Bio 1 Cancer Biology
angiogenesis
"feed me" process
- autologous - allogeneic - syngeneic
3 basic types of stem-cell transplants
pathologist
a doctor who specializes in evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose diseases
cancer
a group of over 100 diseases, characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth
nodule
a lump less than 20 m at its widest point
stem cell transplant
a treatment to try to cure some types of cancer, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma
tumor
abnormal mass of tissue which may be solid or fluid-filled; a kind of lumr or swelling
small cell lung cancer
also called "oat cell cancer", tends to spread quickly; about 10%-15% of lung cancers are small cell
internal radiation therapy
also known as brachytherapy, radioactive material is placed into the cancer itself or into the tissue surrounding it
reconstruction
an option to restore the body's appearance
neoplasm
another term for "tumor"
invasive breast cancer
breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the ducts or lobules to surrounding tissue
staging
can be used in estimating a person's prognosis
colon cancer
cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system
rectal cancer
cancer of the last several inches of the colon
breast cancer
cancer that begins when the cells in the breast change and begin growing uncontrollably, forming a tumor
malignant tumors
cancerous tumors; tend to become progessively worse, and can potentially result in death. they grow fast, seek out new territory, and they metastasize.
sarcomas
cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle
leukemias
cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream
lymphomas
cancers that arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body's immune system
benign tumor
cannot metastasize (spread); non-progressive, it remains as it is. not harmful to human health
invasive carcinoma
carcinoma that are able to transfer to different parts of the body (spreads)
carcinoma in situ
carcinoma that sticks on the epithelial layer of an organ from which it arose (in place)
cancer cells
caused by damage or change in the genetic material of cells or by environmental/internal factors
- sustaining proliferative signaling - evading growth suppressors - activating invasion and metastasis - enabling replicative immortality - inducing angiogenesis - resisting cell death
causes of gene mutation
dysplasia
cells are abnormal and can lead to cancer (different sizes)
G1, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle
checkpoints
topical chemotherapy
chemo drugs in a cream you put on your skin
intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy
chemo drugs injected into an artery that goes directly to the cancer
chemotherapy into the abdomen
chemo medication placed directly in your abdomen
injected chemotherapy
chemotherapy as a shot, usually in a muscle, the fatty part of an arm or leg, or your belly
oral chemotherapy
chemotherapy drugs by mouth; pill, capsule, or liquid
phagocytes
clean up the cell fragments from apoptosis
colorectal cancers
colon cancer and rectal cancer; most are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids)
cell cycle
controlled by a cyclically operating set of reaction sequences that both trigger and coordinate key events in the cell
cancer cells
do not exhibit contact inhibition
cancer cells
do not respond to cell-cycle controls
- carcinogens (smoke, cigarette, alcohol) - exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun - exposure to radiation - pollution
environmental factors of cancer
- adenomas - fibromas - hemangiomas - lipomas
examples of benign tumors
- carcinoma - sarcoma - leukemia/lymphoma - germ cell tumor - blastoma
examples of malignant tumors
- actinic keratosis - dysplasia of the cervix - metaplasia of the lung - leukoplakia
exampples of premalignant tumors
cancer cells
exhibit irregular growth sequences
- length of growth - location - type - extent of metastasis
factors to consider in cancer treatment
oncogenes
genes which are activated during cell division for specific situations; proto-oncogenes in normal and non-mutated state
- inherited abnormal genes - random errors in the genetic makeup during cell division
genetic factors of cancer
apoptosis process
genome of cell is broken down, the cell is fragmented into smaller pieces, and the debris is consumed by phagocytes
Cdc14 enzymes
help fix the defective DNA structure of a cell and the tumor suppressors, which control the cell division
hyperplasia
increased number of cells in a particular area (callus)
cell division
involves the distribution of identical DNA to two daughters
cancer grade
it describes a cancer in terms of how abnormal the tumor cells are compared to normal cells
staging
it describes the severity of a person's cancer based on the size and whether or not cancer has spread in the body
radiation
it describes the way energy moves from one place to another
cancer summary staging
it groups cancer cases into five main categories: in situ, localized, regional, distant, and unknown
staging
it helps health care provides and researchers exchange information about patients
staging
it helps the doctor plan the appropriate treatment
GX
it means that the grade can't be assesed; it is also called undetermined grade
