Bio 1 Cancer Biology

angiogenesis

"feed me" process

- autologous - allogeneic - syngeneic

3 basic types of stem-cell transplants

pathologist

a doctor who specializes in evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose diseases

cancer

a group of over 100 diseases, characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth

nodule

a lump less than 20 m at its widest point

stem cell transplant

a treatment to try to cure some types of cancer, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma

tumor

abnormal mass of tissue which may be solid or fluid-filled; a kind of lumr or swelling

small cell lung cancer

also called "oat cell cancer", tends to spread quickly; about 10%-15% of lung cancers are small cell

internal radiation therapy

also known as brachytherapy, radioactive material is placed into the cancer itself or into the tissue surrounding it

reconstruction

an option to restore the body's appearance

neoplasm

another term for "tumor"

invasive breast cancer

breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the ducts or lobules to surrounding tissue

staging

can be used in estimating a person's prognosis

colon cancer

cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system

rectal cancer

cancer of the last several inches of the colon

breast cancer

cancer that begins when the cells in the breast change and begin growing uncontrollably, forming a tumor

malignant tumors

cancerous tumors; tend to become progessively worse, and can potentially result in death. they grow fast, seek out new territory, and they metastasize.

sarcomas

cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle

leukemias

cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream

lymphomas

cancers that arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body's immune system

benign tumor

cannot metastasize (spread); non-progressive, it remains as it is. not harmful to human health

invasive carcinoma

carcinoma that are able to transfer to different parts of the body (spreads)

carcinoma in situ

carcinoma that sticks on the epithelial layer of an organ from which it arose (in place)

cancer cells

caused by damage or change in the genetic material of cells or by environmental/internal factors

- sustaining proliferative signaling - evading growth suppressors - activating invasion and metastasis - enabling replicative immortality - inducing angiogenesis - resisting cell death

causes of gene mutation

dysplasia

cells are abnormal and can lead to cancer (different sizes)

G1, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle

checkpoints

topical chemotherapy

chemo drugs in a cream you put on your skin

intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy

chemo drugs injected into an artery that goes directly to the cancer

chemotherapy into the abdomen

chemo medication placed directly in your abdomen

injected chemotherapy

chemotherapy as a shot, usually in a muscle, the fatty part of an arm or leg, or your belly

oral chemotherapy

chemotherapy drugs by mouth; pill, capsule, or liquid

phagocytes

clean up the cell fragments from apoptosis

colorectal cancers

colon cancer and rectal cancer; most are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids)

cell cycle

controlled by a cyclically operating set of reaction sequences that both trigger and coordinate key events in the cell

cancer cells

do not exhibit contact inhibition

cancer cells

do not respond to cell-cycle controls

- carcinogens (smoke, cigarette, alcohol) - exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun - exposure to radiation - pollution

environmental factors of cancer

- adenomas - fibromas - hemangiomas - lipomas

examples of benign tumors

- carcinoma - sarcoma - leukemia/lymphoma - germ cell tumor - blastoma

examples of malignant tumors

- actinic keratosis - dysplasia of the cervix - metaplasia of the lung - leukoplakia

exampples of premalignant tumors

cancer cells

exhibit irregular growth sequences

- length of growth - location - type - extent of metastasis

factors to consider in cancer treatment

oncogenes

genes which are activated during cell division for specific situations; proto-oncogenes in normal and non-mutated state

- inherited abnormal genes - random errors in the genetic makeup during cell division

genetic factors of cancer

apoptosis process

genome of cell is broken down, the cell is fragmented into smaller pieces, and the debris is consumed by phagocytes

Cdc14 enzymes

help fix the defective DNA structure of a cell and the tumor suppressors, which control the cell division

hyperplasia

increased number of cells in a particular area (callus)

cell division

involves the distribution of identical DNA to two daughters

cancer grade

it describes a cancer in terms of how abnormal the tumor cells are compared to normal cells

staging

it describes the severity of a person's cancer based on the size and whether or not cancer has spread in the body

radiation

it describes the way energy moves from one place to another

cancer summary staging

it groups cancer cases into five main categories: in situ, localized, regional, distant, and unknown

staging

it helps health care provides and researchers exchange information about patients

staging

it helps the doctor plan the appropriate treatment

GX

it means that the grade can't be assesed; it is also called undetermined grade

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (the cell-cycle clock)

kinase

high grade cancer

like to grow and spread faster

low grade cancer

like to grow and spread more slowly

melanoma

more aggressive than most other types of skin cancer; only 2% of skin cancers are melanoma, but it causes most deaths from skin cancer

