do her laundry to 90% criteria for four consecutive weeks, based on information given by the group home parent, the PM trainer, and the transition coordinator.

D

Teaching a child to match printed words to pictures, then pictures to the actual objects, and then testing to determine if the child can now match printed words to the actual objects is known as: A. PECS B. Discrete trial training C. Verbal behavior training D. Stimulus equivalence

D

The purpose of a baseline is to: a) Use the subject's performance in the absence of the independent variable as an objective basis for evaluating the effects of the independent variable. b) Have a pre-treatment standard of comparison by which to assess treatment effects later. c) Help the experimenter make decisions regarding when to begin treatment, reinforcement criteria, etc. d) All of the above.

D

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. A related problem that you have discovered is that the child sleeps in her bed at night until about midnight, at which time she wakes up, goes to the bathroom, and then goes to her parents' bed for the remainder of the night. When her mother prompts her back to bed, SIB occurs. Keeping in mind the results of the assessment, select the most reasonable approach to get her to sleep in her own bed for the entire night. a. Ask her to sleep in her bed. When she wakes up and attempts to go to her parents' bed, re-direct her back to her bed. Remain in the bedroom until she falls back asleep. b. Ask her to sleep in her bed. When she wakes up and attempts to go to her parents' bed, perform an overcorrection procedure in which she practices going from the bathroom to the bedroom with parental assistance. Deliver praise after the procedure is terminated. c. Ask her to sleep in her bed. Have the mother go into her bedroom about 11:30 pm and praise after a period of time has elapsed. Continue this throughout the night, as needed, until she goes to sleep again. d. Ask her to sleep in her bed. When she wakes up and goes to the bathroom, the parent should prompt her to her bedroom and then give her praise/proximity for going to bed. Block SIB if it occurs and assist her back to bed. Then go into the bedroom periodically and praise her for staying in bed. If the child goes to the parents' bedroom, re-direct to her bedroom as indicated above.

D

The results of your descriptive analysis suggest that the SIB occurs when the mother is not in close proximity to the child. Thus, she begins to injure herself anytime the mother leaves her side. Data also show that in general, SIB is followed by mother returning to the child. Another potentially important variable is sugar ingestion. It appears that when she consumes lots of sweets, proximity to mom as a reinforcer becomes more important, and the SIB can be more severe. This variable shows the effects of a(n): a. SD b. CR c. CS d. EO

D

The sight of a lock with a keyhole on a door that you need to go through is a(n) for accessing the key: a. SD b. Neutral Stimulus c. Punishing stimulus d. Establishing operation

D

We are interested in working on "functional" skills. This concept states that: a) The simplest explanation is the best b) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. c) Target behaviors should be chosen based on the function of the behavior in question. d) Target behaviors should be chosen with regard to what is likely to be reinforced in the individuals' post-intervention environment.

D

What are the three elements of informed consent? A. No coercion, approval, voluntariness B. Capacity, age, voluntariness C. Informed, age, voluntariness D. Capacity, informed, voluntariness

D

When using a changing criterion design, the BEST demonstration of experimental control would be produced if the: A. criterion level is changed in equal increments. B. criterion level is changed slightly on each manipulation. C. criterion level is set well above that of the behavior. D. behavior changes concurrently with the criterion level.

D

Which is the best definition of a behavior function? A. What the teacher believes the reinforcer should be for the child B. How the behavior controls antecedents C. How the child feels concerning his or her own behavior D. The reinforcers that maintain a behavior

D

Which of the following answer choices is not related to stimulus relations? A. Transitivity B. Reflexivity C. Symmetry D. Reactivity

D

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of applied behavior analysis? A. Effective B. Technological C. Applied D. Empirical

D

You are a school behavior specialist who has been asked to consider the possibility of a system-wide training project for classroom teachers. According to a report, there are many classrooms that are becoming increasingly chaotic, and children's achievement test scores are plummeting. What would be the most important measure of the success of the project? a. Pre- and post-tests of teacher competencies b. Social validation scales for the parents c. Teacher evaluations of the program d. Measures of the students' behavior and progress in the classrooms

D

You are designing a treatment program for Jessica who becomes aggressive when staff do not provide desired items or activities. You wish to identify some ultimate outcomes towards which Jessica will progress. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate ultimate outcome for Jessica? a. The variety and diversity of events in Susan's life b. Susan's access to reinforcers in the community. c. The range of interpersonal interactions with others. d. The convenience of staff with whom Susan works.

D

You are teaching David to clean the workshop to prepare him for working on the cleaning crew. Read the descriptions below and identify which is LEAST likely to promote generalization of the workshop cleaning skills to real-life cleaning jobs. A. Make the workshop as much like a real cleaning situation as possible B. Transition to variable, delayed reinforcement C. Teach David to use a checklist, which could be used on the cleaning crew D. Make the workshop distinctive from the cleaning crew and then gradually make it more like it

D

You are teaching David to clean the workshop to prepare him for working on the cleaning crew. Read the descriptions below, and identify which of the following would be least likely to promote generalization of the workshop cleaning skills to real-life cleaning jobs. a. Make the workshop as much like a real cleaning situation. b. Transition to variable, delayed reinforcement. c. Teach David to use a checklist, which could be used on the cleaning crew. d. Make the workshop distinctive from the cleaning crew, and then gradually make it more like it.

D

You are working with a client who engages in frequent self stimulatory behavior. Your program calls for a rich schedule of reinforcers to be delivered upon task completion, and a timeout from reinforcement contingent on hand biting. The timeout consists of having the child sit in a chair in the corner for 1 minute. You notice that the rate of biting has actually increased after initiating the program. What is the most compelling problem that might explain the increase in behavior? a. The timeout is not immediate b. The timeout is too short c. Adaptive behavior is not getting reinforced. d. The timeout allows alternative ways of obtaining reinforcement.

D

You have been asked to consult on a case involving a 10 year old girl who engages in some severe SIB at home, such as scratching her head, banging her head, and poking her eyes. She lives at home with her mother and father. She is nonverbal, but will take her parents by the hand and show them things that she wants. She seems to be able to perform many tasks, but the SIB definitely interferes with many activities. For example, she engages in high-rate SIB during meals. To conduct your descriptive analysis, you realize that someone should consent to the process. From whom should you obtain consent? a. The child b. The parents c. The teachers d. Both the child and the parents

D

Your client's parents don't believe they can implement an intervention you designed. What should you do? A. Continue training them until they are able to implement the intervention B. Fire the client for refusing to comply with services C. Implement the intervention anyway D. Adjust the intervention based on their feedback

D

A good behavior analyst always does what before authoring a behavior intervention? A. Functional analysis B. Momentary time sampling C. Direct observation D. Implements the least aversive, most effective punisher

D ?

