Big Thang of lifespan pt 2

When a mother reaches 40, the probability that her baby will have Down syndrome is slightly over 1 in ______.

100

The embryonic period occurs from ___ to weeks to eight weeks after conception

2

The specialization of cells, also known as cell______ , begins the week after conception.

Differentiation

is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm

Meiosis

The process of organ development during the first 2 months of prenatal development is known as

Organogenesis

______ drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods

Psychoactive

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the

afterbirth

The developing embryo floats in the _____ which resembles a bag or an envelope and contains a clear fluid.

amnion

The life-support system that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is known as the ______.

amnion

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of ______ used to relieve pain during labor.

analgesics

Research indicates that high doses of nonprescription ______ can be harmful during pregnancy.

aspirin

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called the____

blastocyst

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as

bonding

behavior genetics

do not determine the extent to which genetics and environment affect an individual's traits.

The genetic disorder that occurs more often in the children of mothers who are pregnant when younger than 16 and older than 34 is called what?

down syndrome

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.

drank alcohol

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the ______.

ectoderm

Between two and eight weeks post-conception, the developing mass of cells is called a

embryo

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the ______ period

embryonic

The lower layer of embryonic cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system, is called the

endoderm

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed

environmental influences

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the _____ period

fetal

The _____ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division and implantation

germinal

The ______ period of prenatal development takes place in the first two weeks after conception.

germinal

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of ______.

heredity-environment correlations

Approximately 11 to 15 days after conception, ______ takes place.

implantation

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as ______.

implantation

According to the epigenetic view, development ______.

is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

_________care is a NICU procedure that involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest

kangaroo

The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is ______ than the others.

longer

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the

mesoderm

All cells in our bodies, other than eggs and sperm, reproduce through a process called

mitosis

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid

mitosis

The process that allows cells other than eggs and sperm to duplicate and divide is known as

mitosis

X-linked diseases are more likely to affect men than women because ______.

mutations tend to be more severe on the Y chromosome than on the X chromosome

Q The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the ______.

placenta

The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

placenta

The _________ is a life-support system that consists of blood vessels from the mother and offspring that intertwine but don't join.

placenta

Some women develop_________ depression, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.

postpartum

Analgesia is used to ______ labor.

relieve pain during

During the _______ stage of birth the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts 45-60 minutes.

second

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and fetal and neonatal deaths are more common among the offspring of mothers who _______ during pregnancy

smoked

Ultrasound ________ uses high-frequency sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce a visual representation of the fetus.

sonography

The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during

the first trimester

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen.

time

Prenatal development can be described in terms of equal three-month time periods called

trimesters

The outer layer of cells around the embryo is called the

trophoblast

Consisting of two arteries and one vein, the ______ connects the baby to the placenta.

umbilical cord

The fertilized egg is called the ______.

zygote

prescription drugs that can function as a teratogen

• Antibiotics • Acne medications • Synthetic estrogen

paternal risk factors

• If a father smokes while the mother is pregnant, there is an increased risk for early pregnancy loss. • Older fathers appear to have an increased risk of having children with autism. • There is an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in offspring of older fathers.

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to

• Impaired language development • Impaired motor development • Deficits in behavioral self-regulation

are psychoactive drugs

• Nicotine • Alcohol • Caffeine • Marijuana

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to

• Stillbirth • Lower intelligence

the first stage of birth

• The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm. • Contractions become more frequent and intense.

Which are drugs that may be used for labor?

• anesthesia • oxytocin/Pitocin • analgesia

the potential causes of infertility

• blocked fallopian tubes • the woman does not ovulate • low sperm production

the natural methods that attempt to reduce the mother's pain during childbirth?

• breathing and relaxation techniques • waterbirth • massage

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods

• fetal • embryonic • germinal

When a mother is 35 years or older, risks increase for

• fetal death • low birth weight • preterm delivery