BIO 102

Autocatalysts, like living organisms, have a remarkable type of growth called

exponential

Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________.

exponential growth

The two processes that determine the world's current biodiversity are ________.

extinction and speciation rates

The Coelacanth, that was first discovered as a fossil before it was found still extant in modern times (a so called "living fossil"), is a species of ________.

fish

Enzymes are produced by a biochemical pathway called

gene expression

A major process that inhibits speciation is

gene flow

A new tool that has revolutionized phylogenetic reconstruction is the use of _________.

gene sequences

The heritable differences between organisms are due to differences in their

genes

Evolution is defined as change in ______ in a ___________ over time.

genes, population

Adaptive evolution requires processes that both increase and decrease ______________, and natural selection is a process that _____________ it.

genetic variation, decreases

Heritable variation depends on differences in ____________ resulting in differences in _______________.

genotype, phenotype

For the species Panthera pardus, Pathera is the __________ and pardus is the _________ and ___________ can include more than one ___________.

genus, species, genus, species

Because of this continuing carbon burial, it is believed that continued life depends on

geological uplift and weathering

Of the two linked carbon cycles, the "slow" cycle is driven by ________ energy and the "fast" cycle is driven by ___________ energy.

geological, solar

Global biodiversity exists in a number of patterns. The largest and most obvious of these is that biodiversity is _____.

greatest at the equator and drops as you move farther north or south

If a conservation biologist wanted to try to stop the largest cause of species extinction, what should that biologist focus on?

habitat alteration

Conditions on the early earth surface are thought to include ________ ultra violet light and ________ carbon dioxide than today

higher, higher

Which of the following can change local species diversity but not global diversity?

immigration and extirpation

High population density can ________.

increase the incidence of disease transmission and food scarcity

A population's age structure generally ________.

indicates the numbers (frequency, or percentage) of individuals in each age class

When looking at the distribution of a population, we might find a uniform distribution when _______.

individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource, such as space

A population is a group of ________.

individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

Jim Corbett claims that the main (9 out of 10 times) reason a tiger becomes a man-eater is

injury reducing hunting ability

Which group of organisms has the highest number of species and, thus, contributes the most to global biodiversity?

insects

By 2.7 billion years ago, rocks formed that contained ____________ indicating that well before that life existed that could ___________.

iron oxide, photosynthesize

The Endangered Species Act is often a center of controversy because _______.

landowners are concerned that federal officials will restrict the use of private land if threatened or endangered species are found on it

The notion driving much of the current research on the origin of life assumes that

life emerged out of the natural chemistry of early earth

Which following statement MOST aptly summarizes the biological view of life?

living organisms are a unique form of chemistry

The carrying capacity is the ________.

maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support

Catalysts ____________ the ______________ energy of a reaction

reduce, activation

In constructing the mammal phylogeny, the trait of __________ is considered ancestral to the trait of ____________.

retractable claws, purring

Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from one another. Over a long period of time ________.

the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur

DNA phylogenies revealed ________ major branches, or groups of organisms, two of which were types of _______________.

three, bacteria

Phylogenetic trees ________.

trace the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms

The Linnean system

uses binomial nomenclature

Extinction rates have been _______ over evolutionary time, but long term diversity measures have been ______.

variable, increasing

Plants are green because

wavelengths not absorbed by pigments are reflected

Pharmaceuticals produced using compounds synthesized from wild species of plants produce up to $150 billion in sales and save many lives each year. This is an example of _______.

ecosystem services

Keeneland and the Kentucky Horse Park are both excited about plans to use horse manure (muck) for

energy

Gene sequences that change very slowly are best when studying relationships between ___________ related species.

distantly

Exergonic reactions _________run spontaneously and _________ energy

do, release

A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________.

a generalist, able to be flexible in major dimensions of its niche

A biodiversity "hotspot" is _______.

a region where species diversity is high, there is a high number of endemic species, and is threatened by habitat loss.

The gene that results in a red glow in the transgenic Ruppy was taken from

a sea anemone

What are umbrella species and how do they help conservation efforts?

a species that, if protected, will result in the protection of a large number of species that require the same habitat

Which of the following gives the major factors that determine a population's growth rate?

birth rate, death rate, emigration, immigration

One example of artificial selection is ________.

broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea

Because of the presumed balance of photosynthesis and respiration, the "excess" oxygen in the atmosphere is thought to be due to

burial of carbon in rocks

_____________ are more closely related to whales than to _____________.

camels, horses

All EXCEPT which of the following are ways that humans reduce biodiversity in ecosystems _______.

captive breeding programs

Biome distributions show a close match with

climate

In general, successfully introduced non-native species experience ________.

competitive success against native species

DNA is considered an information molecule. The information it carries is used by cells for one thing, to _________.

construct proteins

Gene sequence data revealed that birds are more closely related to __________ than to ___________.

crocodiles, snakes

Which of the following statements about the importance of organisms in an ecosystem is true?