• Which of the following statements is true? A. It is unethical to believe that a child is incapable of learning academic and preacademic skills B. It is unethical to waste time on traditional academics with students for whom there is clear evidence that they are not capable of mastering traditional academics C. It is unethical not to consider the particular environment in which an individual lives when making decisions about the skills to be taught D. all of the above

D. all of the above

• The paycheck that teachers receive twice per month is: A. a conditioned reinforcer B. a secondary reinforcer C. illustrates a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement D. all of these

D. all of these

• A teacher designed an intervention to teach Ann to stay on task during reading, music, and math periods. The best fit design for use in this instance would be: A. multiple baseline design B. changing criterion design C. reversal design

D. alternating treatments design

• Mr. Woo wants to know if using a number line or counting chips would be more effective when teaching addition to James. The most appropriate design to use is: A. multiple baseline design B. reversal design C. AB design D. alternating treatments design

D. alternating treatments design

One disadvantage of an A B design is: A. it cannot evaluate performance over time B. it does not require a baseline C. it has only a nondescriptive function D. it does not allow for determining a functional relation

D. it does not allow for determining a functional relation

• A reinforcer is defined by A. its topography B. its selection as an individual's preference C. its monetary value D. its effect on behavior

D. its effect on behavior

• Thinning a schedule of reinforcement should result in all of the following EXCEPT A. removal of teacher as a necessary behavior monitor B. decreasing expectation of reinforcement C. maintenance of the behavior over longer periods of time D. lower, more variable levels of responding

D. lower, more variable levels of responding

• The researcher designed an intervention to help Sam, Iris, and Noah to stay on task in computer class. The appropriate design for use in this instance was: A. reversal B. changing criterion C. multiple baseline across settings D. multiple baseline across participants

D. multiple baseline across participants

• A relationship among events in which the rate of a behavior's occurrence increases when a stimulus is removed is: A. differential reinforcement B. extinction C. positive reinforcement D. negative reinforcement=

D. negative reinforcement

• A primary consideration that guides teachers in designing an intervention to change a student's behavior is A. administrative desires B. student's mental age C. availability of materials D. proven effectiveness of a technique

D. proven effectiveness of a technique

• Use this dimension of measurement to collect data on how many correct math problems per minute the student answers. A. locus B. duration C. latency D. rate

D. rate

• The schedule of reinforcement that keeps gamblers pumping tokens into slot machines: A. fixed interval B. variable interval C. fixed ratio D. variable ratio

D. variable ratio

Recognizing or differentiating familiar people from unfamiliar people is the process of

Discrimination

What type of stimulus occasions a response?

Discriminative stimulus

_______ skills are likely to be maintained in the natural environment

Functional

____________ facilitates generalization by teaching to several exemplars representing the characteristics and features of the stimulus class targeted for instruction

General case programming or multiple exemplar training

This schedule of reinforcement leads to maintenance of behavior

Intermittent

A good way do identify high preference items or activities that are potential reinforcers is to conduct

Reinforcer Sampling

____________ is a "non strategy" for promoting generalization

Train and hope

When a student is taught to fold clothes rather than to fold a towel, the instructor is using the ____________ generalization strategy

Train to generalize

What type of stimulus elicits a response?

Unconditioned stimulus

13. Individuals are most likely to satiate on a. CRF schedules b. FR schedules c. intermittent schedules d. VR schedules

a

24. Which type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction? a. variable b. fixed c. CRF d. ratio

a

28. Generalization across time is also known as: a. maintenance b. temporal generalization c. stimulus generalization d. response generalization

a

3. Davos enters his first race. He runs well and earns a medal for finishing third. In the future, he enters more races. The medal served as ___ for the behavior of entering races. a. positive reinforcement (R+) b. negative reinforcement (R) c. a discriminative stimulus (Sd) d. a therapeutic environment

a

A _____ denotes a set or collection of knowledge and skills a person has learned that are relevant to particular settings or tasks. a. Repertoire b. Behavior c. Skill d. Response

a

A behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the distinctive change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls is called ________. a. Behavioral cusp b. Generalization c. Adjunctive behavior d. A and C

a

A consequence that, when given contingent on the occurrence of a behavior, decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future. a. Positive punishment b. Negative punishment c. Negative reinforcement d. Escape behavior

a

A prompt is • A. an antecedent that increases the likelihood that a student will make a correct response • B. any antecedent that a teacher provides in addition to naturally occurring stimuli • C. an Sdelta • D. any modification to the environment

a

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus is called ___________. a. Stimulus control b. Stimulus equivalence c. Stimulus generalization d. Stimulus discrimination

a

Ally enters her first race. She runs well and earns a medal for finishing third. In the future, she enters more races. The medal served as ___ for the behavior of entering races. • A. positive reinforcement (R+) • B. negative reinforcement (R) • C. positive punishment (P+) • D. negative punishment (P

a

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement is called a ______ a. Mand b. Tact c. Echoic d. Intraverbal

a

Baseline should a. Not be conducted if the delay in treatment poses an unacceptable risk b. Be level or have an improving trend before implementing the intervention c. Be conducted for three days to two weeks d. Always be conducted, except when the behavior is worsening

a

Before implementing behavior change procedures, a. There must be documented evidence of the need for behavior change b. The consumer must understand the procedure to be used c. The consumer must sample the positive reinforcement to be used, but not necessarily the punishment d. Interobserver agreement data must be collected and support the need for behavior change

a

Behavior is that portion of an organism's interaction with its __________ that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the ___________. a. Environment, environment b. Environment, behavior c. Behavior, environment d. Society, behavior

a

Behaviors have ________ if they affect a person's life in a positive and meaningful manner. a. Social validity b. Functional application c. Observable benefit d. Normalized outcomes

a

David touches Shawn on the shoulder to let him know it is time to go. This is an example of ______prompt. a. Tactual or physical b. Gestural c. Positional d. Verbal

a

Dr. G was a very well-known behavior analyst with a great radio voice. He was occasionally asked to handle questions about behavior problems on a local radio call-in show. To make the show lively and interesting, Dr. G took great pains to remind listeners that what he suggested was backed up by empirical research. The show's producer prompted Dr. G. to use the caller's name when giving a reply and a warm tone. He wanted Dr. G to say something like, "I know exactly what you are talking about, and I can understand how you feel". Dr. G preferred a matter-of-fact approach. What should Dr. G. do? a. Try to be "warmer" while maintaining his ethics and not making statements that suggest he knows more about the caller than he does b. Do whatever the producer says so he doesn't get fired c. Continue what he is doing regardless of the outcome d. All of the above

a

Dr. Stuart W., a BCBA-D, has been working on Tom's behavioral issues for two years. Tom lives in a supported living apartment in the community, and he works at a job with supervision from vocational rehabilitation. Dr. W.'s data shows that Tom frequently arrives late or completely misses work. Tom would rather stay home and sleep; a variety of incentive programs have been ineffective. Dr. W. is wondering if Tom would benefit from counseling. He has a friend and colleague who is a counselor; he plans is to invite his colleague to lunch and tell him about Tom. Can Dr. W. ethically talk to another professional about Tom to determine if the person would consider taking Tom as a client? a. Yes, as long as he has written consent from Tom or his guardian. b. Yes, because he is doing this to help Tom. c. No, if Tom needs a counselor he should call one himself. d. Yes, but only if he has his colleague sign a confidentiality agreement.

