Big Thang of lifespan pt 2
When a mother reaches 40, the probability that her baby will have Down syndrome is slightly over 1 in ______.
100
The embryonic period occurs from ___ to weeks to eight weeks after conception
2
The specialization of cells, also known as cell______ , begins the week after conception.
Differentiation
is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm
Meiosis
The process of organ development during the first 2 months of prenatal development is known as
Organogenesis
______ drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods
Psychoactive
In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the
afterbirth
The developing embryo floats in the _____ which resembles a bag or an envelope and contains a clear fluid.
amnion
The life-support system that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is known as the ______.
amnion
Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of ______ used to relieve pain during labor.
analgesics
Research indicates that high doses of nonprescription ______ can be harmful during pregnancy.
aspirin
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called the____
blastocyst
The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as
bonding
behavior genetics
do not determine the extent to which genetics and environment affect an individual's traits.
The genetic disorder that occurs more often in the children of mothers who are pregnant when younger than 16 and older than 34 is called what?
down syndrome
FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.
drank alcohol
The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the ______.
ectoderm
Between two and eight weeks post-conception, the developing mass of cells is called a
embryo
Organogenesis takes place primarily during the ______ period
embryonic
The lower layer of embryonic cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system, is called the
endoderm
What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed
environmental influences
The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.
epigenetic
The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the _____ period
fetal
The _____ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division and implantation
germinal
The ______ period of prenatal development takes place in the first two weeks after conception.
germinal
Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of ______.
heredity-environment correlations
Approximately 11 to 15 days after conception, ______ takes place.
implantation
The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as ______.
implantation
According to the epigenetic view, development ______.
is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other
In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.
it occurs earlier in the pregnancy
_________care is a NICU procedure that involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest
kangaroo
The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is ______ than the others.
longer
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the
mesoderm
All cells in our bodies, other than eggs and sperm, reproduce through a process called
mitosis
During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid
mitosis
The process that allows cells other than eggs and sperm to duplicate and divide is known as
mitosis
X-linked diseases are more likely to affect men than women because ______.
mutations tend to be more severe on the Y chromosome than on the X chromosome
Q The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the ______.
placenta
The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join
placenta
The _________ is a life-support system that consists of blood vessels from the mother and offspring that intertwine but don't join.
placenta
Some women develop_________ depression, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.
postpartum
Analgesia is used to ______ labor.
relieve pain during
During the _______ stage of birth the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts 45-60 minutes.
second
Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and fetal and neonatal deaths are more common among the offspring of mothers who _______ during pregnancy
smoked
Ultrasound ________ uses high-frequency sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce a visual representation of the fetus.
sonography
The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during
the first trimester
The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen.
time
Prenatal development can be described in terms of equal three-month time periods called
trimesters
The outer layer of cells around the embryo is called the
trophoblast
Consisting of two arteries and one vein, the ______ connects the baby to the placenta.
umbilical cord
The fertilized egg is called the ______.
zygote
prescription drugs that can function as a teratogen
• Antibiotics • Acne medications • Synthetic estrogen
paternal risk factors
• If a father smokes while the mother is pregnant, there is an increased risk for early pregnancy loss. • Older fathers appear to have an increased risk of having children with autism. • There is an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in offspring of older fathers.
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to
• Impaired language development • Impaired motor development • Deficits in behavioral self-regulation
are psychoactive drugs
• Nicotine • Alcohol • Caffeine • Marijuana
Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to
• Stillbirth • Lower intelligence
the first stage of birth
• The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm. • Contractions become more frequent and intense.
Which are drugs that may be used for labor?
• anesthesia • oxytocin/Pitocin • analgesia
the potential causes of infertility
• blocked fallopian tubes • the woman does not ovulate • low sperm production
the natural methods that attempt to reduce the mother's pain during childbirth?
• breathing and relaxation techniques • waterbirth • massage
Prenatal development is divided into what three periods
• fetal • embryonic • germinal
When a mother is 35 years or older, risks increase for
• fetal death • low birth weight • preterm delivery