Bio 100 Chapter 3 Launchpad Questions

Identify the antibiotics among the following. Select the TWO answers that are correct.

A.) peptidoglycan B.) ciprofloxacin C.) mitochondrion D.) tetracycline -Answer B,D

The two major components of cell membranes are _______ and _______.

A.) phospholipids; DNA B.) DNA; proteins C.) peptidoglycan; proteins D.) phospholipids; proteins E.) peptidoglycan; phospholipids -Answer D

Insulin is a protein hormone secreted by certain pancreatic cells into the bloodstream. Which of the following organelles are involved in the synthesis and secretion of insulin?

A.) rough ER and Golgi apparatus B.) ribosomes C.) Golgi apparatus D.) ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus E.) rough ER -Answer D

Which of the following types of transport are most closely related in terms of the energy requirements for moving material across a membrane?

A.) simple diffusion and active transport B.) Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport all have similar energy requirements. C.) active transport and facilitated transport D.) Methods of moving material across a membrane do not require energy. E.) simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion -Answer E

Current research has shown that lysosomes carry out more tasks than was previously thought. What new roles do we now know lysosomes perform? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

A.) stimulate digestion of energy reserves under fasting conditions B.) stimulate cellular growth and reproduction when resources are abundant C.) stimulate breakdown of lipid reserves when resources are abundant D.) stimulate cellular motility (movement) when local resources are scarce -Answer A,B

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are most commonly differentiated in the laboratory by whether__________.

A.) the bacteria are collected from the outside or the inside of an infected patient B.) water can flow into the bacteria, causing them to burst C.) a dye is trapped within the cells during the Gram staining procedure D.) penicillin can kill them or not E.) the bacteria contain peptidoglycan -Answer C

Which of the following cellular components would not be a good target for an antibiotic?

A.) ribosomes B.) phospholipids and peptidoglycan C.) peptidoglycan D.) phospholipids E.) peptidoglycan and ribosomes -Answer D

Water is moving across a membrane from solution A into solution B. What can be inferred?

A.) Solution B must be pure water. B.) Solution A must be pure water. C.) Solution A must have a higher solute concentration than Solution B. D.) Solution A and Solution B must have the same concentration of solutes. E.) Solution A must have a lower solute concentration than Solution B. -Answer E

What does the cell theory state?

A.) All cells come from existing cells. B.) All living things are made of cells. C.) All living cells come from existing cells and those cells contain organelles. D.) All cells contain organelles. E.) All living things are made of cells and those cells come from existing cells. -Answer E

How does the cell wall protect prokaryotic cells in a hypotonic solution?

A.) Because cells swell in a hypotonic environment, the bacterial cell wall counteracts the inward osmotic pressure and prevents the cell from being crushed. B.) Because cells are osmotically balanced in a hypotonic environment, the cell wall allows water flow back and forth, continuing to maintain the osmotic balance. C.) Because cells shrivel in a hypotonic environment, the bacterial cell wall counteracts the outward osmotic pressure and prevents the cell from bursting. D.) Because cells shrivel in a hypotonic environment, the bacterial cell wall counteracts the inward osmotic pressure and prevents the cell from being crushed. E.) Because cells swell in a hypotonic environment, the bacterial cell wall counteracts the outward osmotic pressure and prevents the cell from bursting. -Answer E

How might lysosomes affect physical health? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

A.) Because lysosomes receive and modify proteins from the rough ER, they might be a cause of protein deficiency disorders. B.) Because lysosomes regulate lipid metabolism based on environmental cues, they might contribute to disorders such as obesity. C.) Because lysosomes contain the genetic material of the cell, they might be a cause of deleterious mutation to DNA molecules. D.) Because malfunctioning lysosomes result in accumulation of waste products in the cell, they might affect organismal longevity. -Answer B,D

Why are eukaryotic cells unaffected by streptomycin and similar antibiotics?