a

In a consent form, you should include all of the following except a. Procedures which have little chance of being effective b. The risks and benefits of proposed and viable alternative procedures c. The prerogative of the consumer to withdraw consent d. Viable psychopharmacological interventions that may be effective

a

Motivating operations and discriminative stimuli: a. Have similar evocative effects on behavior b. Are considered synonymous c. Occur after the behavior of interest d. All of these

a

Mr. Peterson has been struggling with Arnold, a boy with severe disabilities who hums and rocks back and forth intermittently throughout the day. Mr. Peterson wants to see if these behaviors are associated with any specific activities during the school day so that he can then more closely analyze what occurs during those time periods. Which descriptive assessment method would be the best choice for what he wants to accomplish? a. Scatterplot recording b. ABC continuous recording c. ABC narrative recording d. Functional analysis

a

Noncontingent reinforcement may effectively decrease problem behavior because: a. Reinforcers that maintain the problem behavior are available freely and frequently. b. Reinforcers that maintain the problem behavior are withheld and made contingent upon the occurrence of alternative behaviors. c. Reinforcers that maintain the problem behavior are presented only when the problem behavior occurs. d. Reinforcers do not maintain the problem behavior presented regardless of the behaviors.

a

On a practical level, FBA is important for the prevention of and intervention for problem behavior because: a. When the cause and effect relation between environmental effects and behavior can be determined, that relation can be altered to improve behavior. b. It meets the federal guidelines for best practices in treating problem behavior. c. It will tell a teacher exactly what to do for intervention d. None of these

a

Practitioners should refer to another professional a. When they do not have the skills needed to address the problem b. When the problem is more psychological in nature c. If the person is currently receiving psychotropic medication d. Where the problem is life threatening

a

Select the schedule of reinforcement being used in the example: Shawn wants a new car so, he checks the ebay website all day, hoping to find the car he wants. a. Variable ratio b. Fixed interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable interval

a

Teacher wants to use extinction to ignore a student's tantrums. She has in the past gone over and given attention and at other times ignored the behavior. This pattern has gone on for months. This pattern makes the behavior: a. More resistant to change b. Less resistant to change c. More likley to be reinforced d. Will have no effect

a

The best way to conduct a functional analysis is to a. conduct a single subject experiment using a multi element or reversal design b. conduct a behavioral interview of family members c. conduct an ABC analysis d. observe the student across several days and record the observations on a scatterplot

a

The controlling variables of primary importance in applied behavior analysis are located in: a. The environment b. Consequences c. Mental states d. Reinforcement

a

The primary reason for conducting a functional analysis is: a. To test hypotheses generated via indirect and descriptive assessments b. To generate hypotheses that can be further evaluated via indirect and descriptive assessments c. To observe problem behavior within the naturally occurring routine d. To identify any temporal patterns in problem behavior

a

The primary reason one might consider using a level system with a token system is that: a. Doing so can foster self management b. Doing so makes it easier to withdraw the token economy c. Level systems are more preferred for all learners d. Level systems are easier to manage

a

The target behavior is the punctual submission of assignments. A student submits an assignment punctually. The teacher provides feedback on that assignment. The student maintains/increases punctual submission of assignments in the future. Teacher feedback functions as • A. SR+ • B. SR • C. Both SR+ and SR• D. none of these

a

The term "contingent" as used in behavior analysis refers to the dependent relationship of a particular consequence on the occurrence of behavior and is also used in reference to the _________ contiguity of behavior and its consequences. a. Temporal b. Independent c. Dependent d. False

a

What are the elements required for consent? a. Capacity, information, voluntariness b. Capacity, willingness, voluntariness c. Information, capacity, receptive language d. Intelligence, freedom of choice, capacity

a

When a problem behavior has been targeted for reduction or elimination, the behavior analyst must always include a(n) ________ in the intervention plan. a. Replacement behavior b. Appropriate response c. Pivotal behavior d. Performance criterion

a

When using behavioral momentum, behaviors selected for a high-p request sequence should: A. Be part of the learner's current repertoire B. Be new behavior(s) the learner has to acquire C. Have a very long duration of occurrence D. Be those behaviors with which the learner is not complaint

a

Which methods of FBA allow you to confirm hypotheses regarding the function of problem behavior? a. Functional analysis b. Descriptive assessment c. Indirect assessment d. All of these

a

Which of the following is a limitation of total count IOA? a. Provides no assurance that the two observers recorded the same instances of behavior b. Useful for event recording c. Is expressed as a percentage of agreement d. Is calculated by dividing the smaller of the counts by the larger count and multiplying by 100

a

Which of the following is a reason not to use permanent product measurement? a. Moment to moment decisions must be made b. The behavior has a direct effect on the environment c. The product can only be produced by the target behavior d. Each behavior occurrence results in the same product

a

Which statement best describes recovery from punishment? a. After punishment is discontinued, sometimes the behavior that experienced the punishment contingency will recover. b. When the punishment contingency is implemented, the behavior of interest may initially increase in rate, followed by a rapid decline in frequency. c. After punishment is discontinued, the behavior of interest may gradually reappear, only to disappear on its own, regardless of existing environmental contingencies. d. The period of time the implementer of the punishment contingency requires to "recover" from the emotional side effects of using punishment.

a

You are interested in beginning a self-management program to help you save money for a new car. Which type of graph would provide the most appropriate feedback and display your progress toward your goal? a. Cumulative record b. Line graph c. Bar graph d. Scatterplot

a

_____________ refers to the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus resulting in the conditioned stimulus losing its previously acquired ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual's repertoire. a. Respondent extinction b. Operant extinction c. Habituation d. Spontaneous recovery

a

_______________________ involves collecting baselines on the same behavior of several persons, preferably in different settings. A. Multiple-baseline across individuals design B. Multiple-baseline across behaviors design C. Alternating treatments design D. Reversal design

a

• The target behavior is the punctual submission of assignments. A student submits an assignment punctually. The teacher provides feedback on that assignment. The student maintains/increases punctual submission of assignments in the future. Teacher feedback functions as A. SR+ B. SR C. Both SR+ and SR D. none of these

a

11. A student who is at the maintenance level of a new skill should be on a(n) _____________schedule of reinforcement. a. continuous b. intermittent c. naturally occurring d. variable ratio 2

b

18. The family dog will cuddle and lick Sansa when pet. The family cat will scratch Sansa whenever she's touched. When Sansa sees the family dog, she approaches him and "pets" him, but when she sees the cat, she goes into another room and does not approach or pet her. This is an example of: a. respondent conditioning b. stimulus control c. stimulus selectivity d. concept formation

b

19. During period 1, when only girls are present in the resource room, Arya raises her hand frequently to answer questions and follows teacher instructions immediately. In period 2, however, when several boys are also present in the resource room, Arya rarely raises her hand to answer questions and usually sits and stares at her desk rather than follow teacher instructions. The teacher's question is a(n): a. unconditioned stimulus b. discriminative stimulus c. setting event d. punisher

b

2. Having students with severe disabilities sort markers instead of teaching them how to sort silverware in a kitchen drawer illustrates a violation of which ethical standard? a. therapeutic environment b. programs that teach functional skills c. behavioral assessment and ongoing evaluation d. all of these