"Ecosystem engineers" can be as important as keystone species for the survival of the ecosystem.

We get 90% of our food from _______ crops and _______ livestock species.

15; 8

If a cell is replicating exponentially, it starts as 1, becomes 2, and then 4, and then

8

Paleontologists and ecologists agree that ________.

99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the decline of frog populations on Monteverde in Costa Rica?

A warmer climate and the invasion of chytrid fungi are both implicated but not proven.

If the reaction A + B => AB is autocatalytic, what is the autocatalyst?

AB

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to lead to an adaptive radiation?

At tsunami destroys all life on a remote Pacific island

Which statement about biodiversity is true?

Biodiversity can be measured at different levels including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

People think biofuels (wood, switchgrass, etc.) are "better" than coal because

Coal burning increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Due to the increase in problems with antibiotic resistance, drug companies have greatly increased their investment in antibiotic research, resulting in a record number of applications for approval of new antibiotics.

False

The concept of "biosphere" refers to the fact that life has changed in response to the earth, but the earth has not changed in response to life.

False

How is forensic science being used to help protect species?

Forensic science is being used by conservation biologists to determine if animals have been harvested illegally.

A new fish has been discovered in Indonesia, and given the genus name ________ and species name ___________.

Histiophryne, psychedelica

What are the goals of community-based conservation programs?

In community-based conservation, only scientists familiar with community programming are consulted.

At the end of the _______ period, close to 90% of all species are thought to have gone extinct.

Permian

Dinosaurs evolved following the _______________ extinction 250 million years ago.

Permian

Which following statement correctly summarizes an example of the imprint of history on biological design?

The vas deferens of the human male is much longer than it needs to be

A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection?

There will be less genetic variation from sexual recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.

All domestic dogs are derived from the same wild species.

True

Energy flows through the biosphere, driving cycles of materials that can continue indefinitely.

True

Horses (Equidae) and Dogs (Canidae) both have fossil records that indicate there were far more species in the past than currently exist.

True

Taxonomy is a system of classification of life based on the similarity of how organisms (species) look, and Ecology classifies life based on the similarity of where they are found.

True

The idea that the genetic code seems to be "arbitrary" (i.e., could be different and still function as well) actually strengthens the hypothesis that all life shares a common ancestor.

True

Branching of a phylogenetic tree indicates

a, b & c

Processes that add new genes to a population include

a, b & c

When KY politicians met with President Obama, they argued _________ eliminating coal tax subsidies and _________ funding underground carbon capture and storage projects.

against, for

Some Creationists argue that while natural selection certainly can and does change the traits of species, 6,000 years is not long enough for it to have generated the diversity of life that we currently see. Biologists __________.

agree

Every step of a biochemical pathway is controlled by a specific

all of the above

The Sumatran Tiger is at risk of extinction because of

all of the above

The fox (Arctic vs. Grey) speciation example is considered a(n) ______________ speciation with coat color divergence driven by reduced visibility (camouflage) to _____________.

allopatric, prey

A protein is a long chain of

amino acids

The IUCN's Red List is ________.

an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction

Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, that produce at most one offspring every other year ________.

are K-selected

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) tries to prevent the extinction of species by _______.

asking countries to stop the importation of organisms or parts of organisms, like tiger bones, if they are endangered species

An example of homologous organs are

bat wing and whale fin

In order for two organisms to belong to the same species, individuals of their species must _______.

be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring

Using DNA to create phylogenies does NOT assume

bigger sequence changes took less time

A recent research breakthrough on genetic control of tooth formation showed that certain _________ that lacked a particular gene produced ________ teeth.

mice, extra

The only process that can add new genes and, therefore, new variations to a species is _______.

mutation

Adaptive radiation in the Hawaiian honeycreepers shows the interesting pattern that _______ species are found on __________ islands

newer (derived), newer

Living organisms exhibit an autocatalytic biochemical pathway called

none of the above

When a species declines in number, it also _______.

occupies less area than it once did

Reproductive isolation occurs in allopatric speciation via ________ and in sympatric speciation via _________.

physical separation, ecological separation

Starting with the smallest level of ecological organization and moving towards the highest, the order should go organism, _______.

population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Population dispersion describes ________.

spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem

A small moth pollinates native trees when they bloom in April. Some of the moths emerge in early March and discover a different blooming shrub to use as a resource. This is an example of what, over time, could be ________.

sympatric speciation