A.) Eukaryotic cells are unaffected by these antibiotics because eukaryotic cells lack cell walls. B.) Eukaryotic protein synthesis is not disrupted because these antibiotics do not disrupt eukaryotic ribosomal activity. C.) Eukaryotic cells have organelles called lysosomes that engulf and break down these types of antibiotics. D.) Eukaryotic DNA replication is not disrupted because these antibiotics do not disrupt the enzymes used to produce eukaryotic DNA. E.) Eukaryotic cell walls are unaffected by these antibiotics because the cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. -Answer B

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Scientists have found it more challenging to develop treatments for fungal infections (e.g., yeast infections, athlete's foot, and certain nail infections) than for bacterial infections. Why is this so?

A.) Eukaryotic cells do not contain the complex number of organelles. B.) Antibiotics are only effective against viruses. C.) Antibiotics do not work on eukaryotic cells. D.) The fungi closely resemble bacteria. E.) Fungi are eukaryotes, like humans, thus their cellular components are similar. -Answer E

Which organelle would cause the most damage to cytoskeletal fibers in the cytoplasm if its contents were to leak into the cytoplasm?

A.) Golgi apparatus B.) rough ER C.) smooth ER D.) nucleus E.) lysosome -Answer E

Many foods—for example, bacon and salt cod—are preserved with high concentrations of salt. How can high concentrations of salt inhibit the growth of bacteria?

A.) High salt is hypotonic and causes the bacteria to swell and burst because water rushes into the cell. B.) High salt is hypertonic and causes the bacteria to swell and burst because water rushes into the cell. C.) High salt is hypertonic and causes the bacteria to shrink because salt enters the bacterial cell. D.) High salt is hypertonic and causes the bacteria to shrink because water leaves the bacterial cell. E.) High salt is hypotonic and causes the bacteria to shrink because water leaves the bacterial cell. -Answer D

Although both humans and bacteria have ribosomes, streptomycin—which blocks ribosome function—does not harm a human who ingests it. Why?

A.) Human cells have ribosomes that do not bind streptomycin; only prokaryotic ribosomes are affected by this drug. B.) Human cells contain a cell wall that prevents streptomycin from getting into the cytoplasm. C.) Human cells are much, much larger than bacteria cells, and antibiotics are diluted so much in the cytoplasm that they are ineffective. D.) Human cells have an extra lipid layer around their outsides, preventing streptomycin from entering them. E.) Human cells have far more ribosomes than bacteria, so relatively few ribosomes are blocked by streptomycin. -Answer A

How does fluoroquinolone affect bacterial cells but not eukaryotic cells?

A.) It disrupts the expression of DNA gyrase, an enzyme specific to prokaryotic DNA replication that is not found in eukaryotic cells. B.) It disrupts bacterial DNA synthesis by targeting the enzyme that allows DNA to unwind so replication can proceed. C.) It disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding parts of ribosomes that are specific to prokaryotic cells and inactivating them. D.) It compromises bacterial cell walls by inhibiting formation of peptidoglycan, a chemical not found in eukaryotic cells. -Answer B

What is unique about Monocercomonoides?

A.) It is the only eukaryote known to lack mitochondria. B.) It is the only eukaryote known to synthesize B12, an essential vitamin. C.) It is the only eukaryote known that does not synthesize protein. D.) It is the only eukaryote known to share genes via lateral gene transfer. -Answer A

How is Monocercomonoides similar to bacteria?

A.) It maintains cell integrity using a cell wall comprised of peptidoglycan. B.) It synthesizes protein using a mechanism otherwise found only in bacteria. C.) It synthesizes proteins in Golgi bodies rather than rough ER. D.) It generates energy for metabolism using oxidative phosphorylation. -Answer B

Why are chloroplasts essential to the survival of many animals as well as plants?

A.) Many animals can only produce their own energy after they have consumed sufficient photosynthetic chloroplasts. B.) Chloroplasts are rich in fats and lipids that are generated by photosynthesis satisfying the energy requirements of many animals. C.) Chloroplasts allow both animals and plants to break down organic molecules and use the energy stored in the molecules. D.) Animals do not have chloroplasts and must depend on organisms that can photosynthesize the energy they need. E.) Photosynthesis generates protein building blocks essential to animal functioning that cannot be acquired by animals in any other way. -Answer D

Some inherited syndromes, for example MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers), interfere with the function of mitochondria. From what you know about mitochondria, why do you think the muscles and the nervous system are the predominant tissues affected in MERRF?