b

20. This technique is often successful in teaching students to tie their shoes as it allows for a feeling of success and independence at the end of every trial: a. shaping b. backwards chaining c. forward chaining d. total task presentation

b

21. ___________________refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable. a. baseline b. experimental control c. repeated measurement d. none of the above

b

27. Eddard implemented a BSM procedure to increase his writing fluency. His goal was 10 pages per day. One component of his plan was to put a marble in a cup each time his mind wandered from his writing task. His rule was that he'd write one extra page for each marble over 10 that accumulated in his cup each day. What behavioral principle is Eddard employing with the marble component of his BSM plan? a. Negative reinforcement b. Positive punishment c. Negative punishment d. Positive reinforcement

b

6. When presented with five towels to fold, Sansa will fold all five towels within one minute, 8 out of 10 trials over 3 consecutive weeks. The objective represents the _______________level of response competence. a. generalization b. fluency c. acquisition d. maintenance

b

8. When the observer has preconceived notions about students based on past experience or information from parents and/or teacher affects the interpretation of what the observer is seeing, this bias is called ________________. a. reactivity b. expectancy c. complexity d. observer drift

b

A ________ chart is a type of semilogarithmic chart useful for charting accelerating and decelerating performances over time. a. Cumulative time b. Standard celeration c. Scatter plot d. Bar graph

b

A behavior analyst attempts to determine the most effective amount of attention to use as a reinforcer for a school child. After a baseline with no praise contingent on completing a math problem, treatment is implemented, involving 10 seconds of praise, 20 seconds of praise, or 5 seconds of praise. This type of analysis is called a __________________. a. Component analysis b. Parametric analysis c. Changing criterion d. Non-parametric analysis

b

A behavior analyst has implemented a behavior support plan that includes extinction, DRA, and a mild punisher (firmly saying "no"). The behavior support plan is effective in reducing the child's aggressive behavior. The behavior analyst is uncertain which intervention(s) is producing the behavior reduction. What could the behavior analyst do to determine which of the interventions is affecting the behavior? a. Conduct a parametric analysis b. Conduct a component analysis c. Conduct a functional analysis d. Ask the teacher's opinion

b

A contingency contract: a. Is a verbal agreement among two individuals b. Specifies how two people will behave toward each other c. Often causes scapegoating among learners and peers d. Depends largely on the use of punishment for its effectiveness

b

A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object or event is called a(n) __________. a. Establishing operation b. Abolishing operation c. Punisher d. Conditioned stimulus

b

A motivating operation whose value-altering effect does not depend on a learning history is called a(n) __________. a. Establishing operation b. Unconditioned motivating operation c. Conditioned motivating operation d. Respondent behavior

b

A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside of the realm of science is called _____. a. Free operant behavior b. Methodological behaviorism c. Adjunctive behaviors d. Operant behavior

b

A relation between the stimulus and response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response is called. a. Conditioned reinforcer b. Point-to-point correspondence c. Positive reinforcement d. Informed consent

b

A stimulus that acquires its MO effect by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired is called a(n) _________. a. Transitive Conditioned MO b. Surrogate Conditioned MO c. Generalized Conditioned MO d. Symmetrical Conditioned MO

b

A teacher continually reminds a student to get back to work. Finally, the student stops talking and looking around, and works diligently on his task. The teacher walks away and leaves the student alone. The student's on task behavior may have increased due to • A. SR+ • B. SR • C. Both SR+ and SR D. none of these

b

Ahmed had always been fascinated by psychology and took a special undergraduate track that prepared him to sit for the assistant's test offered by the BACB. He earned good grades and excelled at doing descriptive functional assessments in his practicum. When he got his first job, he discovered that one of his student clients in an elementary school was a Sunni Muslim. Ahmed mentioned this to his parents, who were irate and insisted that he refuse to associate in any way with this student of a rival religious sect. Ahmed is in a very sensitive situation. How should he handle this? a. Refuse to provide treatment to the family based on religion b. Refer the family to another BCBA c. Continue to work with the family only if they agree to not express their religion in front of you d. Continue to work with the child but only without the family present

b

An approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner" dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, if not all, is called ________. a. Empiricism b. Mentalism c. Behaviorism d. Psychology

b

Behavior that is elicited or induced by antecedent stimuli is called _______. a. Learned behavior b. Respondent behavior c. Operant behavior d. Adjunctive behavior

b

By definition, REMOVING a stimulus contingent on a behavior that results in an INCREASE of that behavior is • A. positive reinforcement (R+) • B. negative reinforcement (R) • C. positive punishment (P+) • D. negative punishment (P

b

By selecting candy as a reinforcer and deciding that the child can have three pieces for every correct response. The teacher has utilized which parameter of reinforcement: a. Timing b. Quantity c. Variety d. Nutrition

b

Carr and Lovaas (1983) recommended that practitioners experience any punisher personally before the treatment begins for what reason? a. It reminds the practitioner that it is a sadistic procedure b. It reminds the practitioner that the technique produces physical discomfort c. It reminds the practitioner that the technique is designed to increase the appropriate behavior of the student d. It allows the practitioner to determine a baseline of discomfort which he/she then increases rapidly as it is administered to the student

b

Characteristics of functional analysis include: a. They are conducted within naturally occurring routines b. They are conducted within analog conditions that represent naturally occurring routines c. They utilize interviews and rating scales rather than direct observation of problem behavior d. They are conducted in clinical settings only

b

David gets prompted with a touch to the shoulder, then a light touch on the back, and then just a hand in front pointing where to go this is an example of a. Graduated guidance b. Most to least prompting( fading out) c. Least to most prompting ( fading in) d. Physical prompting

b

During this phase of the escalation cycle, a student often displays eagerness for busy work and reluctance to discuss. • A. trigger • B. recovery • C. deescalation • D. resistance

b

Graphs illustrating consumer behavior can be shared with a. The consumer, as long as he is likely to understand it b. Individuals for whom consent to share has been obtained c. Individuals who understand data interpretation d. Only the consumer and the practitioner's supervisor

b

Heather hears a phone ring, then picks up the phone. Her husband talks with her over the phone. What is the behavior in this three-term contingency? a. Husband talking b. Heather picks up the phone c. Phone ringing d. None of these

b

Most-to-least prompt fading involves: a. Gradually decreasing the time between the presence of the antecedent cue to the prompt from most time to least time. b. Gradually changing the form or intensity of the prompt from most intense to least intense. c. Gradually decreasing exaggerated dimensions of the stimulus prompt. d. Gradually changing the shape of the prompt to look more like the natural antecedent cue.