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (the cell-cycle clock)
kinase
high grade cancer
like to grow and spread faster
low grade cancer
like to grow and spread more slowly
melanoma
more aggressive than most other types of skin cancer; only 2% of skin cancers are melanoma, but it causes most deaths from skin cancer
- atrophy - hypertrophy - hyperplasia - dysplasia
morphologic changes of cells
prostate cancer
most common cancer in men after skin cancer; second leading cause of death from cancer; almost all are adenocarcinomas; often has no early symptoms; usually grows very slowly
tobacco smoking
most common cause of lung cancer
ductal carcinom
most common type of breast cancer; begins in the cells of the ducts
non-small cell lung cances
most common type of lung cancer
external-beam radiation therapy
most common type of radiation treatment; delivers radiation from a machine located outside the body
non-melanoma
most common type of skin cancer
carcinomas
most common types of cancer; arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces
atrophy
muscles are not exercised (small)
hypertrophy
muscles had too much exercise (big)
- weight problems - unhealthy diet - no exercise
occupational factors of cancer
tumor-suppressor genes
often called as anti-oncogenes; prevents or suppress tumor formation by regulating cell division
surgery
oldest type of cancer therapy and remains an effective treatment for many types of cancer today
mitosis
one cell division resulting in two daughter cells
lung cancer
one of the most common and serious types of cancer; usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages, but eventually develop them
- MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) - Density Dependent Inhibition - Anchorage Dependence
other sequences
apoptosis
programmed cell death; initiation and execution phase
intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)
radiation sent directly to the tumor during surgery for both external and internal radiation therapy
high-energy radiation
radiation that has enough energy to change cells
mass
refers to a lump at least 20 mm in diameter at its widest point
incisional biopsy
removal of a piece of suspicious area of examination
excisional biopsy
removal of the entire suspicious area, such as an unusual more or lump
metastasis
spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or the lymph system
radiosensitizers
substances that help radiation better destroy tumors
- persistent coughing - coughing up blood - persistent breathlessness - unexplained tiredness and weight loss - an ache or pain when breathing or coughing
symptoms of lung cancer
grade 3 cancer
the cancer cells look very abnormal and are growing quickly
grade 1 cancer
the cancer cells look very similar to normal cells and are growing slowly
allogeneic
the cells come from a matched related or unrelated donor
autologous
the cells come from you
syngeneic
the cells come from your identical twin or triplet
grade 2 cancer
the cells look unlike normal cells and are growing quicker than normal
microscopically controlled surgery
the dermatologist shaves off a skin cancer, one layer at a time, until all cells in a layer appear to be normal cells when viewed under a microscope
endoscopy
the doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the tip, called an endoscope, into an opening of the body to examine the internal organs
laparoscopic surgery
the doctor performs surgery through small incisions in the skin using a thin, lighted tube with a camera
laser surgery
the doctor uses a narrow beam of high-intensity light to remove cancerous tissue
cyrosurgery
the doctor uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill abnormal cells
Hippocrates
the first one to use the "cancer" term to describe the disease
skin cancer
the most common type of cancer; forms in skin that has been exposed to sunlight, but can occur anywhere on the body
biopsy
the only way to make a definitive diagnosis for most types of cancer
surgery
the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation
chemotherapy
the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells; prevents tumor from forming; causes damage to many growing cells, including some healthy cells
hormone therapy
this treatment changes the amoung of hormones in your body
immunotherapy
this treatment helps your body's natural defenses fight the cancer
targeted therapy
this treatment targets and disables genes or proteins found in cancer cells which they need to grow
intravenous (IV) chemotherapy
traditional chemotherapy type, injecting drugs directly into a vein
premalignant tumors
tumors that are not yet malignant, but are about to become so
meiosis
two cell divisions, resulting in four products of meiosis
- diagnosis - staging - debulking - palliation - prevention
types of conventional surgery
- laparoscopic surgery - laser surgery - cyrosurgery - microscopically controlled surgery - endoscopy
types of minimally invasive surgery
- external beam - internal radiation - intraoperative - radiosentisizers
types of radiation therapy
palliation
used to relieve side effects (pain, bleeding, broken bones, eating problems) caused by a tumor
Greek, carcinos
where "cancer" was derived from; means "crab"