A.) Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes. B.) Mitochondria are the most metabolically active and require the most energy. C.)Mitochondria are only found in these cell types. D.) Mitochondria, similar to chloroplasts, require light energy to function. E.) Mitochondria have the largest role in digestion -Answer B

How does the DNA of prokaryotic cells differ from the DNA of eukaryotic cells?

A.) Prokaryotic DNA is contained in the cytoplasm, whereas eukaryotic DNA is contained in the nucleus. B.) Prokaryotic DNA has a linear structure, whereas eukaryotic DNA has a circular, closed-loop structure. C.) Prokaryotic DNA is composed of four nucleotides, whereas eukaryotic DNA is composed of five nucleotides. D.) Prokaryotic DNA is protected by a cell membrane, whereas eukaryotic DNA is protected by a cell wall. E.) Prokaryotic DNA is bound by an organelle, whereas eukaryotic DNA is free floating in the cytoplasm. -Answer A

Which of the following accurately compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A.) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both contain ribosomes to effectively use their genetic information. B.) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain different forms of genetic information. C.) Prokaryotic cells do not contain cytoplasm and eukaryotic cells do. D.) Only prokaryotic cells contain mitochondria. E.) Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall and eukaryotic cells do not have a cell wall. -Answer A

How are eukaryotic cells different from prokaryotic cells? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

A.) Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells do not. B.) Prokaryotic cells use RNA, whereas eukaryotic cells use DNA. C.) Eukaryotic cells have ribosomes, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. D.) Eukaryotic cells have organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. E.) Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. -Answer D,E

Identify functions of mitochondria mentioned in the podcast. Select the TWO answers that are correct.

A.) protein synthesis B.) ribosomal assembly C.) energy production D.)chemosynthesis -Answer A,C

You find a single-cell organism with a cell wall in the soil of a forest—can this organism be an animal? Which of the following characteristics would indicate that the organism is a bacterium and not a plant?

A.) The cell wall is made of cellulose. B.) The DNA is contained in a nucleus and the cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. C.) The DNA is contained in a nucleus. D.) The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. E.) The DNA is contained in a nucleus and the cell wall is made of cellulose. -Answer D

Which of the following accurately describes why specific material uses a protein to cross the membrane?

A.) The hydrophilic core of a membrane will only allow hydrophilic (i.e., polar) substance to cross without a membrane protein. B.) The hydrophobic core of a membrane will only allow hydrophobic (i.e., non-polar) substances to cross without a membrane protein. C.) Material can only cross the membrane via a protein. D.) The membrane will allow any substance to cross it if the concentration of solute is high enough on one side of the membrane. E.) The membrane will allow any substance to cross it as long as it moves from a high concentration to low. -Answer B

How do penicillin and similar antibiotics affect prokaryotic cells?

A.) These antibiotics disrupt the formation of the cell membrane so it cannot counteract osmotic pressure in a hypotonic environment, resulting in cell lysis. B.) These antibiotics interfere with the action of prokaryotic ribosomes so normal protein synthesis cannot occur, resulting in cell death. C.) These antibiotics disrupt the formation of the cell wall so it cannot counteract osmotic pressure in a hypotonic environment, resulting in cell lysis. D.) These antibiotics interfere with the action of prokaryotic ribosomes which disrupts proper cell membrane formation, resulting in cell death. E.) These antibiotics disrupt the formation of the cell wall so it cannot counteract osmotic pressure in a hypertonic environment, resulting in cell lysis. -Answer C, E same

How do streptomycin and similar antibiotics affect prokaryotic cells?