- atrophy - hypertrophy - hyperplasia - dysplasia

morphologic changes of cells

prostate cancer

most common cancer in men after skin cancer; second leading cause of death from cancer; almost all are adenocarcinomas; often has no early symptoms; usually grows very slowly

tobacco smoking

most common cause of lung cancer

ductal carcinom

most common type of breast cancer; begins in the cells of the ducts

non-small cell lung cances

most common type of lung cancer

external-beam radiation therapy

most common type of radiation treatment; delivers radiation from a machine located outside the body

non-melanoma

most common type of skin cancer

carcinomas

most common types of cancer; arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces

atrophy

muscles are not exercised (small)

hypertrophy

muscles had too much exercise (big)

- weight problems - unhealthy diet - no exercise

occupational factors of cancer

tumor-suppressor genes

often called as anti-oncogenes; prevents or suppress tumor formation by regulating cell division

surgery

oldest type of cancer therapy and remains an effective treatment for many types of cancer today

mitosis

one cell division resulting in two daughter cells

lung cancer

one of the most common and serious types of cancer; usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages, but eventually develop them

- MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) - Density Dependent Inhibition - Anchorage Dependence

other sequences

apoptosis

programmed cell death; initiation and execution phase

intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)

radiation sent directly to the tumor during surgery for both external and internal radiation therapy

high-energy radiation

radiation that has enough energy to change cells

mass

refers to a lump at least 20 mm in diameter at its widest point

incisional biopsy

removal of a piece of suspicious area of examination

excisional biopsy

removal of the entire suspicious area, such as an unusual more or lump

metastasis

spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or the lymph system

radiosensitizers

substances that help radiation better destroy tumors

- persistent coughing - coughing up blood - persistent breathlessness - unexplained tiredness and weight loss - an ache or pain when breathing or coughing

symptoms of lung cancer

grade 3 cancer

the cancer cells look very abnormal and are growing quickly

grade 1 cancer

the cancer cells look very similar to normal cells and are growing slowly

allogeneic

the cells come from a matched related or unrelated donor

autologous

the cells come from you

syngeneic

the cells come from your identical twin or triplet

grade 2 cancer

the cells look unlike normal cells and are growing quicker than normal

microscopically controlled surgery

the dermatologist shaves off a skin cancer, one layer at a time, until all cells in a layer appear to be normal cells when viewed under a microscope

endoscopy

the doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the tip, called an endoscope, into an opening of the body to examine the internal organs

laparoscopic surgery

the doctor performs surgery through small incisions in the skin using a thin, lighted tube with a camera

laser surgery

the doctor uses a narrow beam of high-intensity light to remove cancerous tissue

cyrosurgery

the doctor uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill abnormal cells

Hippocrates

the first one to use the "cancer" term to describe the disease

skin cancer

the most common type of cancer; forms in skin that has been exposed to sunlight, but can occur anywhere on the body

biopsy

the only way to make a definitive diagnosis for most types of cancer

surgery

the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation

chemotherapy

the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells; prevents tumor from forming; causes damage to many growing cells, including some healthy cells

hormone therapy

this treatment changes the amoung of hormones in your body

immunotherapy

this treatment helps your body's natural defenses fight the cancer

targeted therapy

this treatment targets and disables genes or proteins found in cancer cells which they need to grow

intravenous (IV) chemotherapy

traditional chemotherapy type, injecting drugs directly into a vein

premalignant tumors

tumors that are not yet malignant, but are about to become so

meiosis

two cell divisions, resulting in four products of meiosis

- diagnosis - staging - debulking - palliation - prevention

types of conventional surgery

- laparoscopic surgery - laser surgery - cyrosurgery - microscopically controlled surgery - endoscopy

types of minimally invasive surgery

- external beam - internal radiation - intraoperative - radiosentisizers

types of radiation therapy

palliation

used to relieve side effects (pain, bleeding, broken bones, eating problems) caused by a tumor

Greek, carcinos

where "cancer" was derived from; means "crab"