BIO 100 Exam 2 Review Questions

Which of the following situations would be beneficial for living alone? Choose all that apply.

- You are a large predatory cat that lives in the branches of small trees, space is cramped - You are a small reptile prone to getting parasites that are highly contagious

innate behaviors

- are genetically inherited ex: removing a hand from a hot stove or the Cuckoos

Homologous strcutres

- deprived from a common ancestor - similar structure but different function

analogous structures

- do not have a common ancestor - different structures by similar function

Habituation

- get used to a stimulus so that you eventually ignore it - non-associative learning - desensitize

Operant Conditioning

- involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior - focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors

classical conditioning

- involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex - focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors - ex. Pavlov's experiment with the dogs

what is the probabilty of having 3 boys in a row

1 in 8

Natural selection, Darwin argued, was an inevitable outcome of three principles that operated in nature. Explain each of these principles.

1. Varation of traits is passed from one generation to the next 2. variation exists among members of population regarding the expression of traits 3. certain variant forms of traits give individuals that posses them a higher rate of survival and reproduction; these traits are passed to the next generation with higher frequency

What is the probability of having four girls in a row?

1/16

What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring (assuming independent assortment)? AABb x AaBb->AAbb

1/8

When a population has a gene with two alleles circulating, how many possible genotypes are there?

3

How many different types of gametes could a person with the genotype AABbCc produce? and what are the gamates?

4 ABC ABc AbC Abc

How long would the peptide be that is translated from this mRNA sequence: 5'-AUGGGCUACCGA-3'?

4 amino acids

One liter (1000 ml) of DNA extraction buffer contains among other ingredients 50 ml of dishwasher detergent. What it s the final concentration of the detergent assuming the detergent is 100% pure?

5%

Transcribe the following DNA sequence (non template strand): 5'-ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3'

5'-AUGGCCGGUUAUUAAGCA-3'

You have flipped a standard quarter 10 times and had four head and six tails come up. With that experience, what will be the chances of you getting a heads on the next flip?

50%

Hemophilia has an X-linked recessive pattern. It is carried on the "X" chromosome. It is only expressed phenotypically as homozygous recessive in women but men that inherit the affected chromosome will suffer from the disorder. A carrier woman (one affected X chromosome) married a man with hemophilia, and they have children. What percent of their boy children will be affected with hemophilia?

50% of the boy children

Strawberries are octoploid, meaning they have eight copies of each type of chromosome. You repeat the experiment using the same amount in grams of bananas, a triploid organism. If you get 24 mg of DNA from the strawberry extraction, how many mg of DNA will you obtain using the banana?

9mg

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

A flood causes the formation of a new lake.

What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?

AB, Ab, aB, ab

A strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of TAGCTAC will have a complementary strand with the sequence __________.

ATCGATG

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a red-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

All male offspring have white eyes.

Which of the following are costs of parental investment?

All of the following: time, energy, resources, risk, and only a few offspring

In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

All offspring have red eyes.

Alternate forms of a gene are called _______.

Alleles

The honey bee waggle dance is an example of which of the following?

Altruistic behavior and signaling

Why do your chromosomes come in pairs?

Because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father.

What would a female genotype have to be for her to have the genetic disease hemophilia?

Both her X chromosomes would have to have the recessive hemophilia gene.

In which of these scenarios would asexual reproduction be most appropriate?

Constant and predictable habitat

What is DNA proofreading?

Correction of DNA mutations.

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?

Cytoplasm

what is the correct order of the central dogma?

DNA => RNA => Protein

According to the ACE reading "DNA exonerations", people that were wrongfully convicted were exonerated due to:

DNA testing.

What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma?

DNA->RNA->Protein

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?

Descent with modification

In a certain movie about a clownfish in the Great Barrier Reef off of Australia, a barracuda approaches the nest of the clownfish while the father fish is above the nest in their anemone home. The father sees what is happening! Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to display in this situation?

Distraction

Which of the following are BENEFITS to living in a social group? Choose all that apply.

Division of labor, predator avoidance, best mate choice, cooperative hunting, and social interaction and development

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels

Which of the following best describes the organism used in class for DNA extraction?

Eukaryotic, multicellular, presence of cell wall and organelles

According to the ACE reading "DNA exonerations" which of the following contributes to the most wrongful convictions?

Eyewitness misidentification testimony.

According to one of the videos we watched in class, what leads to wrongful convictions?

Eyewitness misidentification.