b

Mr. Moon is conducting a functional analysis with Ira, who kicks his teachers frequently. Mr. Moon is implementing a contingent escape condition. He prompts Ira to engage in a difficult task. Ira kicks Mr. Moon in the shin. How should Mr. Moon respond if he is to implement the contingent escape condition correctly? a. He should continue prompting Ira to do the task, but he should provide a mild reprimand, such as "Ira don't kick me. That hurts. Come on, its time to work" b. He should remove the task materials and turn away from Ira for a short period of time c. He should ignore Ira's kicking and continue with the task d. He should provide Ira with a more preferred activity for a short period of time

b

Ms. Frieder, who teaches fifth grade at Franklin Elementary School, decides to conduct a descriptive FBA for Amelia. Amelia has been refusing to do her schoolwork lately and has been ripping up her worksheets on a daily basis. Ms. Frieder creates a form on which she will mark specific antecedents and consequences that precede and follow Amelia's work refusals. For antecedents, she will mark one of the following: Math work given, reading work given, spelling work given, error correction given, work that requires writing given. For consequences, she will mark one of the following: verbal reprimand, another worksheet (same worksheet) provided, another worksheet (different worksheet) provided, time out, ignore. She will record these environmental events, whether or not a problem behavior occurs. What kind of descriptive assessment is Ms. Frieder conducting? a. Scatterplot recording b. ABC continuous recording c. ABC narrative recording d. Conditional probability recording

b

Nannette is learning to brush her teeth. Her teacher provides her with a task analysis showing a picture for each step. What type of prompting procedure is this? • A. time delay • B. visual prompt • C. least to most • D. hierarchy

b

Noncontingent reinforcement involves the presentation of: a. Stimuli with unknown reinforcing properties that are delivered on a fixed-time or variable time schedule independent of the learner's behavior b. Stimuli with known reinforcing properties that are delivered on a fixed-time or variable-time schedule independent of the learner's behavior c. Stimuli with known reinforcing properties that are delivered on a fixed-ratio or variable-ratio schedule independent of the learner's behavior d. Stimuli with known reinforcing properties that are delivered on a fixed-time or variable-time schedule dependent on the learner's behavior

b

Of the following, the least important type of outcome to be encouraged are those that a. Support and facilitate relationships b. Result in obedience to requests to complete tasks c. Enhance participation in the community d. Strengthen natural family and community life experiences

b

Of the following, the most appropriate procedure for self-injurious behavior (SIB) is characterized by a. No empirical basis, minimallly restrictive, substantial social validity b. Empirical basis, moderately restrictive, moderate social validity c. No empirical basis, least restrictive, substantial social validity d. Empirical basis, highly restrictive, moderate social validity

b

One advantage of using computer-based observation and measurement systems is a. Many practitioners are familiar with it b. Data can be clustered and analyzed easily c. It is less expensive d. It is less intrusive than traditional methods

b

Sean was responsible for designing an intervention for a fifth grade student who engaged in severe problem behavior consisting of throwing chairs at the teacher when an assignment was given. Sean decided to utilize a contingent physical restraint every time the child threw a chair. Sean is violating the ethical consideration of: a. Right to safe and humane treatment b. Least restrictive alternative c. Right to effective treatment d. Sean is not violating any ethical consideratoin

b

Select the schedule of reinforcement being used in the example: David gets to go to the playroom after every 20 minutes that he works on his spelling. a. Variable ratio b. Fixed interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable interval

b

Select the schedule of reinforcement being used in the example: Shawn wants a new car so, he checks the paper once a day at 8 in the morning hoping, to find the car he wants. a. Variable ratio b. Fixed interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable interval

b

Steven J. is a BCBA who works with clients who live in a group home. He also works with clients in the sheltered workshop they attend during the day. Steven takes data on vocational skills as well as any inappropriate behaviors occurring in the work setting. He is responsible for the behavioral component of the annual Habilitation Plan, and he updates annual assessments. Steven does not have an office in his home so, he has been given some file drawers in the special education teacher's classroom at the sheltered workshop. He keeps all of his assessment results and raw data there. The teacher locks her classroom door when she leaves for the day so that the file drawers are safe. Does Steven's system of keeping records meet ethical guidelines? a. Yes, confidentiality is protected because the teacher locks the door b. Yes, but only if Steven has the only key to the file drawers c. No, files may only be kept in the BCBAs office d. No, Steven should keep his files at home

b

Stimulus equivalence: a. Is a theoretical construct and not studied much in behavior analysis. b. Provides a methodology for efficient teaching-expanding learners' skills far beyond what is directly taught. c. Describes the emergence of accurate responding to stimulus-response relations that have not been trained. d. Establishes feature stimulus classes.

b

Tantruming was extinguished for months, and then one day, Jimmy decides to throw a tantrum to get candy. This is an example of a. Extinction burst b. Spontaneous recovery c. Satiation d. Habituation

b

This is the extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior a. Setting/situation maintenance b. Response generalization c. Setting/situation generalization d. Response maintenance

b

When data give an unwarranted or misleading picture of the behavior because of the way measurement was conducted, the data are called a(n): a. Bias b. Artifact c. Drift d. Variable

b

Whenever Momi shouts out an answer during class, her teacher says loudly, "How many times do I have to tell you, Momi? Don't shout out!" In the future Momi's shouting out increases. The teacher's verbal reprimand served as ____ for Momi's behavior of shouting out answers. • A. negative punishment or extinction (P) • B. positive reinforcement (R+) • C. positive punishment (P+) • D. negative reinforcement (R

b

Which of the following is considered a property of behavior amenable to measurement? a. Temporal weight b. Temporal locus c. Temporal displacement d. Temporal size

b

Which of the following statements describes the definition of positive punishment? a. The presentation of a stimulus that increases the rate of occurrence of the target behavior b. The presentation of a stimulus that decreases the rate of occurrence of the target behavior c. The removal of a stimulus that decreases the rate of occurrence of the target behavior d. The removal of a stimulus that increases the rate of occurrence of the target behavior

b

Which schedule reinforcer assessment consists of two or more component schedules of reinforcement for a single response with only one component schedule in effect at any given time? a. Progressive-ratio b. Multiple c. Mixed d. Concurrent

b

You are interested in comparing the effects of two different interventions on single target behavior. You have decided to present each of the interventions in an alternating fashion and measure the changes in the value of your dependent variable. You would like to plot the results of both interventions on one graph. Which would be the best format to display your results? a. Cumulative record b. Line graph c. Bar graph d. Scatterplot

b

_________ is obtained by combining observation time with a tally of the number of occurrences of behavior. a. Response latency b. Rate c. Celeration d. Whole interval

b

_______________ is a form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person and the species. a. Applied behavior analysis b. Radical behaviorism c. Positive behavior supports d. Methodological behaviorism

b

A consequence is reinforcement if

behavior increases

1. The term "therapeutic" in therapeutic environment refers to an environment that is ____________________. a. calming and peaceful b. least restrictive c. safe, humane, and responsive to individual needs d. inclusive of students with disabilities

c

10. The extent to which data are consistent when two separate individuals record data on the same target behavior is called: a. validity b. accuracy c. reliability or interobserver agreement d. interobserver agreement or consensus

c

15. The schedule of reinforcement that keeps gamblers pumping tokens into slot machines is: a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. variable ratio d. fixed ratio

c

17. Discrimination learning occurs through the process of: a. concept formation b. prompting c. differential reinforcement d. shaping

c

22. One disadvantage of an AB design is: a. it cannot evaluate performance over time b. it does not require a baseline c. it does not allow for determining a functional relation d. all of the above

c

29. Catelyn learned to sort laundry in the home living classroom at school. When her father began to sort laundry at home that evening, Catelyn started helping him sort the laundry. This is an example of a. response generalization b. fluency c. stimulus generalization d. over learning