A.) These antibiotics interfere with cell membrane integrity. B.) These antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis. C.) These antibiotics interfere with peptidoglycan formation. D.) These antibiotics interfere with cell wall formation. E.) These antibiotics interfere with DNA replication. -Answer B

Which of these statements is TRUE about prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A.) They are both about the same size and have different internal structures. B.) They are both about the same size and have similar internal structures. C.) Prokaryotes are smaller and lack the internal compartments that eukaryotes have. D.) Prokaryotes have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotes do not. E.) Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have internal compartments enveloped in membranes. -Answer C

How do sulfonamides treat bacterial infections without harming human cells? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

A.) They arrest growth and reproduction of bacterial cells, but not human cells. B.) They disrupt synthesis of folic acid, an essential chemical that prokaryotes must synthesize themselves, but which eukaryotes can take up from the environment. C.) They disrupt synthesis of peptidoglycan, a chemical that is necessary for proper development of bacterial cell walls that is not observed in eukaryotes. D.) They compromise the integrity of bacterial cells resulting in lysis, but do not similarly affect eukaryotic cells. -Answer A,B

Which of the following statements best explains why bacteria are considered living organisms?

A.) They move around. B.) They contain organelles. C.) They are made of cells. D.) They can cause disease. E.) They are made up of biological macromolecules. -Answer C

Which tasks do water vacuoles and cell walls both perform in plant cells? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

A.) absorb UV light B.) keep plant upright C.) protect from bacteria D.) maintain cell shape E.) magnify visible light -Answer B,D

If a solute is moving through a phospholipid bilayer from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the assistance of a protein, the manner of transport must be _______.

A.) active transport B.) Solutes may use active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion, depending on the solute. C.) Solutes cannot cross phospholipid bilayers. E.) facilitated diffusion D.) simple diffusion -Answer E

Which of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells?

A.) cell membrane B.) cytoplasm C.) ribosomes D.) cell membrane and ribosomes E.) mitochondria -Answer E

Which of these cellular components is(are) associated with all cells?

A.) cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA B.) DNA C.) cell membrane and ribosomes D.) cell membrane E.) ribosomes -Answer A

Which of the following is associated with eukaryotic cells but not with prokaryotic cells?

A.) cell wall B.) ribosome C.) nucleus D.) DNA E.) cell membrane -Answer C

Identify the long-established cellular function of lysosomes.

A.) generate cellular energy by breaking down sugar in the presence of oxygen B.) maintain cellular shape and facilitate movement of the cell in the environment C.) synthesize proteins and lipids for use in the cytosol and cellular membrane D.) digest deteriorated cellular structures, food particles, and foreign bacteria -Answer D

Which of the following is NOT a cytoskeletal fiber in eukaryotic cells?

A.) macrotubules B.) intermediate filaments C.) microfilaments D.) lysosomes E.) microtubules -Answer A

Penicillin interferes with __________________, causing bacteria to die from ______________.

A.) membrane synthesis; intact membranes B.) osmosis; dehydration (a lack of internal water) C.) cell division; old age D.) protein synthesis; an inability to make protein E.) cell wall synthesis; swelling and rupturing of the cell -Answer E

Which of the following combinations INCORRECTLY matches an organelle with its function?

A.) mitochondrion: conversion of food to usable energy B.) chloroplast: conversion of sunlight energy to usable cellular energy C.) endoplasmic reticulum: site of protein and lipid production D.) lysosome: internal support; cell and organelle movement E.) Golgi apparatus: protein processing and packaging -Answer D

Sugars are large, hydrophilic molecules that are important energy sources for cells. Sugars can enter cells from an environment with a very high concentration of sugar by

A.) osmosis. B.) simple diffusion. C.) using ribosomes. D.) active transport. E.) facilitated diffusion. -Answer E

The "endosymbiotic hypothesis" is a concept that explains _____.

A.) why ribosomes are only found in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, never inside an organelle B.) why chromosomes are only found inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell C.) why mitochondria and chloroplasts are so unlike each other D.) how eukaryotic cells might have evolved mitochondria and chloroplasts within their cells E.) how plant cells produce usable cellular energy from sunlight -Answer D