Behavior Modification Midterm Ch. 5

A child cries when her mother is brushing the child's teeth, and her mother stops brushing. As a result the child is more likely to cry when she gets her teeth brushed. Does this example illustrate positive or negative reinforcement for crying?

Negative

What is negative reinforcement? Explain the extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior.

Negative reinforcement is when a behavior is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus. During the extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior, the aversive stimulus is no longer removed after the behavior.

During extinction of a __________ (positively/negatively) reinforced behavior, an aversive stimulus is no longer removed after the behavior.

Negatively

During extinction of a positively reinforced behavior, the positive reinforcer is __________ following the behavior.

No longer delivered.

During extinction, a previously reinforced behavior ___________, and the behavior stops occurring in the future.

No longer produces reinforcing consequences.

During the extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior, the aversive stimulus is ________ following the behavior.

No longer removed.

What is the behavioral definition of extinction?

1. A behavior has been previously reinforced 2. No longer results in the reinforcing consequences 3. The behavior stops occurring in the future.

What three things happen during an extinction burst?

1. Behavior briefly increases in frequency, duration, or intensity. 2. Novel behaviors may occur. 3. Emotional responses or aggressive behavior may occur.

During the extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior, the ____________ is no longer removed after the behavior.

Aversive Stimulus

During spontaneous recovery, what happens to a behavior that had stopped occurring as a result of extinction?

Behavior occurs again in similar situations.

What type of reinforcement schedule before extinction results in the most rapid decrease in the behavior during extinction?

Continuous Reinforcement schedule

During extinction, a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer, and the behavior _________ in the future.

Decreases

The temporary increase in a behavior during extinction is called a(n) _________.

Extinction burst.

Extinction is not the same thing as ignoring. Explain this statement.

Extinction means withholding the reinforcer for a behavior. Ignoring the problem behavior functions as extinction only if attention is the reinforcer.

During an extinction burst, the behavior may temporarily increase in _________, _________, or __________.

Frequency, Duration, Intensity

What happens to a behavior when it is accidentally reinforced during the extinction process?

If reinforcement occurs in the course of extinction, it takes longer for the behavior to decrease.

Ms. Jones pushes the button on her garage door opener each time she drives in the driveway, and the door opens. Describe extinction of the behavior of pushing the button on the garage door opener.

If the garage door opener suddenly stops opening the door, you are less likely to use it to open the garage door.

A child cries in the store and the parent gives the child candy. As a result, the child is more likely to cry in the store. How would the parent use extinction for crying in this case?

Ignoring the behavior.

What is an extinction burst?

Increase in frequency, duration, intensity of the behavior being extinguished.

During an extinction burst, a behavior _________ in frequency, duration, or intensity.

Increases

The behavior will decrease ___________ (more/less) quickly during extinction after intermittent reinforcement than continuous reinforcement.

Less quickly

The behavior will decrease ________ (more/less) quickly during extinction after continuous reinforcement than intermittent reinforcement.

More

What are two types of behaviors that might occur during an extinction burst?

Novel behaviors, Emotional/aggressive behaviors.

Besides a temporary increase in the behavior, what are two other things that might happen during an extinction burst? _________ and __________.

Novel behaviors, emotion and/or aggression

During an extinction burst, the behavior might temporarily increase. In addition, __________ behaviors or ________ behaviors might occur.

Novel, emotional/aggressive

When does extinction involve ignoring the behavior?

Only when attention is the reinforcer.

Ms. Jones pushes the button on her garage door opener each time she drives in the driveway, and the door opens. Is this an example of positive or negative reinforcement?

Positive.

During extinction of a ________ (positively/negatively) reinforced behavior, a reinforcer is no longer delivered after the behavior.

Positively

During extinction of a positively reinforced behavior, the ____________ is no longer delivered after the behavior.

Postive reinforcer

Two factors that influence the extinction are the _________ before extinction and the occurrence of reinforcement after extinction.

Schedule of reinforcement before extinction.

During ___________ a previously extinguished behavior occurs again in the future.

Spontaneous Recovery

When a behavior occurs again in the future even though it had stopped occurring after extinction, the process is called ____________.

Spontaneous Recovery.

What is spontaneous recovery during extinction?

Spontaneous recovery is when the problem behavior occurs again even after it has not occurred for some time.

During extinction, what happens immediately after the occurrence of the behavior?

The behavior is no longer reinforced.

A child cries in the store and the parent gives the child candy. As a result, the child is more likely to cry in the store. What is the reinforcer for crying in this case?

The candy

A child cries when her mother is brushing the child's teeth, and her mother stops brushing. As a result the child is more likely to cry when she gets her teeth brushed. How does the child's mother use extinction for crying in this case?

The mother keeps brushing the child's teeth.

Two factors that influence extinction are the schedule of reinforcement before extinction and _________ after extinction.

The occurrence of reinforcement

Provide an example of extinction.

When Emma cries at night, her parents go into her room to talk to her and give her attention to stop the crying. When they finally stop going into her room to talk to her when she cries, she eventually stops crying at night.

Provide an example of an extinction burst.

When John presses the "on" button on the TV remote, but the TV doesn't turn on, he presses the "on" button harder, and longer before he finally gives up.

Explain how the reinforcement schedule for a behavior (continuous or intermittent) influences extinction of the behavior.

When a behavior is continuously reinforced, it decreases rapidly once the reinforcement is terminated. When a behavior is intermittently reinforced, it often decreases more gradually once the reinforcement is terminated.

Provide an example of extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior.

You wear earplugs in your job at the factory to decrease the loud noise of the equipment. Wearing earplugs is negatively reinforced by escape from the loud noise. If the earplugs wore out and they no longer decreased the noise, you would stop wearing them.