c

4. Gregor, a student with autism consistently submits his homework assignments. His teacher brought Gregor to the front of class and praised him for submitting his homework so consistently, saying, "much better than anyone else in this class." In the future, however, Gregor submitted his homework less frequently. Thus, the teacher's public praise served as ____ of Gregor's homework submissions. a. positive reinforcement (R+) b. negative reinforcement (R) c. positive punishment (P+) d. negative punishment or extinction (R

c

5. In applied behavior analysis, applied refers to target behaviors and interventions conducted in a. simulated settings b. laboratory settings c. real life settings (classrooms, homes, etc.) d. generalization settings

c

A behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli and is "brought about" by a stimulus that precedes it is: a. Operant b. Learned c. Respondent d. New

c

A previously neutral stimulus that now functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more punishers is called a ____________. a. Discriminative stimulus b. Unconditioned punisher c. Conditioned punisher d. Conditioned reinforcer

c

A scatterplot shows the _________ distribution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by both the x- and y-axes. a. Exact b. Scattered c. Relative d. Standard

c

A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior is ____________. a. Discriminative stimulus b. S-delta c. Neutral stimulus d. Punishing stimulus

c

All of the following are competencies of a behavior analyst except: a. Knowledge of socially important behavior b. Technical skills c. Ability to conduct statistical analyses of data d. Ability to match assessment data with intervention strategies

c

All of the following are limitations of the multiple baseline design except: a. It may not reveal the functional relationship, even if one exists b. Verification of predicted behavior change must be inferred from other behaviors c. The behavior under study must be within the subject's repertoire already d. It is weaker than the reversal design

c

Alto, a student with autism consistently submits his homework assignments. His teacher brought Alto to the front of class and praised him for submitting his homework so consistently, "much better than anyone else in this class." In the future, however, Alto submitted his homework less frequently. Thus, the teacher's public praise served as ____ of Alto's homework submissions. • A. positive reinforcement (R+) • B. negative reinforcement (R) • C. positive punishment (P+) • D. negative punishment (P

c

Answering the door when you hear the doorbell and not when it is silent is an example of behavior being under: a. Simultaneous prompting b. Equivalence c. Stimulus control d. Premack principle

c

Behavior that exposes an individual to new contingencies, reinforcers, and stimulus controls is called: a. Pivotal behavior b. Access behavior c. Behavior cusp d. Contingent behavior

c

Billy states he did not know that he broke a rule because he could not see the rules. Upon your review, you discover the rules were not clear in their writing. This demonstrates which variable affecting punishment effectiveness: a. Quantity of rules b. Intensity of rule selection c. Clarity of rules d. Least restrictive procedure

c

Bribery is different from reinforcement in that bribery is intended to __________, while reinforcement is intended to __________. a. Decrease behavior, increase behavior b. Benefit the person receiving it, benefit the person delivering it c. Benefit the person delivering it, benefit the person receiving it d. Increase behavior, decrease behavior

c

By definition, ADDING a stimulus contingent on a behavior that results in a DECREASE of that behavior is • A. positive reinforcement (R+) • B. negative reinforcement (R) • C. positive punishment (P+) • D. negative punishment (P

c

Dr. Lora Y is a BCBA-D who supervises master's students in their practicum at some of the schools where she consults. Dr. Y. is "old school" when it comes to feedback and feels that natural consequences of behavior should be the primary shaping tool for graduate students - that is the way it was in her day. Lois, one of Dr. Y's students, is a "new school" behavior analyst; she loves the field and thrives on feedback. She will often seek feedback from Dr. Y. immediately following a day at the school. "You're doing fine" is the extent of Dr. Y's feedback to Lois. Lois isn't seeking reassurance or comfort; she wants specific feedback so she can improve. What should Lois do? a. Go directly to Dr. Y's supervisor to share her concerns. b. Ask for a new practicum supervisor. c. Ask Dr. Y for more specific feedback - "is there anything I need to work on" d. Assume everything is fine unless Dr. Y says otherwise.

c

Functional communication training is considered to be: a. Consequent intervention b. Punishment strategy c. Antecedent intervention d. Behavioral momentum technique

c

Functional communication training: a. Develops alternative behaviors that are sensitive to abolishing operations b. Develops alternative behaviors that create changes in motivating operations c. Develops alternative behaviors that are sensitive to establishing operations d. Develops alternative behaviors that produce punishing effects

c

In a multiple baseline design, the functional relationship between the independent variable and the change in the subject's behavior is determined by: a. Systematic introduction and withdrawal across phases b. Observation of unchanged behaviors in other tiers c. Observation of behavior change in the treated tier d. Replication of behavior change with each new criterion

c

In determining the likelihood of success in changing a behavior, all of the following should be considered except: a. Research on changing this behavior b. Experience of the behavior analyst c. Social validity of the behavior d. Available resources

c

In general, artifacts can be limited by scheduling ________ observations. a. Indirect b. Infrequent c. Frequent d. Mini

c

Jill learned to sort laundry in the home living classroom at school. When her father began to sort laundry at home that evening, Jill started helping him sort the laundry. This is an example of • A. response generalization • B. fluency • C. stimulus generalization • D. over learning

c

Ms. Tyrell set up a picture schedule to transition students between activities. Once a student completed an activity, they compared their work to a picture of the task completed. Ms. Tyrell's students were engaged in _______________. A. self reinforcement B. none of the above C. self monitoring D. self instruction

c

Outcome criteria should be established before intervention commences for all of the following reasons except: a. To establish the target performance level b. To know when to terminate intervention c. To ensure accurate data collection d. To ensure agreement on outcomes among stakeholders

c

Reliable data are not necessarily _______ data. a. Complete b. Direct c. Accurate d. Real

c

Select the schedule of reinforcement being used in the example: Jamie gets a candy bar after every ten questions answered a. Variable ratio b. Fixed interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable interval

c

Self-monitoring is best defined as: a. A procedure whereby persons observe their own behavior and record only the occurrence of the target behavior b. A procedure whereby persons observe the behavior of someone else and systematically record the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the target behavior c. A procedure whereby persons observe their behavior systematically and record the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the target behavior d. A procedure whereby persons observe their behavior and someone else systematically records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the target behavior.

c

Several years ago, some research was conducted on teaching safety skills to elementary school children. In this research, the children were taught to cross the street safely after school. As one can imagine, during the baseline phase in a study like this, observers might be watching children who crossed the street without looking both ways or who engaged in other unsafe behaviors. Which ethical guideline is applicable here. a. If behavior analysts learn of misuse or misrepresentation of their individual work products, they take reasonable and feasible steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation b. The behavior analyst reviews and appraises the restrictiveness of alternative interventions and always recommends the least restrictive procedures likely to be effective in dealing with a behavior problem. c. Behavior analysts are responsible for the ethical conduct of research conducted by them or others under their supervision. d. None of the above

c

Stimulus discrimination is acquired by: a. Reinforcing responses in the presence of a stimulus delta and withholding reinforcement in the presence of the discriminative stimulus. b. Reinforcing responses in the presence of both discriminative stimuli and stimulus deltas. c. Reinforcing responses in the presence of the discriminative stimulus and withholding reinforcement in the presence of the stimulus deltas. d. Thinning reinforcement so that no reinforcement is required for any antecedent stimuli.