Altruistic behavior improves the fitness of the individual performing the behavior. (true or false)

False

The theory of evolution provides an explanation for the origin of life on earth. (true or false)

False

Which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal?

Fragmentation

Which of the following techniques allows for DNA fragments to be separated by size?

Gel electrophoresis

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

Gene flow

All of the alleles carried by all of the individuals in the population is called?

Gene pool

Which of the following does cytosine pair with?

Guanine

How did Mendel get the peas to cross-fertilize?

He kept them apart and pollinated them by hand.

Which form of reproduction is useful to an animal with little mobility that reproduces sexually?

Hermaphroditism

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.

Homozygous

Why are all the eggs in humans X and never Y?

Human females only have X genes to put into their eggs.

gives origin to the following sequence: ACCTTAAATAACC. What type of mutation is this?

Insertion

Which of the following is an example of innate behavior?

Jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Undirected movement in response to a stimulus is _______.

Kinesis

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?

Longer distance between divided groups.

According to the article "Forensics specialist discusses a discipline in crisis", which of the following techniques was declared inadmissible by the New York Supreme Court?

Low - copy number DNA profiling.

A lek of male Prairie Chickens presents an interesting paradox. The noisy group of males is more likely to attract the attention of a predator than would a lonely male dancing by himself. What is a possible benefit that outweighs this major cost to participating in the lek and making a male Prairie Chicken so obvious to enemies?

Males in leks are more likely to find mates and pass on their genes.

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?

Mutation and gene flow

What is the charge of DNA?

Negative

Human skin color can indicate ________.

None of the above: race, cultural heritage, and socioeconomic status

Which of the following is an example of learned behavior?

Not talking and listening for instructions when your teacher is talking to the class.

The extracted genetic material in class comes from what part of the cell?

Nucleus

Where does transcription take place in human cells?

Nucleus

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?

One involves the movement of the organism, whereas the other involves a change in the environment.

Positive and negative reinforcement are associated with which of the following?

Operant conditioning

According to the ACE reading "DNA exonerations", eyewitness misidentification occurs in part because:

People are less able to recognize faces of a different race than their own.

Describing a person as having hemophilia is to indicate his or her ______.

Phenotype

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.

Phenotype

Evolution acts on _______.

Populations

When doing a DNA gel electrophoresis, based on the DNA charge, to which end does the DNA migrate to?

Positive because DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate group.

The technique we used to identify the kidnapper is called:

Restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Half of the gametes produced by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele, while half will receive the a allele. This is a demonstration of ______.

Segregation

DNA replicates by which of the following models?

Semiconservative

According to the ACE reading "DNA exonerations", what constitutes unvalidated forensic science?

Shoe print comparisons, bite mark comparisons and hair microscopy.

Which of the following options would tend to increase the speed at which DNA migrates in an agarose gel?

Shorten the length of the fragment.

Which of these characteristics is most typical of a subspecies?

Show intermediate characters where their boundaries meet.

Unless evolutionary forces are acting on a population the allele frequency of the gene pool will _______.

Stay the same

If the sequence of a newly synthesized strand is ATGTACG, what is the sequence of the original parental strand?

TACATGC

Which of the following is a type of innate behavior?

Taxis

In Pavlov's experiment the following was true:

The conditioned response was the dog salivating when he heard a bell ring.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding variation in human populations?

The differences between individuals within a population are generally as great, if not greater than the differences among populations.

Which of the following mating systems would most likely be monogamous?

The male guards the female closely, and both parents are needed to raise the offspring.

Which of the following describes natural selection in a population of mammals?

The species varies in the length of their legs; water levels rise and the habitat becomes swampy; the individuals with shorter legs are better able to swim to food; the population evolves to become shorter-legged.

An explanatory statement based on scientific facts, confirmed hypotheses, and natural laws is call a(n)

Theory

Mendel imagined that seed color in pea plants is influenced by a pair of alleles in which the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). What would Mendel predict the seed colors would be from a cross of a male plant with the mixed Yy genotype with a female plant with the yy genotype?

There should be 1 green seed for every 1 yellow seed.

Which of the following is true about genes that are located on different chromosomes?

These genes are inherited independently of each other.

1. Since DNA is contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells but protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes outside of the nucleus, how is the information in DNA conveyed to the ribosomes?

Through the mRNA

Which sentence best describes the function of the first step during the DNA extraction (smashing and grinding)?

To break open the cells.

What is the role of salt in DNA extraction?