c

Suggested guidelines for effective and efficient self-monitoring include: a. Make materials cumbersome and sophisticated b. Never provide supplementary cues or prompts; this will make the individual become dependent on the prompts or cues rather than the target behavior c. Self-monitor the most important dimension of the target behavior d. Do not reinforce accurate self-monitoring

c

Telling a consumer that if he doesn't agree to a procedure, a more restrictive one will be used violates the element of a. Adequate information b. Capacity c. Voluntariness d. All of the above

c

The longer the latency of delivery of reinforcement, the more likely a. Behavior will be reinforced b. Behavior will remain the same c. Intervening response will be reinforced d. The behavior will decrease

c

The procedure that measures behavior after it has occurred by measuring its effect on the environment is called: a. Measurement artifact b. Planned activity check c. Permanent product d. Time sampling

c

The reappearance of a response that had not occurred for an extended time interval during extinction conditions is referred to as _________. a. Habituation b. Extinction c. Spontaneous recovery d. Novel behavior

c

This is the extent to which a learner exits the target behavior in a setting or stimulus situation that is different from the instructional setting. a. Setting/situation maintenance b. Response generalization c. Setting/situation generalization d. Response maintenance

c

Transitivity is demonstrated when: a. In the absence of training and reinforcement a learner will select a stimulus that is matched to itself. b. The sample stimulus and comparison stimulus can be reversed. c. An untrained stimulus-stimulus relation emerges as a product of training two other stimulus-stimulus relations. d. An individual can match to sample.

c

What information does a concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment provide? a. A rank order of preference for a variety of stimuli b. How often children will select one stimulus versus another to indicate preference c. Whether or not a stimulus functions as a reinforcer and how effective that stimulus is as a reinforcer compared to other stimuli d. All of these

c

Which experimental design is most appropriate for evaluating the effect of video modeling on the acquisition of the skills for preparing a meal by adults with developmental disabilities? a. Multiple baseline across behaviors b. Changing criterion c. Multiple probe d. Delayed multiple baseline

c

Which form of verbal behavior is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response? a. Mand b. Tact c. Echoic d. Intraverbal

c

Which of the following illustrates an example of stimulus control? a. Joanne occasionally runs the stop sign near her house because there are rarely any cars at the intersection b. Frank flaps his hands almost constantly all day long. c. Joe hits his teacher every time and only when she asks him to wash his hands. d. Molly uses a Kleenex to wipe her nose when it is running and often when it is not running. It is a bad habit she has.

c

Which of the following is not a factor that influences the effectiveness of punishment? a. Immediacy b. Intensity c. Variation d. Schedule

c

Which of the following statements describes the definition of negative punishment? a. The presentation of a stimulus that increases the rate of occurrence of the target behavior b. The presentation of a stimulus that decreases the rate of occurrence of the target behavior c. The removal of a stimulus that decreases the rate of occurrence of the target behavior d. The removal of a stimulus that increases the rate of occurrence of the target behavior

c

You are preparing to observe Jennifer, a second-grade student who has difficulty following teacher directions and frequently wanders around the classroom. The target behavior for Jennifer is out of her seat. What is the most appropriate method for measuring this target behavior? a. Event recording b. Interresponse time c. Duration d. Planned activity check

c

You have been interested in the total number of sight words accurately read since your data collection began last week. Which graphing convention allows you to most efficiently answer your inquiry? a. Line graph b. Scatterplot c. Cumulative record d. Bar graph

c

__________ refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events. a. Determinism b. Empiricism c. Temporal locus d. Temporal extent

c

______________ is an experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment. a. Alternating treatments design b. Reversal Design c. Changing Criterion design d. None of the above

c

• By definition, ADDING a stimulus contingent on a behavior that results in a DECREASE of that behavior is A. positive reinforcement (R+) B. negative reinforcement (R) C. positive punishment (P+) D. negative punishment (P

c

A "learned" reinforcer is also known as a

conditioned reinforcer

25. Why is DRA often effective in reducing problem behavior? a. Because DRA eliminates the problematic setting events b. Because the behavior that is reinforced is more desirable than the problem behavior c. Because most individuals will do anything that earns reinforcement d. Because the behavior that is reinforced accomplishes the same function as the problem behavior

d

A guiding principle for promoting generalized behavior change includes: a. Involving significant others whenever possible b. Promoting generalization with the least intrusive, least costly tactics possible c. Contriving intervention tactics as needed to achieve important generalized outcomes d. All of these

d

A limitation of descriptive assessment is: a. It may be misleading in that it can identify environmental variables that occur in close proximity to the problem behavior but that are not causally related to the problem behavior. b. It may not be a very reliable measure of problem behavior and environmental events. c. It is extremely difficult and time-consuming to perform. d. The first two answer choices are correct.

d

By definition, REMOVING a stimulus contingent on a behavior that results in a DECREASE of that behavior is • A. positive reinforcement (R+) • B. negative reinforcement (R C. positive punishment (P+) • D. negative punishment (P

d

Charles spits on his teacher when he prompts him to complete a toothbrushing task. For obvious reasons, this behavior grosses out the teacher, who refuses to work with him when he behaves like this. When Charles spits on him, the teacher walks away and allows Charles to leave the toothbrushing task and go to the computer to calm down. As long as he is playing on the computer, he rarely spits on his teacher. What is the most likely function of Charles' behavior? a. Escape b. Automatic reinforcement c. Tangible d. Escape and/or tangible

d

Explicit behavior definitions are important in research of applied behavior analysis for all of the following except: a. Replication by other scientists b. Accurate and reliable measurement of behavior c. Comparison of data across studies d. Agreement between assessment and intervention data

d

How do researchers usually demonstrate experimental control? • A. by collecting and analyzing data • B. visual inspection of graphed data • C. interobserver reliability • D. repeating an intervention several times

d

In addition to a control condition, a functional analysis typically consists of what test conditions? a. Contingent attention b. Contingent escape c. Alone d. All of these

d

In the final phase of the escalation cycle, what action should you take? • A. Give a severe consequence • B. Act like the behavior escalation never happened and avoid talking about it. • C. Ignore the student. • D. Discuss the escalation with the student and plan together to reduce a reoccurrence

d

Juan, a BCBA has done an assessment on Carl, a 6-year-old boy, and determined that Carl's face-slapping is maintained by automatic reinforcement. In his professional opinion, Carl's face-slapping is serious enough to warrant a punishment procedure. When Carl slaps his face, Juan wants Carl's hands to be firmly pulled away from his face and for the therapist to say in a loud voice, "No!" What must Juan do before implementing this intervention? a. Get consent from Carl's parents. b. Include reinforcement procedures for alternative behaviors in the plan c. Tell Carl that if he doesn't stop slapping his face, they will have to use punishment d. A and B

d

Little Peter was walking along the fence of his uncle's dairy farm. Peter reached up and grabbed the wire along the fence, not realizing it was electrified. After recovering from the pain caused by the shock, Peter never again touched the fence wires. Which statement best describes the shock stimulus felt by Peter? a. Negative reinforcement b. Negative punishment c. Bad judgement d. Positive punishment

d

Miranda routinely went with her client on doctor visits. On a recent trip to see the psychiatrist, Miranda was astonished to discover that 5 minutes into the appointment his head fell forward and he appeared to be asleep. After a minute or so, the psychiatrist sat up straight and continued the conversation. It happened again, and this time was asleep for 2 minutes. The client was unaware of what was going on, but Miranda was conflicted. What should she do? a. Nothing because the psychiatrist doesn't work for Miranda or her company. b. Nothing because the client didn't notice anything. c. File a written complaint with the Board of Psychiatry. d. Discuss her concerns with the psychiatrist.

d

Ms. Carmichael is conducting an FBA for Jamal, a boy in her class who runs away from activities and teachers. Ms. Carmichael began by interviewing her teaching assistants and by participating in the conversation with them to define the target behavior and to determine what antecedents and consequences she would watch for during her ABC assessment. Ms. Carmichael completes her ABC assessment and finds that running away from tasks and materials occurs most frequently when difficult tasks are presented and that the most common consequence for this behavior is a teacher chasing after him and returning him to the classroom. Sometimes he is required to return to the task, and sometimes, he is allowed to do a different activity when he comes back to the classroom. What can be concluded from this descriptive assessment? a. The problem behavior most likely occurs to get attention from teachers. b. The problem behavior most likely occurs to get escape from nonpreferred tasks. c. The problem behavior most likely occurs to get access to more preferred activities d. The function of problem behavior remains unclear.

d

Ms. Stark implements a token economy system to increase John's on task behavior. What is the independent variable? A. on-task behavior B. Charlie C. Ms. Harper D. token economy

d

Ms. Tully implements a token economy system to increase Samuel's on task behavior. What is the dependent variable? A. Ms. Tully B. Samuel C. token economy D. on task behavior

d

Peter B. received his Ph.D. in industrial and organizational psychology and was quickly hired by a large online retailer to improve productivity in the shipping department. After making informal observations over a 3-week period, Peter recommended that the company institute a work enhancement system that would encourage employees to pick up the pace of packing boxes or be fired. His estimate was that overall output could be increased by at least 15% with this "enhancement" and that this would increase the bottom line by nearly $1 million a year. A BCBA working in the human resources department got wind of this proposal and asked to review it before it was put in place. Why would the BCBA want to review this? a. Requiring employees to work faster might put the employees at risk of injury. b. Peter B. is not a BCBA and needs the BCBAs permission to do punishment procedures c. A pay-for-performance system may work better than a work or get fired system d. A and C

d

Renly records himself talking out the steps of tying his shoes. Renly listens to his recording as he ties his shoes. This is an example of which self management technique? A. self evaluation B. self monitoring C. self recording D. self instruction

d

The ____________ design consists of an initial baseline phase followed by an intervention phase followed by a return to baseline. a. A-B-A b. Reversal design c. Withdrawal design d. All of the above

d

The actual amount of examples needed to be taught when teaching sufficient stimulus examples to a learner will depend on: a. The learner's opportunities to emit the target behavior under various conditions b. Naturally existing contingencies of reinforcement c. The learner's history of reinforcement for generalized responding d. All of these

d

The qualifications to be considered when utilizing positive reinforcement are: a. Delay between response and consequence b. Stimulus conditions when response was emitted c. Strength of motivation d. All of these

d

This type of graph is also known as a histogram and is useful in summarizing behavioral data allowing for a quick comparison of performance across participants and/or conditions. a. Line graph b. Scatterplot c. Cumulative record d. Bar graph

d

When two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors, what schedule of reinforcement is in effect? a. Multiple b. Mixed c. Progressive-ratio d. Concurrent

d

Which form of verbal behavior is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus? a. Mand b. Tact c. Echoic d. Intraverbal

d

Which of the following is considered a prompt fading procedure? • A. graduated guidance • B. mostto least prompts • C. time delay • D. all of the above

d

Which of the following is not a requisite for obtaining valid IOA measures? a. Use the same observation code and measurement system b. Observe and measure the same participant(s) and events c. Observe and record the behavior independent of any influence from one another d. Score all IOA while sitting side-by-side with another observer

d

Which of the following is not a suggested training method for potential observers? a. Select observers carefully b. Train observers to an objective standard of competency c. Use a systematic approach to training d. Explicit feedback about data collection as it relates to the hypothesis

d

Why might Cersei decide not to use extinction with Joffrey's inappropriate behavior? A. limited generalizability B. delayed reaction C. extinctioninduced aggression D. all of the above

d

_____________________is an experimental design in which two or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding. a. Multiple baseline across settings b. Reversal design c. Withdrawal design d. Alternating treatments design

d

minute intervals to see if John was playing appropriately in a small group. He was using: a. partial interval recording b. whole interval recording c. duration recording d. time sampling

d

• By definition, REMOVING a stimulus contingent on a behavior that results in a DECREASE of that behavior is A. positive reinforcement (R+) B. negative reinforcement (R) C. positive punishment (P+) D. negative punishment (P

d

• How do researchers usually demonstrate experimental control in single case designs? A. by collecting and analyzing data B. visual inspection of graphed data C. interobserver reliability D. replicating effects of the intervention

d

Every time Ann raises her hand the teacher records one tally mark. "Raising hand" is the

dependent variable

The students just finished a fun and exciting game of Jeopardy in preparation for a history quiz. When presented with difficult history questions on the quiz, Kyle reads each question carefully, selects a reasonable answer for each question, and completes the quiz in a timely manner. Each quiz question is probably serving as a ___________________ to Kyle's attentive quiz taking behavior.

discriminate stimulus

An antecedent that reliably occasions a response is called

discriminative stimulus

An example of unconditioned reinforcer(s) is: a. Food b. Water c. Oxygen d. Warmth e. Sexual stimulation f. All of these

f

• fluency/matianence/generalization/aquistion: the rate at which they accurately perform the behavior

fluency

• When changes in a dependent variable are replicated each time the same independent variable is implemented what is said to exsist?

functional relation

• independent or dependent: the intervention being used to change behavior.

independent

• intervention independent or dependent variable=

independent

• what are the two types of variables?

independent and dependent

The intervention that is implemented to change a behavior is the

independent variable

What design is being used when two or more behaviors of one student are examined?

multiple baseline across behaviors

A teacher conducted an intervention to improve Jane's in seat behavior during reading, music, and math periods. The appropriate single subject design for this situation was

multiple baseline design

The ABAB design is also known as the

reversal design

• what type of design allows for researchers to assess cause and effect between independent and dependent variables?

single subject experimental design

"When you finish your seat work, you may have 10 minutes of free time," is an example of applying

the Premack Principle

• trend/variability/level: the general direction of the behavior

trend

• t/f the more variability the harder it is to draw conclusions about data

true

• t/f you need at least one replication of data to be accepted

true

On what types of reinforcement schedules are individuals least likely to satiate?

variable schedules

• trend/variability/level: flunctionations in students behavior

variability

• any number of factors involved in research

variable