To break up proteins stuck to DNA.

What is the role of detergent in DNA extraction?

To dissolve the cell membrane.

Which of the following is the main reason (discussed here) that animals live in groups?

To mate

What is the role of the ethanol in DNA extraction?

To precipitate DNA from solution.

An AT rich genome is easier to degrade (true or false)

True

The movement of one's face to display a given emotion is considered to be universal among most cultures. (true or false)

True

Which situation is NOT an example of a prezygotic barrier?

Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?

When members of closely related species reproduce.

genetic drift

a change in allele frequencies at random chance i.e. natural disasters

Mutation

a change in genetic code

What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?

a plasmid

cognitive learning

a type of leaning in which new behaviors are accquired by mental processing - by thinking and reflection

Imprinting

a type of non-associative learning in which individuals, usually during an early and limited period of development, recognize and respond to ab object or another individual

A molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains the bases _______.

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection?

all of the following: - The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. - Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. - Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner.

Paleontologists are often described as searching for the "missing link." A missing link is _________ and an example is_______.

an intermediate form between a more recent species and its presumed ancestor, the Parahippus, a horse with three toes

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is _______?

an organism with an artificially altered genome

Associative learning

associate a stimuli to another action

natural selection

better adaption to the environment. not by random chance that some alleles are being taken out.

Human behavior, like other mammalian behavior, is determined ______.

by a mixture of genes and learning

A reproductive mistake is ______.

choosing a mate who will produce young that do not survive

A dog salivating when it hears the sound of a can opener is an example of _______.

classical conditioning

2 methods of associative learning

classical conditioning vs operant conditioning

When people from varying cultural backgrounds display different cultural rules of emotion, this is an example of _______.

cultural display rule

Prokaryotes contain a _________ chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes.

double-stranded circular; double stranded linear

Speciation occurs when _______.

enough differences accumulate between two populations that they can no longer interbreed

Females tend to be in charge of mating because _______.

females have more to lose if they choose poorly

One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship's captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of _______.

genetic drift and founder effect

The existence of superficial differences among groups of humans is primarily due to _______.

geographic isolation

If mom's genotype is Bb, her eggs will be ______.

half B and half b

Melanin in the skin _______.

helps protect from UV energy

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

homologous structures

The now discredited idea about how traits are acquired by individuals through use or disuse could be passed on to their offspring thus leading to evolutionary change in the population is called _______.

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Your chromosomes are located _______ and they are made of ___________ .

inside the nucleus, DNA, and protein

The sacrifice of the life of an individual so that the genes of relatives may be passed on is called________.

kin selection

A fossil of a terrestrial reptile is found in the same sediment layer in western Africa as eastern South America. What is the most likely cause for this observation? The species _____:

lived during a time when these continents were part of Gondwana

Parents are naturally selected to _______ the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care ________exist when the benefits are substantially greater than the costs.

maximize, will

in which of the following pairs do both the evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?

mutation and gene flow

what evolutionary forces creates diversity or variation?

mutation and migration (gene flow)

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

natural selection

what evolutionary forces destroys diversity or variation?

natural selection and genetic drift

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

If the fossils of present day species are absent in lower layers of sediments and the fossils of ancient species are absent in the upper layers of sediment then this means _______.

older species have gone extinct and new species have evolved

The ability of rats to learn how to push a lever to get food is an example of _____.

operant conditioning

The overwhelming acceptance of the theory of evolution by scientists is due to _______.

overwhelming evidence

The biological definition of a species is a group of ___________ .

populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

According to the biological species concept, horses and donkeys are separate species because they ______.

produce hybrids, called mules, and the hybrids cannot produce offspring

Asexual reproduction _________.

results in offspring that are clones of the parent

which of these characters is most typical of subspecies?

show intermediate charactes where their boundaries meet

A nucleotide is made of _______.

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

The modern, social definition of race is based on ______.

superficial physical differences

speciation

the divergence of one population into genetically distinct species

During replication the DNA helix is maintained, but ________________ .

the individual base pairs are "unzipped" by a specific enzyme

The main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid is _______.

the source of the extra chromosomes

the process of building proteins using amino acids is called ____ and occurs in the _____

translation, cytoplasm

The wings of a penguin are examples of _______.

vestigial structures

gene flow (migration)

when one population move to another place

non - random mating

when the chance of two things mating should happen but they don't hence not random ie blue and red birds can mate with each other, but blue mate with blue and same with red